arabic to find out because it's arabic don't. leave me. alone welcome to cross talk we're all things are considered on peter lavelle history is never really dead as long as it's with us the start of the first world war one hundred years ago is a case in point in numerous ways the beginning and conclusion of that conflict shapes our world today.

to the legacies of world war one i'm joined by my guest george seddon uli in new york he is a fellow of the global policy institute of london metropolitan university and author of the new book bombs for peace nato is humanitarian war on yugoslavia in washington we have ivan eland he is a senior fellow and director of the independent institute and in new haven we cross to pierre perceval he is an associate professor at the university of warwick and president of the international society for first world war studies all right gentlemen crosstalk rules in effect that means you can jump in anytime you want i very much encourage it i mean even if i go to you first recently wrote an article world war one rather than world war two is key for today's foreign policy why did you write it and what isn't me. well i just said that we always go seem to hear politicians talk about the meaning one nine hundred thirty eight model where we must stamp out any aggression anywhere in the world or will snowball into a hitler like. you know threat to our security when actually we

don't go back far enough and i think world war one the real problem was that the us made its first major mistake if we say that the spanish-american war was a minor mistake a major mistake was in world war one when we jumped into a war that we really didn't need to be and i think also the british probably didn't need to be in there either and that's what led to the united states being in there but a lot of things happened as a result of that we i think world war one really was sort of world war two the world war part one and then world war two is world war two because world war one clearly a lot of the factors led to world war two so we wouldn't probably have had world war two if the united states had jumped in on the side of the allies in world war one george how does the first world war remain with us because i've anyone who's mentioned quite a few facts here i like the appeasement thing that's very important here but if the

first world war hadn't ended the way it did we wouldn't have probably had munich problem in one thousand thirty eight we probably wouldn't even had nazi germany go ahead george. i agree with you. and i and i agree largely word what ivan said i think that when america got into that war in one nine hundred seventeen it ensured an allied victory whereas if america hadn't got everything when the most likely outcome of the war would have been a draw on the western front and german victory over russia is on the eastern front but that defeat of germany and then the agreements that followed. led to the extraordinary anger and resentment on the part of the germans that they had been singled out for blame for world war one that they had been unnecessarily polish and that of course fed into the rise of naziism because although. germans

did not necessarily sympathize with hitler they did sympathize with hitler's agenda so i think that there's no question you know well the out of a world war one was world war two. the one thing that i would say is that i would be very careful about then deciding. too about overturning the agreements that followed. world war while and i think that may be something we can get into later but it's now becoming fashionable to say well these were very bad agreement so let's just simply throw them into the wastepaper basket and there i think. we were going to be very very careful as to where we're going. of the first world war i mean what is it in your mind what is its significance most important significance for us today. but what is very clear as you rightly point out peter is that the war will even today's last year product of the first

a war you only need to look at a map of europe or indeed the map of the middle list and you can very clearly see that many of the flashpoints that we discuss today are largely the result of. this conflict you know you can you can think about. the balkans of course you can think about the conflicts in palestine or in or in syria but i think there's a danger to project back onto the first war or interpretation of what follows after wards and of course we do this with the benefit of hindsight of course but we need to be a little bit careful and there are a few things that like to to to to to respond to if if i may i think there's a danger to forget that first of all back in one thousand nine hundred eighteen war is seen as a legitimate tool of foreign policy in the way that it is large enough to case today so that's a first thing to bear in mind second there is this vision that this war could have

been avoided and of course we will agree that such a tragedy should always be avoided that we would leave you know happily ever after . that's a very subjective argument but that's also a very misleading one and that i think is largely overlooking the nature and only of the international system back then but also the nature of the political regimes opposed during during this war the reason why the the the british and indeed the american got involved into this war was largely in response to what they perceived in the digits in italy i would say as a strategy. frets by the central powers in largely bored germany. france and there the national the national interests and indeed threats and there they're. on political models the other thing that i would like to say is of course the simply cannot understand the second war without one the second is launch

a product of the first but again these are not part of the same conflict there are very clear differences and also war was not and war is never one of the policy makers may like us to believe inevitable and in fact in the war years we know the treaty of versailles and the league of nations failed on this only after fell and it's important to remember that it's the end of the day the second war like the first was a product of failures by policy makers. drastically exactly and i wonder if we've really learned from them ivan eland and we just heard here that you know we have france and britain in getting involved the world out of now a nationalist sort of perceived national interest but the war ended really as. a net loss for them it wasn't thought of at the time because they got to start colonizing the middle east but it was the united states that eventually became the great hedge of man and the rise of the soviet union another unintended consequence

. well of course the us became the hedge of money because britain and france although winning to on the winning side of two world wars spent themselves into poverty and you know they expanded their empires a little bit after world war one but of course that was an overextension really their empires eventually then a shift because they couldn't afford them anymore the other point i think is nobody is saying that if we hadn't the united states had gotten into world war one that everything would have been great but the us it stayed out of all the european wars up to that point. with the exception of the war of eight hundred twelve a sort of part of. the european wars but it was a minor part and so the united states had a tradition of staying out of war which vanished after world war two and. so if it hadn't gotten into world war one. it probably wouldn't have that tradition

probably would have continued the other thing i think is that when we say that germany presented a real and austria-hungary presented a real threat if you look at the g.d.p. numbers the germans were scared that things were not going their way as far as. relative power they were declining as a power and so they probably reached their apex as a power in one thousand nine hundred five or so or somewhere around in there and i think if you look at the g.d.p. the g.d.p. raid against them you know dwarfed them and every war since the u.s. civil war the the side with the biggest g.d.p. is one so i think that the the the threat and just the the outcome of the battles in world war one indicated that the sides are pretty evenly matched at least on the western front until the u.s. entered the war and i think u.s. of course was the dominant power in that entered in that's why everybody allies

want it on. there side georgia that's probably the most important outcome is that the united states became the hedge amount of the world and if you look at it you know they conquered you know most of the western hemisphere had control of it and then we had the expense of the united states it was the next logical step for the united states in many ways. yes that's absolutely right i mean that's exactly it was the outcome and it certainly. manifested itself very much after world war two when all of the victorious powers or all of the european powers were pretty much spent with the exception of the united states and the soviet union which is to go back on the point that i've been made i mean i think it's very important that to remember that germany you saw it before nine hundred fourteen as a power in decline and that germany was right to do so because france was becoming

a ever stronger. russia was industrialising very rapidly and given the franco russian alliance that had been signed some twenty years before the outcome of the start of world war one germany did feel encircled it did feel that really its only ally in europe was austria hungary which had so many. nationalities problems that it was a really more of a hindrance than an advantage and they germany had some kind of a strategic plan of getting itself out of this circle and so the idea that somehow the england and france really saw themselves as being under threat from germany i think is. that's a rather false picture. i think germany certainly played its hands foolishly in one nine hundred forty eight but the fact is that once the war started germany

generally wanted to go back to the status quo ante provide nine hundred fourteen and it was england and france that didn't want to go back to the status quo ante because they saw this is the one last opportunity really to do in germany as a as a great power they did for a time ago ok gentlemen we're going to go to a short break and after that short break we'll continue our discussion on the first world war stay with r.t. . the book .

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welcome back to cross talk we're all things considered i'm peter lavelle to remind you we're discussing the legacies of the first world war. ok i'd like to go back to paris new haven here i think one of the most important legacies of the first world war that is very much with us today and problematic is the wilsonian principles of self-determination and sanctity of sovereignty we still haven't gotten it right. no indeed but if it's. the national weather service in mount holly new jersey has issued

a severe thunderstorm warning for central bucks county in southeast pennsylvania central montgomery county and southeast pennsylvania until four forty five pm at three forty one pm national weather service doppler radar indicated a severe thunderstorm the storm was near skeptic moving northeast at twenty five mph the storm is capable of producing golf ball sized hail and damaging winds in excess of sixty miles per hour the severe thunderstorm will be near lansdale in hadfield around three fifty five pm fix around four pm calvin's around four zero five pm dublin and had both around four ten pm down in job asone around four fifteen pm got in village around four twenty pm severe thunderstorms produce winds of more than fifty seven miles per hour one ensure a larger very heavy rain will also occur with this severe thunderstorm which could flood low lying areas quickly and covered with water do not drive into areas where water covers the road a severe thunderstorm watch remains in effect until eight pm monday evening for

delaware and northeastern maryland and new jersey and eastern pennsylvania repeating a severe thunderstorm warning has been issued until four forty five pm for the following counties in pennsylvania bucks in montgomery. france was invaded by one let's keep in mind this was part of the plan and this was a military strategy and the issue there was that the germans basically were afraid of a two front war and the german strategic plan was to defeat france quickly on the western front and before they can draw before they can then push their forces onto the eastern front germany would not have invaded france had france essentially said we're going to stay out of this war in the balkans that we're not going to come in on russia's side in its war against austria hungary that would have been very simple i mean germany almost the france will you stay out france said that we won't say out and hands the schlieffen plan went into operation so it wasn't just an invasion out of the blue ok gentlemen the. i was trained as

a historian ok going to hear you right now did i even go ahead ivan eland jump in please i would like to talk about self-determination and sanctity of borders but go ahead ivan eland in washington yeah yeah i agree with what george said i mean i think france actually was egging rusher on a live in before the war and i think it really wanted russia to be on their side against germany because they fear germany and the brits a lot of people in the british cabinet thought well yes belgium probably will be invaded but as long as the germans just go through the southern part and then lot of the people in the british cabinet thought that well yes we've all pledged belgian belgian neutrality but it's it should be collectively and enforced not just . you know the allies coming to belgians belgium's defense and i also think you know many of these. much of this hostility to germany was fairly

recently fairly recent right now near the war because britain and britain certainly had a worse. sure with russia over and over the nineteenth century then with germany and also i think the russians and germans had a fairly good relationship as well or certainly at least not a hostile relationship but everyone formed alliances and the germans sort of got left out and if you recall the german rate germany was regarded as a progressive country and has certainly been built fide since then but it was had the widest voting franchise in europe and was. the you know the kaiser had less power than woodrow wilson did and so you know this idea that they were autocratic and that kaiser was running everything not even in the foreign policy was that true and i think you know this the the victors write the history and unfortunately i

think germany's got. the short end of the stick on that ok let's talk about short ends of sticks here pierre let's go back to self-determination here because we have these principles and sanctity of borders but that was only for some countries because the middle east was colonized and as we speak right now we see the results of that colonization o'neill colonization of that region unraveling as events go on in iraq syria and further afield. yes you're in on this very this very question i mean that brings us back to region that we haven't really discussed which is central to the i recall the war which is of course the balkans where austria-hungary which is the power there is just as responsible for for the war as as germany is attempted to suppress serbian nationalism in particular and what you see there of course is during the war and after the war or empires

multinational political system trying to deal with the frets. posed in their view at least by by national movements and of course the very the difficult point for for wilson and the allies during the peace negotiations and into war period is to reconcile the interests of great powers that all colonial powers including of course the usa with the principle of self-discipline nation and the league of nations came out with this rather elaborate system of monday's different mind days that recognize different to differentiate the abilities of certain groups nationalities to look after themselves as it were including in in in the middle east of course i suspect that border problem in the middle east is the fact that the the those newly created entities. were created on the basis of largely the interests of great powers with very little understanding of the actual social

entrepreneur. nature of those very communities and when it comes to ethnic identities religious identities and so on we see to these day i important it is for as far as possible for political entities to quit side with with with social and religious and political identity as well georgette what we just heard from here it was really stands in two thousand and fourteen doesn't a great power still determine borders even determine your eye. vanity and if they don't like your identity or your borders they'll change it and they'll change it with extreme violence. you know that that's absolutely right and of course there's now a lot of talk about oh well let's just get rid of some of the agreements that were undertaken after world war one in the boundaries that were drawn up after world war one i mean the clearest example of that was the destruction of yugoslavia in which

the europeans and the americans just said oh well forget forget yugoslavia let's just break that up and now there's a lot of talk about let's undo the various sites because. of the states such as iraq that were created in the aftermath of world war one. much of this is an absolutely disingenuous and hypocritical because the west is only in favor of undoing those borders that you know that embodies states that are somehow seen as are those the western interests. the west is perfectly happy to see the yugoslavia destroyed perfectly happy to see iraq destroyed probably they'll be quite happy to see libya destroyed into tiny little warring states. and fiefdoms but heaven forbid if there should be any changes to the boundaries of ukraine i mean there certainly you know khrushchev's arbitrary handover of crimea to ukraine . is written in stone how can anyone possibly undo that the

arbitrary border that was the created in the east you know the a chunk of ukraine was a chunk of russia was just handed over to ukraine after world war one with no real respect for the ethnic. groups that were living there that also must be absolutely set in stone so anything that is adverse to the interests of. the west that must stay. in place but everything else well hey let's just the toss those boundaries into the wastepaper basket and i mean it it's really interesting because we came up with these principles after the first world war but great powers to continue to do whatever they wanted anyway and i think this is what conses so much friction here because when you look at the arab world after the first world war all the way to the present they're not given much choice of self-determination as modifying the west to first dictators they can control their people you know i

agree with george there's been a great deal of inconsistency between the rhetoric and what's happened wilson had a lot of rhetoric and to some extent the principle of self-determination has in certain respects made some progress did the decolonization of french british and other other empires but of course as you point out when the when the great powers want to adjust those boundaries you know much of the conflict in the middle east is caused by the fact that the boundaries are artificially drawn to get the oil by the british and french after world war one and so i think. you know when you have when you have artificial batteries that don't match the ethno sectarian lines you're going to have either violence or or you're going to have to have dictators to hold the countries together and neither is a very neither is what you would call you know self-determination in the will sony incense here i'm going to give you the last program word of the program here what's the most important lesson we should learn from the first world war.

that's a very difficult question trying to ricin in a few seconds of course but i think we should be aware of perhaps a couple of points first of all that policymakers are first and foremost making choices and it's important for us as citizens to make sure that we have the kind of policymakers that are able intellectually to to meet the challenges of their time and i think part of the priming one thousand fortune that the policymakers involved large in austria and germany were simply not up to the task and i think that's something to bear in mind today second is to be aware of the ways in which history is being used in menu collated to fit whatever convenient political project or agenda is is running ok i second going to here is we'll run out of china gentlemen many thanks and i guess in new york washington and in new haven and thanks to our viewers for watching us here are to see you next time and remember crosstalk.

seriously school basis try to play players play polo going to. get much more of the story changing every minute. sometimes maybe the law oh well. my a lot of what the claim.

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