u.s. government's budget that's not going to happen again so nasa if they're going to be successful in space exploration has to learn to do it not apollo style but affordably and i think therefore there's a lot to be learned from the public sector and by working with the public sector and using these developments particularly the rockets and the spacecraft developed at a much lower cost than nasa has previously been paying for launches that might make it possible on a much more limited budget that we then we had during apollo to get started with real space exploration again that's what i hope will happen dr hofman we have to take a short break but to be will be back in just a few seconds stay chant. a

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killed people in vain b.c. even dangerous. now in eleven states and tooling agent that he's around in that and that said. welcome back to wells apartment jeffrey hofmann an american astronaut and now i pressed fast say in a department of aeronautics and astronautics now dr hoffman just before the break

you mentioned that space x. already has the capability off transporting cargo and perhaps humans to mars i wonder if figuring out the chance for it capability is enough she commands very icy and dangerous voyage to the raft planet oh absolutely not i mean there's a whole slew of things i mean. radiation how we're going to deal with the radiation exposure. just something simple like keeping food viable for three years i mean there's all sorts of things that nasa is looking at that problems that need to be solved to say nothing of the. you know the psychology how are we going to keep people healthy physically. i really think it's important that we first go back to the moon it's been almost fifty. years since we've had

human beings on the surface of another planetary body and mars is very hard which isn't to say that the moon is easy but it's a lot closer it's easier to get to you can come back relatively quickly if something goes wrong. and many of the things not all but many of the things that we have to accomplish on mars we could test out on the moon i think the moon would be an excellent test bed and with the exception of the united states up until the recent change in policy every other space faring nation in the world russia included is wants to go to the moon. and i. hope that we could actually put together an international lunar exploration initiative much like we have the international space station consortium and together the countries of the world cooperating with the private sector. could afford to get back

into real space exploration and i think that would that would create a real a lot of excitement it's interesting you say that because i'm sure you know that back in two thousand and seventeen nasa and the russian space agency are off cos i'm assigned an agreement to look into building the first lunar space station and that's at the height of well very poor relationship that we currently have at the in our two countries so why do you think the space exploration was somehow on the fact that by all of these political matters that divides our countries i think it's actually cause for at least some optimism not not just talking about what we would like to do someday in the future with the moon but the current activities in the international space station where the two biggest players are the united states and russia. as you say we have our problems on the ground but i think

it's very. you know it's a cause for optimism that still in space we were each keeping up our parts of the bargain and we seem to be getting along quite well if there is some hope that maybe get off the surface of the earth and we're not arguing about little pieces of ground in the middle east or wherever in the world. that we can actually behave more like members of the whole human race and work together you complain about the shortage of budgets that go into space programs and i think that's even more the case for russia then for the united states but i wonder if those financial constraints actually provide for these call parading experience because the russians need money and the americans need the the russian equipment our technology for the time being do you think that's a good range meant that does it provide any synergy apart from. each of the sides

getting what they want. it provides a certain level of safety again looking at the space station we have two oxygen generating systems we have two water production systems and they're different. and if one somehow has a design for fault and breaks down. you have a certain level of safety by having different types of engineered systems and this would be particularly the farther away from earth you go the more important the reliability becomes on the space station if we have a failure of a piece of equipment we can send up into something else to replace it or if the worst comes to worst it's pretty easy to come back to earth in a hurry you go to the moon and you're much farther away from help and if you're going to mars forget it there's no no way if something breaks they they can't send

you a spare parts so to have to differently type engineered systems. really provides a lot of extra safety she now a few minutes ago you're sounded very excited about this infusion of private money into space exploration and i think many x. parents believe that somehow private money can come q almost stops to cheat national budgets as far as space program is concerned our space programs are concerned do you believe that's realistic to expect that you can continue exploring space. by the use of private money rather than relying on state budgets nasa is budget is is a little over ninety around nineteen billion dollars a year that's a lot more than even you know jeff bezos puts about he said he puts about one billion dollars a year into his blue origin company he sells

a billion dollars worth of amazon. stock and he's got plenty of amazon stock to sell the real question is what's going to motivate them. the you know you're not going to make a profit by exploring mars and the government does it not to make a profit but because traditionally the governments have sponsored scientific missions but if you look at the history of exploration. you know earlier on in previous centuries there was a lot of private sponsorship of exploration again what i hope will happen is that we'll have a mixture of public private investment in this. how much the private sector wants to put into it depends on what they will do you know do they need to make a profit from it i mean jeff bezos has said you know he he runs the amazon business because that provides enough money for his space company he's he's motivated by his

work in space is not really to make a profit but when you look at what's happened over the last few years it has truly been revolutionary we have seen a tremendous amount of innovation just the idea of being able to reuse parts of the rockets nasa tried to do that with the shuttle economically it was not a complete success but. you know nasa was never on its own probably was never going to develop the ability to reuse parts of the rocket or even to substantially bring down the cost up until space x. came into the game and nasa launches were all with the united space alliance which was a monopoly created by boeing and lockheed. and they had no real motivation to reduce the cost of flights because they were getting their contract basically

they had no competition and they were getting a cost plus contracts so. the more the launch costs the more profit they've got now we have real competition and rocket companies all over the world not just not just boeing and lockheed but ari on space for us cause most of the japanese the indians the chinese everybody is concerned can we compete with space x. so it's really been revolutionary and it's led to a tremendous amount of innovation which i do not think we would have had if it had just been the government involved now i heard you seen one of the interviews that private companies such as basics of blue origin are willing and able to take more risks than nasa or any other government agency do you think government should play any role in determining the pair of amateur yourself though the risk just is a matter of public safety because i think you would agree that launching

a vehicle into space may represent certain basics no no they do in order for space exploration any any or boeing or lockheed i mean any any private company needs to get government approval before they launch and of course the government approval is mainly to make sure that they don't hurt anybody on the ground we don't want rockets falling on the land near big cities or anything and they need to get the right now it's the federal aviation administration that has authority to approve commercial launches when it comes to launching people the first people who are going to get launched in the space x. and boeing is also making its its own private capsule space capsule there or they're going to be launching nasa astronauts and there of course nasa will determine the safety. conditions that have to be met and i think for as

far as fine the general public if nasa decides that these vehicles are safe enough to fly now. sastre noughts than probably the federal aviation administration which frankly doesn't have a lot of expertise in human spaceflight will say well if it's if it's good enough for nasa then it's good enough for us and and then they'll give approval to fly other members of the public you know we talk maybe about the birth of a space tourism industry still early days we don't know if it's all going to happen if it's going to be successful but this is the long vision that a lot of these companies have you know bob bigalow will put a space hotel up there and space x. will launch paying tourists to go up and it won't be inexpensive especially at first but there's plenty of people who would love to go into space and they may have a chance in the next generation they want to go into space even if that represents

a certain risk to their lives i want to ask you specifically about calculating those human risks because i heard from a number of facts paris. especially after the bill loss of the shuttle columbia. has become more risk averse than before but on the other hand i've also heard many american astronauts and russian cosmonauts say that they i'm just found out space exploration is an inherently dangerous time to taking and they are ready to take certain calculated risks for the sake of common good do you think the agency especially in the united states is balanced enough bit to been you know protecting people and providing a certain a space for. exploration to reach is always always contain a certain degree of frisk where we would we would like the next generation of human space vehicles to be safer than the shuttle than the one one big thing there is

that they will have a launch escape system which the shuttle did not have so had there been a launch escape system. the challenger astronauts would have survived even though their shuttle was destroyed when the shuttle was designed it was designed with so much redundancy that people managed to convince themselves that it would be safe no matter what happened and therefore since you could always get the shuttle back the crew would be safe as well well that turned out not to be the case and i don't think we'll ever make that mistake again. when it comes to the question of will tourists be able to take those risks well you know tourists pay seventy five thousand dollars to get a guided climb up mount everest and people have died you know tourists have died on on mount everest. so i think it's clear at least a certain subset of wealthy. people who are looking for

new experiences are willing to take a certain level of risk and there will continue to be a certain level of risk in spaceflight. it's not yet as safe as flying in an airplane but you know in the early days of aviation there were a lot more crashes it was a lot less safe than it is now i suspect the time will come i don't know how long it will be in the future when we don't think it's any more dangerous to get in iraq at than to get in an airplane but that time is not now and i don't know when that's going to happen so there were there will be a risk in spaceflight but i think there are people who are willing to take those risks while at your certainly one of them dr hoffman we have to leave it there but i really really appreciate your being with us today and sharing your thoughts and your expertise your experience and job yours please keep the conversation going in

our social media pages as for me hope to see you again same place same time here on all the parts. the new global economic will resume funding in the realm of education the right to education is being supplanted by the right to access educational loans higher education is becoming just another product that can be bulletin sold so there's not just about education anymore it's also about running a business and what you're good models of the regime are not good it's also not true literally couldn't you. want is the place of students in this business model

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welcome. russian spy his daughter in a critical condition in hospital believed to have been poisoned with. according to police on sunday. in the british city of seoul. the country's top counterterrorism officer says the. this is being treated as a major incident involving attentive. ministration. as you know these two people remain pretty busy and one of the new developments to come out from that statement is that the police officer the first attend on the scene when powell and his daughter were found slumped on that park bench in souls three the police officer that first attended to them is now also in a serious condition in hospital as a result of exposure to that nerve agent the police have also said that public

safety remains a priority at the moment they don't think that there's evidence of a widespread health risks and they believe that these two individuals so i guess for powell and his daughter were targeted specifically earlier on the home secretary amber ruds she chaired an emergency cobra committee meeting about all this that's highly unusual normally only takes place when moments of national crises so after terrorist attacks or if there been widespread floods something like that but the home secretary said that it's important at the moment to keep a cool head we need to keep cool and make sure that we collect all the evidence we can and we need to make sure that we respond not to rumors but all the evidence that they collect and then we need to decide what action to take all the newspapers don't seem to have caught that memo though they're having a field day with speculation on the story the tabloids have been talking about

a furious boris getting tough with. one particular newspaper had a splash all about putin swearing revenge on script so for some in the british media this investigation is already a foregone conclusion a number of tabloids were speculating about the future and the fate of the world. kopp that's something that's got a lot of attention especially off to the foreign secretary floated this sort of hypothetical idea of britain potentially boy costing the world cup as for the police investigation the place where there might actually be some facts in this story well they are working very hard on establishing what happened they say they now have hundreds of detectives working around the clock to try and establish a timeline of events of house script and his daughter kate to be poisoned by what we now know is not gas so well just to remind you who sort of script is he

used in the russian military intelligence service but in one thousand nine hundred five he was taken on as a double agent by the u.k. russia court script piled in two thousand and four and later convicted him of revealing the identity use of russian secret agents in europe he was sentenced to thirteen years in prison however he served only four years before being released as part of a high profile spies swap with the u.s. he was later flown to britain. now as already mentioned of the script incident is dominating the news in britain and although little is currently known about what really happened reporters are wasting no time in speculating that it was an attempted murder orchestrated by the kremlin they play moscow strongly denies former u.k. police officer peter cook him says the media hype creates an unhealthy environment for the investigation. speculation in the media speculation by politicians is never

helpful to an investigator and when you get any sort of high profile case you'll find that the media are going going quite quite loudly about what their theories are and all the rest of it we've had it with hate crimes and crimes and various other things terrorism sort of the big thing that they get excited about it's not helpful to see any investigating officers investigating officers know they shouldn't be and don't let themselves be swayed by that they follow the evidence it's obviously not helpful. for us as secretary of state is on an official tour of africa nations with stop ethiopia ahead of a trip rex tillerson claim that the continents being exploited by china an issue that's expected to dump to a dominate the upcoming talks artie's equals down off take a look at whether africa is a new theater for us china rival. the united states wants africa

back in its pocket which is all things considered a bit of a tall order just a few months ago african nations learned that according to trump they well to paraphrase the president kind of stink now the state department is on a bridge building mission we partner with our. good governance to meet long term security and development goals. this is a stark contrast to trying as approach which encourages dependency using opaque contracts predatory loan practices and corrupt deals china you see is something of a major headache for washington beijing has been courting african nations for years the asian powerhouse is involved in crucial infrastructure projects there it's invested billions of dollars in a railroad linking the continent from east to west effectively opening the door for pan african trade kenya is one country in particular that has benefited from

china's cash injections it got its own railway the largest infrastructure development since its independence more than half a century ago but even this pales in comparison to a chinese construction firms in bishan in south africa to build an eighty four billion dollar city. and. with. hundreds of millions of dollars worth of aid education investments and a chinese t.v. channel for the african audience beijing is going all in here it's stuff power strategy has already made china second most popular destination for african

students and its military is in africa to last year china opened its first overseas base with a facility in djibouti the same year it held joint drills with tanzania chinese soldiers have already been here for a few years its peacekeepers have been involved in missions across central africa so is it really that much of a surprise that so. african nations prefer the chinese way over america's sweet talk the chinese has been front and center in providing us with roads this country has developed op team occupied city in this regard so we're working very hard to go over and we believe that walking to gether would bring about mutually beneficial relationship china has become successful in africa because china tends to favor intense distrust civilian projects some years ago the first president bush so that

the united states had more will than wallet which means it's not offer is not able to offer the kinds of aid that china is so generously providing there is a real fear in washington that china is in the passing lane and that sooner rather than later the chinese economy if it is not already will be larger than the united states economy which will have monumental impact on the balance of forces globally the only thing incorrect about saying there are states is playing second fiddle in africa is the point that it may be playing there for two or fourth at all to various european nations right now china has run the united states in africa on every front and it will take more than just words for washington to elbow its way past beijing it has done of r.t. . the british foreign secretary has defended u.k. ties with saudi arabia that's after the saudi crown prince his three day visit to

london prompted protests outside downing street and then on seeing riyadh deadly bombing campaign in yemen britain supports saudi arabia's right to defend its security against missile attacks from yemen many of which have targeted the kingdom cities including riyadh. any solution to the conflict must ensure that saudi arabia no longer faces this cross border security threat but out of four hundred people gathered to protest the royal visit activists condemned the war in yemen and the u.k. arms sales to the kingdom a similar concerns were also raised in parliament by the leader of the opposition. the humanitarian disaster is now taking place in yemen million his face starvation six hundred thousand children have cholera because of the saudi led bombing campaign and to block a germany.