as of a terror attack this summer today might be a good time to reflect on u.k. ambulances today marks one hundred forty years since the formation of the st john's ambulance charity in the days before socialized ambulances paid by taxes in nine hundred eighty seven the english order of st john decided the need to do more to help and so they formed the st john ambulance brigade job of the brigade was to provide first aid ambulance services for the general public but in one nine hundred forty eight the u.k. labor government decided to compete with private charities explicitly telling the british people that a new universal health care system would not be a charity it would in effect be socialism what do we owe to socialism in this country. every single one of you in this room at some point has benefited from the principles of the national health service free point of use as a human right. the free market capitalist economy of the united states has forty

million people without access to health care and the rest have to pay a great deal for it where did those ideas come from did they come from some benign very wealthy person or worth a. yes the dreams of people who saw their mothers dying in poverty saw their wives dying in childbirth or saw other coming to you. or saw others suffering grievously because they could not afford medical care no wonder so prime minister to raise amazed detractors might say the conservatives want to be rid of the n.h.s. something denied by juries in may and health secretary when it comes to funding we had a very difficult period after twenty ten the austerity period when we were dealing with the financial crisis of two thousand and eight getting the economy back on its feet but since then in the last three year it's two thousand and ten to two

thousand and twenty is the period i was looking after just over that period per capita spending is down well let me just finish because as a so you've looked at if you look at the period since twenty ten there are really two halves as the first period where and his spending wasn't cut but it didn't go up by very much but then since then we've actually spending now six and a half billion pounds a year more on the n.h.s. no sign of the jeremy hunt or the co-author the political pamphlet calling for the n.h.s. to be replaced by a us style insurance system there then just blame for the n.h.s. crisis on the need to bail out a bankrupt city of london well one e.u. country not only hit hard by the twenty zero eight crisis but which is now in the front line of the european refugee crisis is italy joining me now is the italian ambassador to the u.k. terror thanks so much about covering on the show the refugee crisis arguably disappeared a little from the british headlines it's not over for italy either though it's probably news fatigue but the situation is every day we were seen in getting worse

. sheer tragedy and italy has been left alone to cope with this tragedy i'm afraid yes we have n.g.o.s helping what we need is more fun. because we have to address the problem at the origin so we need more development aid for countries of origin which outside of countries maybe eighty percent and then we need more funds for transit countries such as libya but also chad needs so don because they need to strengthen their borders. on land and sea and hopefully we would like them to set up camps for refugees and the edges of the surveillance of the relevant united nations agencies. and then of course we would expect the european union to implement the relocation scheme you think it's really is to blame

a little for the refugee crisis i mean there berlusconi's foreign minister in that franco frattini cautioned against italy joining british r.a.f. jets to bomb africa's richest country now one of africa's poorest countries isn't the italian government to blame but if the refugee crisis. not entirely because we were at that point we had to face a de facto action started by president sarkozy and then joined who was then joined by prime minister cameron so at that point gadhafi was doomed and there was nothing wrong in getting rid of a dictator like gadhafi what was wrong he was doing it with the military action without preparing the aftermath weed out having a plan on what could be the future of libya and dropping libya you know.

like a corpse the day after gadhafi had been defeated we have been asking for the international community starting with friends and u.k. to get involved in the reconstruction of libya institution building. creating a national security force but there was the international community was totally destructive once they it is the once again the phenomenon of the mission accomplished you do the military beat you have success and you've you think that you it's done it's not it's only the beginning if you know the exact security a lot of other countries are opposed to the senate i mean back to today it's really is saying that libya must control some of the ngos saving these drowning refugees i mean what you just said is there's not a hair's breadth between what you said in the british government. does it really realize that there are three governments in italy operating right now libya i mean

in libya. yes of course we realize but we are seeing something different we are seeing that a code of conduct should be adopted by n.g.o.s. called a couple conduct meaning that they should operate they should not station their vessels within the libyan territory or water at the short distance from the shores of libya because if they stash station there inevitably they exist size of board factor because people simply go because they know these are some n.g.o.s that. of course i can image but we are not saying that they shouldn't if there is an emergency in some live lives my. can be saved of course you can get into the territorial waters but then you should be in the do this in cooperation with the libyan coast guard otherwise we never be able to reassert some national

leave you know story to own the territory and or on the waters. and then we want to know the who is financing these n.g.o.s and we want to have information about the cruise and this because as you know it may be there were allegations of collusion with traffickers albeit denied by many in the oh yes but the best the best way to deny it is just to be transparent on was funding you which kind of crew you have on board but can they really work with this libyan government general have to i don't want them to i mean they should do this by themselves and give us the information not not we are not asking them to do this the code of conduct with the libyan authorities we are the unfortunately the only old this operation so this is people arrive being taken by n.g.o.s to our ports so we won't have this information about the the way they operate the way they organize and this is the

condition to gone cooperating with them at the moment of course they do an important part because they say forty percent of people taken by angels vessels this means and also it's important to stress that italy is still doing directly thirty percent of rescues with the coast guard and the navy blasts another fifteen percent organized by coast guard using vessels then you have been the last remaining fifteen percent which is performed by. sophia e.u. operation together with from dix so this is the breakdown of all the other i mean there are better noises arguably coming out of brussels now if this whole refugee crisis was in the north sea rather than the mediterranean do you think it would have been treated differently because greece obviously got some funding belatedly i'm sure the greek government would say do you think italy has been treated fairly

no not at all because out of the we did i mean we did see very little funding so you imagine you have six billion now located for turkey for the crises on the other side of the meter and we are talking of possibly maximum at the moment four hundred million for the center of mediterranean crisis so there is quite a disproportion then we have a there was an agreement to relocate hundred sixty thousand migrants and refugees only only six thousand six hundred were relocated so far and some european countries refused to take a single refugee. and the say something about the italian diplomatic service what does the italian government of one of the he's been saying in brussels and in european capitals that day to day the case they have you know putting up the tone and in fact this. threatening the closure of ports was

a way to attract attention so you think it leave everwood it's illegal look no i don't think about but what they say is then you could face a defacto situation if numbers be arrivals gone this written at a certain point the ports will be overwhelmed and not really conditioned to function now because of the italian citizens living and working in britain right now. some people might think they were going to be turned into refugees are you happy now that you raise me piers to have made it clearer about. living and working here in britain. yes it is clear the offer was made a constructive offer there are details to be discussed particularly that we got into the judicial level of respect of a biggish ns i'm quite confident that the solution will be found.

with social media and some exchanges because i said someone here because i said that i was disturbed by. the use of the objective generous in the first moment the first instance a judge to see that although butter is a bit exactly this objective has been dropped now in the communication and i think it's correctly correctly so because. what i feel is that the italian in e.u. citizens who have come here they came here because that was bad for italy legally of course the european union system they came here to work pay taxes contribute to the welfare of the country and so it's rather old that something in the choir right something which is in there right after all is present as a general of how and also if i mean you you offer me something i'm not entitle to then state dinners if you just entitle to it's fair but not necessarily donors

because the embassy here in london get representations from the italian community in britain worried when there is a little bit it was a bargaining chip the ability to stay here yes actually she didn't say this openly but this is what people felt certain stage of the opening of the negotiations and there is a lot of anxiety i've been signaling this to the u.k. government. that is not beneficial for anyone having this anxiety uncertainty now i hope that with this offer at least the uncertainty to a great extent of ninety ninety five percent. you know overcome thank you after the break what is causing fifty percent of the world's coral to disappear in the last thirty years we speak to an emmy award winning director about chasing coral and getting to the heart of the matter. of science and technology are under threat from near liberal austerity in britain all the civil coming up in part two of going

underground. welcome back magic money trio not u.k. prime minister theresa may refuses to uproot public sector pay cap despite declining annual wage increases for doctors to police officers on the tory

austerity following multi-billion dollar bank bailouts but says one of the biggest n.h.s. strikes in history begins within twenty four hours how bad were the working conditions on the private contractors for their cleaners and porches to walk out on four of east london as busy as twelve spittles and does britain have what it takes to invest in medical research and development while maintaining new liberal austerity policies his going underground senior producer pete bennett brought strikes to sabotage. the march across united against cuts caps and cost of all campaign is the lawyer trying to force the hand. government was lost in social change with understaffed and underfunded public services a breaking point i've come to the. expiation seek out the young son heroes of medical research developing the latest and lifesaving technologies with an estimated three hundred thousand patients a year contract an infection such as m.r.s.a. in english hospitals i spoke to the university college london professor clare

camote who's part of a team developing self-cleaning smart services which could possibly save the n.h.s. one billion pounds a year in the treatment of healthcare associated infections so we're presenting based on light activated. so that's where you need some light such as you would have in a hospital the sort of lighting that you have there they would interact with the molecules that then create react to species that can interact with the various bacteria and actually destroy them and they. make heard of this m.r.s.a. as well and so by developing these surfaces we might overcome some of the problems where we're becoming more antibiotic resistant but you know to actually have a more clean environment we obviously look to clean the hospitals we go along the combination of a good cleaning regime as well as having the time to microbial should then we do

use amount to potential infections from things like m.r.s.a. can the n.h.s. keep up the necessary hygiene is certainly clean is on strike david norris lost in a senior lecturer at king's college london has developed a soft reporting three d. printed hard to highlight the organs functions and failures based in london st thomas hospital david a seen the pressures and staff hand and questions what policies like breaks it will spell for british health care for us as biomedical engineer is being embedded inside a hospital is really critical so it gives us access to the best clinicians who can really tell us what the key challenges are and how we can try to help and i mean the n.h.s. is. really pushing and the people working there are doing their absolute best to try to keep everything together and keep it working at king's most of the people there are just they're the workhorses so they're just there nonstop all the time anyway so we've got really dedicated staff who are just there all the time but

certainly you know you read in the news about about challenges that are being faced across the country and this is something that needs to be addressed and in terms of what i would say if i could the government is just to keep the research a lot of and this is really going to require them to maintain the commitment to research and innovation and i think that they evolve line there are ten pillars of their bricks at strategy and research and innovation are one of the key pillars they're the kid in the basin and up on the scrapheap as it's always make more you need to answer them manifest. needs that genome biology and university of oxford selling commonalities in gene diseases such as type two diabetes his team relies on global collaboration and understands the importance of attracting the best talent regardless of the. science by itself is a human endeavor it's something we do as people so it's not necessarily about

countries and their expertise is not uniformly spread across the world so you have some people who are very good at certain things and maybe in a different country so we have to reach out to colleagues all over the world and form functioning relationships with them and the singer puts of something in the way i thought will lead to dummy science because we literally don't know what's going to happen in the next two years so are they going to invest in the u.k. or maybe invest in so another country where they have more stability and i think the politicians certainly understand the science is what drives the economy certainly as well as our influence think you're asking us a politician to work out how best we should do science and i think there's a good scientist. on any street it doesn't matter what the background of down street is it could be you know have all policy all the way done to block i think you have to try and bring everybody uniformly into i mean i come from a working class family in ireland and i was supported all the way through that process at the time i'm not sure it's so easy for children to do the ultimate surge in all kind of background having to have loans to go to university i mean that's

a huge financial burden to take on so it's not encouraging for people who don't have a lot of money. so i think we need to come to ways where we can actually get everybody through and actually do the kind of work that they want to do for the rest of life what science or teaching or whatever on the eve of one of the largest ball counts and h.s. history could the scientists and research is tending next years will. have solutions and social issues stemming from the seats of power and westminster. senior producer pete bennett there of the royal society exhibition in london now from lifesaving technology to saving the oceans in a world where president all trump has pulled out of the paris climate deal jeff emmy award winning documentary chasing ice cortical the effects of climate change with the as a footage the documented the melting of the polar ice caps his new film chasing coral reveals how fifty percent of the world's coral has disappeared in the last thirty is he joins me now jeff how did you get involved in making

a film about coral of to make you want to yeah i just met this guy richard rivers he wrote to us out of the blue and told us about what's happening in the oceans and he was showing me pictures showing the imagery of what a healthy reef looks like and what it looks like and we immediately knew that there was something there if we could visualize that if we could capture that would be really powerful story in regards to what's happening to the planet without going to the oceans right now and you knew that the scale of the numbers was so extreme it would take a lot of other pictures to it would take a lot of stories certainly take a lot of pictures it was it was one of the things where when we saw. it's happening that stark contrast we have these images right here healthy beautiful colorful reef too with dead kind of you know it's flat bland background that change can happen very very quickly as it turns out we didn't even know when we started this project how quickly a healthy reef could die and become kind of decimated covered analogy like that as

it turns out that that change could happen in just a couple months in two months or so and so our team was trying to visualize and capture this phenomenon of policing and we ended up getting much more powerful imagery than we could have anticipated you have scientists in a campaign is weeping at the imagery that the protagonist of the film lives in short i mean because some may argue and but i don't know the tourist brochures do the dead research like the light further up so you get wonderful beaches that you see in the labor issues it's been pretty difficult right now because some of the tourist operators and different coral reef sites are downplaying how bad it is on the reef and they're concerned understandably they're concerned about tourism but they're they're looking at it from the short term perspective wanting people to think that everything looks fine and healthy and it's great to keep coming out that's unfortunately not the case on many many coral reefs around the planet and planet certainly not the great barrier reef right now ok so what's the reason why does that into that right now the biggest issue there are a lot of different issues affecting the oceans a lot of different issues that are causing stress to coral reefs but the single

biggest one is temperature the ocean is literally getting too hot for the corals to survive the court records can live in a certain range of temperature and it varies around the planet different corals and different parts of the planet live in different temperatures owns but we're seeing the water temperature rise just a little bit beyond that threshold when that happens the corals get stressed and it turns white for a period of time it expels the algae that gives it its food and it turns white and if it stays at that temperature for too long it will then die it's just like if a human had a fever if you were just a couple degrees centigrade a little hotter than normal your fever was like one hundred two degrees fahrenheit for. couple of weeks that's the equivalent of what's happening to the corals and then in some cases getting pushed even hotter and even hotter because coal is a living thing that is a living way of being related jobs the algae that it eat fast and i have to read about that i knew very little because it's like the world which is the algae actually starts over producing in the warm temperatures and it makes too much

oxygen in the animal than is being inundated with too much of this nutrient and so it's getting sick from that so it expels it because it's just over producing you know it needs it for even though it's as if you had a little food factory in your stomach that would just make food for you but you got sick and you vomited it out like that it's affectively what the coral animal is doing the energy the algae the plant that lives in the coral starts over producing it kicks it out and then it starts starving and it's this fascinating beautiful relationship it's a symbiotic relationship between the animal and the plant and that relationship then creates this rock it really is all three it's plant animal and mineral in one creature and as a grows that's what that's what creates these structures these massive structures the great barrier reef the structures that can be seen from space it all comes from this very very simple relationship between the plant in the animal now it's certainly those we will the elites then go to these places and so it's going to think so how did you go about documenting using your film ground so that the people

this would go in the richest season of this well when we started this project and when i met richard we learned about what was happening in the ocean and of all the problems we really wanted to look at this bleaching problem so the challenge there was how can we document that change over time can we get a time lapse of a beautiful healthy colorful reef turning dead turning turning white or turning dead in whatever time period it took so we reached out to a lot of our friends and partners with great ends up in it yeah it was it was unfortunate and it happened much faster than we anticipated but we were able to build it in a credible team couldn't get any government because. this is groundbreaking research the element you can get any government funding we didn't try to get on a cool we do try to get government funding it's a challenge it certainly takes a long amount of time as well to do that and certainly where we're at right now in the united states it's even more of a challenge i would say but we found the fastest way to success was all through

private private investment and part of philanthropy that people that just believed in the project and can get on board and just want to see this imagery exist now you say that it's temperature rise this is a man who is not channeling my inner rex tillerson who used to run excellent you know because i know by temperature changes will you know obviously about fossil fuels creating it covered oaks i was cause is climate change peer reviewed research in nature magazine says and. believe environmental factors are much better correlating with the deaths of coral reefs and temperature. and other factors here so you're just you're talk about the death of coral reefs not about bleaching as a whole so when you look at the i'm going to go is that it that's dad is it yeah because no i don't know what caused that so when you look at the loss of corals all around the planet over the last thirty to fifty years a lot of the loss of coral around the planet has been due to a variety of factors absolutely agricultural runoff is one of the biggest things right now in the florida keys and in the southern united states we used to have really thriving healthy corals there but right now all the fertilizer runoff

fertilizer helps plants grow and when it runs off into the ocean it helps the bad algae grow that then suffocates the corals how much great faith you have the president is ditched the past because he cares about the corn once tougher i don't think they're going to trump it knows too much about coral reefs or cares about them particular i don't think that's his driving motivation i would love for him to see the film and maybe it effects him emotionally maybe he recognizes you know there is this beautiful life force on this planet any bank your job is in chasing ice i don't think that you said it i'm talking about a good job i don't think it is being environmental i don't know if you have seen chasing i hope that she has and i hope that she would reach out and see chasing coral we would happily get her a copy of mediately and to share it with her family and within the white. this is this is not a future threat this is a very current threat that only gets worse in the future at the end of the day we know that we need to stop emitting carbon and we need to pull carbon back down from the atmosphere that is what the science says needs to be done for us to have a stable planet that human humans are dependent upon so that's the challenge we need to move past the debate of whether or not this is an issue and have the debate around how do we properly incentivize or disincentive on his actions for that

stability that we require. thank you and you can watch all the video on demand service netflix for the fourth of july and that's it for this year we're back with . steve coogan news character alan partridge. generation. social media. braces itself specially the celebration of giving catholics. will include for the trees. in the. skies or. yanks this is what happens to pensions in britain. as

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