more violence more ideological revolutions because young people are wide open to the future they're not tied down with family obligations they're willing to take risks they're often more excited by the idea of change when you have a population that is older it's harder to get people into the streets it usually only happens if there is some process underway that already has got people thinking about change for the future but people who stay home are not usually lazy they're usually fearful and waiting to see is this really an opportunity for change am i going to make a difference or is this something i had better sit out and wait for a better opportunity to wrestle with and take a short break right now when we're back we'll continue talking to professor jack stone talking about the nature of revolutions and why the next revolution stay with us.

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hate everybody i'm stephen bob taft hollywood guy you know suspect every proud american first of all i'm just george washington and r.v. to say this is my buddy max famous financial guru and well he's a little bit different i'm not a. good one i know no one knows up with all the drama happening in our country i'm shooting the road have fun meet every day americans. and hopefully start to bridge the gap this is the great american to each. of the four page memo detailing extensive five support to be used change the course of what is known as russia gate also does the trumpet ministration syria policy

make any sense and who's the real bully trumped by the media. this is harlan kentucky. boy you can. know coal mines left. all the coal mines of said. these people the survivors of disappearing before their eyes. i remember thinking when i was younger that if anything ever happened to the coal mines here that it would become a ghost town but i never thought in the million years i would see that and it's happening it's happened.

we're back with professor jack goldstone professor so this what's that you speak about does this always work this way i mean if countries have if countries populace is mostly made of young people are they really more prone to come out to revolt because they're young people who are uncompromising and young people are a great force for change it can be positive if an economy is doing well and young people feel confident in their future that they can invest in their education if they can get jobs built families a country gets richer as a result of having a youth bulge that is. given the opportunity to create wealth if however you have a youth bulge that is educated and can't find jobs or is forced into dead end jobs

that don't offer much of the future but they can't get the resources to build families then you're creating a tinderbox of ambition that has not been satisfied and may turn to protest or even violence if the opportunity comes so if we follow that logic does that mean the country that has an aging population has nothing to fear in terms of social unrest it has less to fear in terms of violence so if you look for example at turkey the gezi park protests were the beginning of a right a range of protests across turkey but they didn't turn violent iran right now is kind of just approaching the age at which it's unlikely that there will be violent protests in the future and the two thousand and nine protests were not very violent and those that occurred this year were even more peaceful even though they apparently came more out of economic anger so i would say as countries around the world mature their population gets older we have less to fear of the kind of really

ideological violent revolutions that said there are a lot of young countries in the islamic world lot of young countries in sub-saharan africa so i don't believe the age of violent revolutions is over what we see in the yemen and syria that's where the youngest arab populations in the world. country government that. the government of a country that is mostly made up of young population how do they make sure that it doesn't necessarily turn into evolution if things aren't going to well well if things are not going to well it's difficult to avoid anger so it's necessary to start to give people an opportunity to see real change so giving younger people opportunities to join leadership organising. investing in. not just education but actually jobs that allow people to use their education so starting

new projects building new research centers or communities encouraging foreign investment all of these things can help younger people who are ambitious feel you know this government is giving me a reason to have a stake in the future it's not giving me a reason to give up hope and then there's the money factor of course that alan talk about because apart from my deeper ideological causes when people go out and protest they're. really just comes down to money and they need hot drinks blankets weapons so this is really also about who funds to evolution the success of our illusions and by who funds it i don't think you can put the success of a revolution into who funds it simply because once people have become sufficiently energized and. anxious to create a revolution they're willing to take considerable risks putting their lives on the line and they're willing to endure quite a bit of hardship to take a change that they thought might never come and now they've got

a chance to realise that change in their own lifetimes yes if there's going to be revolutionary mobilization people do need to be fed they do need to be provided for but that usually comes from their families it may come from local businesses who want to support a change it rarely comes from outside and the reason is. countries that want to intervene in revolutions first they usually wait to see which way things are going to turn because they don't want to back a loser second they usually prefer to intervene with military force rather than very force gives them confidence that hey i'm a foreign power i want to influence events in this country if i just give money i don't know where that's going to go or what's going to happen but if i can give military support to my side i have greater confidence that they're going to end up . well some would argue that actually revolutions could be a great investment i don't know that the syrian uprising was funded by the gulf

states and the bolsheviks revolution was funded by germans i don't know the national endowment for democracy help revolutions in serbia in ukraine. could you say that it is profitable to invest in a revolution i think revolutions are lousy investments because what you want in an investment is some degree of predictability of the outcome and one thing that's true about revolutions is their outcomes are very unpredictable but in general foreign countries that have tried to intervene in revolution have been frustrated you look at every country in europe that tried to reverse the french revolution and failed you look at all of the countries who hoped that the arab spring would lead to something stable and predictable it did not so i don't i wouldn't advise any foreign country to suggest a new revolution invest in their side america has actually used a regime change as a foreign policy to quite a few times even after the cold war and just as few of the consequence these among

others who are like taleban and i see could you really can you expect a revolution and then tame it. usually not more likely you get a backlash and i think you get the cases you point out are good ones so don't invest in a revolution because the consequences you have to. endure afterwards right worse than that at the end of the day revolutions gain strength from nationalism a revolutionary government usually justifies change by saying our nation that special one that we love will be better after we have a revolution if a foreign power is too strongly identified with a revolutionary movement it can lose that nationalist appeal so it's just not a good idea for foreign powers to think yes we'll be able to control the revolution will be able to back it often supporting the revolution just leads to a backlash against the foreign power and an assertion of native nationalism that's

against foreigners well was it fair to say that the revolutions of today always have a nationalistic tinge to it because if you look at the communist revolutions and. past century there were organized by a very strict party and when you look at protests now there are disjointed forces of people who are protesting did there were also today not need an organized force anymore to loot them let me ask you about human nature do you think it's mainly rational or emotional probably emotional and the emotional side of humanity is what nationalism appeals to so revolutionaries often start with a rational plan we have an ideal of equality we have an ideal of a communist redistribution of goods we have an ideal of building a society that follows the koran there are beautiful moral ideals that inspire people to make revolution but at the end of the day to bring the masses over you

need an emotional appeal and that is most commonly found through nationalism so whether it's the communist revolution in china the russian revolution even the american revolution at the end of the day which means after a decade two decades what you have left is a strong nationalist attachment to the written new revolutionary regime that's what ends up winning at the end and what does the technological progress making for at the revolutions that are yet to come i mean in ancient egypt twitter and facebook help unite people and that more technology progress is more government control there is over it that's correct what we find in the history of revolutions is a series of technological jumps in communication the printing press allowed pamphlets to play an important role in the puritan revolution and the french revolution in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries then the telegraph and radio

played an important role in revolutions cable television was probably a bigger force than social media in igniting broad revolutionary movements in the arab spring. it was the televising of protests and the self-immolation stories all of that really got out more through al-jazeera and then through social media the next round maybe social media or maybe something else maybe a bit coin financed revolution will be the next move what we do know is that people who want change will take advantage of whatever technology is available to try and get around government control and then after the revolution the government will try and control the new technology we see that in china with its great fire wall using the internet more for the purpose of government management of society then opponents can use it for change now professor you've been studying revolutions all your life you probably have an insight of where next generation may take place.

let me put it this way i wouldn't trust people who have been playing the stock market all their life to tell me where the next stock market movers going to be everybody miss the big downturn in two thousand and seven two thousand and nine experts missed the collapse of communism they did not expect the arab revolutions so i tell people revolutions are like earthquakes they're big powerful changes but that doesn't mean we can predict exactly when and where they will occur rather what we know about earthquakes is where the major fault lines are and i can tell you where the major fault lines are for revolutions they're in countries that have weak governments elites that have ethnic or other divisions and populations that are still anxious for greater change than their governments can deliver you see a lot of those in sub-saharan africa parts of the middle east some of the countries in southeast asia and those along the endian spine of latin america so those are

the areas i would watch with a higher likelihood of revolutions in the future but just like the big japanese earthquake a few years ago that took place on a fault that geologists had not mapped because it was fairly deep we might see a revolution someplace where we haven't yet mapped out the fault lines if there is a uprising a popular uprising say in hungary against the new strengthened party government maybe in turkey against everyone's newly authoritarian regime the possibility of revolution is always there if people sense in justice and an opportunity in the weakness of the government and that's why i tell people until he live in a world where everyone is confident that their future will be bright we will see the risk of revolution coming back professor thank you very much for this interesting engineering side and world of revolutions good luck with everything thank you it's been my pleasure.

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america is to me of it's embassy in israel to jerusalem as soon as next year tempers flared in the israeli parliament where the announcement was made by the u.s. vice president. citizens of israel. thank you. for a show against kurdish militia forces in northern syria the pentagon says it was warned of the move by a probe which had this message for washington. speak what you say a report based on documents leaked by edward snowden claims the us national security agency is using voice recognition software to spy on people.

watching r.t. international live from a moscow studio with me in india today welcome to the program u.s. vice president mike pence has announced that america's embassy in israel will move to jerusalem next year. president trump has directed the state department to immediately begin preparations to move the united states embassy from tel aviv to jerusalem and that united states embassy will open before the end of next year. more on this and we have our correspondent in the middle east policy paula how is this allows weren't going down there. well this is a controversial announcement and decision and no doubt it will cause

a backlash much like the backlash that was caused last month when the american president donald trump announced that the united states recognizes jerusalem as israel's capital this is why most of the palestinian leadership has chosen to boycott the visit of the deputy american president mike pence to the region now at the same time when pence of live late last night there were palestinian protesters who were trampling and burning his plaque card and at the same time a day of rage has been called for tomorrow or tuesday in the palestinian territories and gaza now that protest actually moved inside the israeli parliament today just as paris was about to start to screech members of the arab joint this is the third largest faction in the israeli parliament and represents some four arab dominated israeli political parties these lawmakers stood up and started

shouting and holding plaque cards that said that jerusalem is the capital of palestine. but the supreme court. should. thank you. now those arabs will make has what you needed to be removed by the parliament security and in a way almost to compensate for what had happened israeli lawmakers gave a long standing ovation when the american president donald trump announced last month that he recognizes jerusalem as israel's capital that ignited protests and a backlash in the palestinian territories in gaza and in the international community and those protests are continuing until today thank.

god. god god. god you. know the. the palestinian president mahmoud abbas is currently in brussels where he is meeting with the e.u. foreign policy chief. now she has said that the european union remains firm behind this commitment to a two state solution and last month when the american president announced that he recognizes to use them as israel's capital the e.u. was one of the first to severely criticize that announcement. just ok thanks for

the overview on the reaction of my expenses latest. reporting for us. ok we're going to continue the discussion now with a member of the israeli parliament idea to muscle a man she moved out of the classes during my expenses speech welcome to the program firstly i have to ask you why did you leave during the us vice president speech why we decided from the beginning that we were to deliver a message deliver a message through there is a rally society in general and to the world that bence is not accepted and welcomed by all the citizens of israel there is at least twenty five twenty or thirty per cent of the people in is that do not welcome him or his policy or the policy of his administration that we see the danger in leading such

kind of. support to binyamin netanyahu the government that's why we wanted to deliver this in a very obvious way we decided to leave the hall when he is giving his speech and we did that although for my regret the reaction of the knesset guards or the speaker of the house was very clear that they don't like to any other voice in this situation i mean he certainly did hold a very strong stance that you and your colleagues there some held signs saying jerusalem is the capital of palestine however eve foreign policy chief green as she said today that the e.u. supports a two state solution what's your opinion about that statement. well

at least you need say is that very clear leave that the e.u. will stand for this so you sharon although we have some critique that they should be more the forces of a more broad passive in all of this is that an fisa kind of us and eugen and there are a few steps to be taken in order to emphasize and to lead. to this solution but when ben's ses this. today in the knesset he says that the solution should be accepted the two state solution should be accepted by the two parts we know very well who is not willing to accept the fact to establish a palestinian state and defend that bella seen a state beside the state of israel it's not that now the government for us when he says this he actually is supporting their position and couldn't dish ending the establishment of

a palestinian state with the agreement of. the occupation. part is that i really part it is if we go by. a look when trump first announced the move there was an rest what do you predicting now what can we expect now after pence's latest announcement. the fact that benson wanted to declare that today that they are moving. the american embassy to jerusalem says very clearly that they don't care what the palestinian people see as their right the first said declination made by trump was what was called that ignition of jerusalem as the capital of is that are brought to us all the situation that came up later if they wanted to stop the deterioration

they should not had declared what they have been declared today in my opinion this brings a lot of anger and outrage among the palestinians i hold that this situation will not deteriorate more as what i'm afraid of is what we see a large scales of operation from the side of the israeli army and the israeli security for says we hope that to the full s.t.d. our palestinian people will find a way to express their outrage and their anger about such kind of declare a sharon without losing a lot ok thanks very much for coming on to the program i did i did to most laymen members of the israeli parliament. now turkey's military operation against kurdish militia forces in northern syria is now in its third day and crissy contrives the groups which it uses terrorists out of the area it comes after

washington announced it will establish a new border force in the region which will include kurdish y.p. chief scientists. the i. i. now let's take a look at how power is distributed in the border regions if we look at the yellow on the map in those two places there they are held by various kurdish militia and on the left is the a free in region the latest flashpoint in syria where turkey is carrying out its military operation it's receiving backing from syrian rebel groups in the areas shown in green over here.