how. prepared for the kind of and the flocks of new residents and their planning. making planning changes only after the occupants have arrived rather than before as was the case with let's say new york or barcelona in the nineteenth century. and that in your view leads to the proliferation of slums i wonder if you consider slums a kind of c.d.'s in the in the broad sense of the world i think the sense of. kind of the mythologies of how urbanization fits into an economy was generally the notion that as urbanization increases societies become richer and that people coming to cities would often come particularly poor people and say this as a way station on their way to becoming integrated into the city but no we're finding that in many african countries this is the third generation of families living in the same slow and they're not integrating into the society and so slums or increasingly according to you and in most african cities it's

a majority of the population indeed lives in slums without taishan facilities and often without clean water as you said before that moving into a bigger city it does not necessarily mean that doesn't mean at all that your life fortunes are going to worsen but i think. at least here in russia we associate living in a city with higher living standards down in the countryside high levels of hygiene high levels of health care but from what i understand of living in very high downs communities like slums without proper access to health care are sometimes felt knocks us to health care at all what actually increases your likelihood of contracting disease it sure. is that do we understand at this point how those communities even function how do they address those kind of challenges not extremely well for example. one of the issues that i can

measure of tension too is the vision of said taishan and one reason i did is that in sub-saharan africa for the past twenty five years which has probably been their most rapid period of economic growth there's been almost no improvement in access to urban center taishan it's forty percent of the population has access so when you have figures that low the evidence suggests that no one benefits from the provision if you increase from forty to forty two no one benefits because you still have people desiccated in ellie's and you still have feces everywhere and so the sense of the health effects of something like that could be extraordinary and then if you compound that with many african cities are in dire straits already and there urbanization rates are at some of the highest levels ever so you're compounding a problem that's already severe with an influx that. could create really

nothing short of the catastrophe i think well i think in the one of your peers or do you describe it as a looming catastrophe on our hands do you think. the world community at large is well aware of what's going on i don't think why not i don't know i think there is attention to it but i think things like sanitation it's a topic that a government official wants to discuss it. something that you don't get a lot of ribbon cuttings for opening up a new sewer system you know that you would with redesigning the bolshoi or something like that. that's one conjecture about why that's the case but frankly i don't know but there is don't let me overstate it there is attention to it but i don't think the resources correspond to the need the argument that is often used to persuade donor countries to. provide resources for that kind of effort is the theory for migration if you don't want people coming into your cities you need to

spend some money on making bad lives more livable do you think that is a persuasive argument. and it's one that as you say it's i think. a myth that's been held by many officials in. public officials and indeed international agencies that the sense that you can prevent people from coming to the cities i know in some countries they in fact subsidize people to take a bus back to the countryside and they get on the bus and they go back and visit their relatives and then come back to the city and so it goes to my earlier point the one the way you are take you laid it is cities throughout history have offered bright lights and learning and occupations cities are a great thing and it's just how do you deal with this demographic movement is has always been a difficult process but i think right now in some countries it's a particularly difficult process i heard you say that almost all of the world's next two billion people will leave and they celebrate islam saturated. communities

given the scope of their problems already do you think the problem of slums will ever be resolved is that even possible given where we are at this point of time. you know and so i think you know there's a joke in economics where people said this is unsustainable and if it's. sustainable it indeed will stop. so i think. given the potential problems here you could get people not moving to cities at nearly the rate that has been interested you could get a reaction from government. and so economists who tend tend to be cynical and they tend to believe that in the long run things work out and so that's one view but i think there is a need to prompt people to react to you react before the problems occur but i mean the problem of migration especially from the south saharan africa is i think

has been in the making for over a decade i mean it precedes the war in syria and if you think about billions of people moving to very poor conditions regardless of whether they provide sanitation there or not it seems that the only way out of that situation is not the op not. to build more housing there but actually it's you going to it's and you see you know the thousands dying crossing the mediterranean into europe and the world probably hasn't had this many migrants. in fifty years since world war two i mean it's it is an incredible situation in that we see a lot of the news about international migration but the same thing is going on within countries and there's a rapid movement to cities in the same kind of phenomena now if you're alluding to the fact that not many. politicians are policy makers. very

key in. that problem or perhaps do not take it as the first priority and. there is a i think a very romantic. urban circles that c.t.'s will find solutions to all the world's problems since the nation state is that they'll do that do you subscribe to that point of view so i don't think they care and i think cities have been far more innovative the national governments and i do think there's a sense in which cities are becoming politically more important and the ideas that are generated in the world are you know i think so much of our culture and ideas come from cities and that comes from just as one writer jane jacobs talked about the only place where you can see some stranger or other traveler by going to a city and so there's just so much going on ideas are generated and so cities are i think are fulcrum of change like that but nevertheless central governments are

still important very important in terms of addressing larger issues like income distribution and climate change you know what makes me concerned about this kind of discourse is that is the fact that they have long seen a gap that's been politics and policies and you know ideally politics is supposed to be a facilitator of policies but i think they're increasingly diverging especially in the western countries and my concern is that if we think this way of cities you know leading the way we will essentially leave all the major issues of life you know war and peace of life and that the politicians. do you have that sense and i wonder if you believe that politicians. care enough about the things that you supposedly care i think there's an awful lot of politicians talking . about ideas that are clearly not only not evidence based but based against

evidence and that to me is i don't fully understand but i do observe it a lot and. it's quite distressing and. i don't know how to explain it but it is a it's a real danger and i think measures to. policies that are shown to not be effective is but create political value in some way. is quite peculiar i don't want to make this into a political strictly about the state is where obviously recording it at a time when there is that major fear of. confrontation between our countries but then the united states russia over syria and you know it just strikes me that. so much attention is paid to delivering a strike on a country where it's as you say we have millions possibly even billions of people

living in squalor of conditions and nobody ever would even discuss that on on television how often do you get that chance to talk about things that worry you so i think there's. an active discussion it's just there's not much action that's going to depressing and there's a lot of action. as as i said things that are clearly not only not evidence based but against the evidence. they're used there's a famous old conservative economist milton friedman who said that economists roller to provide the information and people like the right choice what we see today is something quite different and that information is provided and actions are taken that have very little to do or in fact are the opposite of well mr cleaver have to take a very. short break but they held back in just a few moments stay tuned. to

. the philippine city of angeles when the u.s. military moved out the six to a smooth day. and now a whole generation of fatherless children is growing up. say dad. was them. i'd make decent gen-y. you like tyson i know your. son.

isn't the first time in the t.v. crew to see you or takes you for a no don't answer is wrong that no one that it's true or. that's it the better you want my god found it. a little bit. you can take the deliberate above it you can't take the blood of the girl. no woman you know. oh i love you like i did it you did it did you. in july the twenty seven team. set up a freelance journalist working with a. village of shelling in syria. to own a sacrifice which he has established a memorial they will recognize as well reporters who often risk the sake of the

truth and through that. you can submit to your published works in the video written form. into. four men are sitting in a car when the fifth gets shot in the head. for a different version of what. one of them is on the death row there's no way you could have done it there's no possible way because all it did not shoot around a corner. welcome back to worlds apart the throw away senior fellow in international affairs

at the new school in new york. mr brooklyn just to finish. the issue of. where politicians. attention to. syria is a lot. is on my mind a lot and i think there is also something. you know that country also requires an urgent how of specialist like yourself because it has lots of formally urban communities where the infrastructure was damaged a great deal some of those communities and now trying to go back to normal but obviously the resources lacking or a very sure they wonder if we understand as a global community at this point. to try to rebuild those cities not only syria but perhaps also in iraq in a way that would encourage reconciliation of the ten various ass name groups rather than strengthen the divisions that provoked those conflicts in the first place

there's a famous english economist lord keynes who said. should be to be like dentists and to say we can repair this tooth and in so terms of working in cities you have to have a context that the environment the broader political environment is reasonable and that people can read that politicians will be responding to the people when you have a state of war. there's nothing i can do with my mind or skills about how the city works and i'm glad i'm not i'm not suggesting to go to syria and tried to do it from from from there and i'm just asking whether it is no commission of rosabelle to carry out something on that scale that has already i mean to rebuild something on on the scale that they have in syria. i think we've had if you go through history mankind has been cruel and destructive over and over again and somehow our

cities have come back and many are quite beautiful and wonderful places. if you look in the middle east and places like syria it's i agree with you it's totally depressing. and i wish the political issues involved with it could be resolved i don't begin to understand it or how to do that but i think until that is done there's very little hope that those cities will be able to turn the tide i think it has to come from the broader political context rather than from the city context kirkley from rome i understand that the us specialize in sort of matching. or correlating the city's layout its morphology to the economic activity and. we have an interesting example. here in russia of the capital grozny which was destroyed two decades ago which has now been the belt have the federal subsidies but i think there is a mismatch between how the city looks and how it operates in terms of the organic

south sustaining growth i mean if you have the money you can get it and then the city will exist but the question is how you make it self-sustaining. how do you figure out how to do the latter part of what doesn't require so we just did some work what we referred to as trying to avoid what they called the. syndrome and it's this man who thought he was the king of kings and had a statue built of themselves that said all you who look at me despair because i have such a beautiful place that i've designed and it's in fact in the middle of a desert building a city is a very organic specialty structure that responds to economic incentives and it's impossible for one player to know how to allocate and make the investments for the entire city i think as you mentioned earlier in new york in barcelona the plans there and what they did was quite quite basic in terms of set up

a structure so that people can respond to the incentives and build and paris and places like that they're just there as paris is the city of lights still it's still quite beautiful and building a city that organically responds to the incentives and structures long live structures that can take advantage of water people want to live how they want to live and so forth is unquestionably the most important thing to do so a public policy maker to assume that he or she could do that is the highest degree and almost certain to fail now i know that you've also started the morphology off largest thirteen largest cities in russia and you suggest that it's mysel a g is less than off to. well in terms of encouraging economic growth one day c s the major impediments so let me qualify that in a couple of ways first of all i haven't been to russia in eighteen years i worked here during the transition and now i've come back and it's delightful to be back

and meet many old friends and just russian people are so friendly to me and. so my investigation was with the co-author who in fact is my son and he's a geographer who worked through satellite images of russian cities and what we did was compare those images to would cities look like around the world and what we find is that the types of structures of the cities the density of the population is such that it's unusual it's very unusual and so. papers written during the transition suggest that was quite costly to the russian economy and it was one of the reasons that the government was seeking to reform the way cities function. what we've found is that those patterns seem to not only persist but in some places to intensify so twenty five years after the reform you still have cities where instead of having most of the people living in the center of the city you often have most of them living on the outskirts of the city and so the idea of the city is that

people get together and they congregate and they. exchange ideas with a western city but i guess for us the russians. that kind of martha. you know something deeper about our culture we are very centralized people with some authoritarian tendencies so i wonder if that layout is ultimately going to reflection of not only our city planning but also of broader things in our culture could as we say in the paper you know number one we're not sure it matters that it's different and if it does matter we're not sure that it's as costly as it could be but if you look at the studies in america these kinds of distortions they matter they matter a lot and they have. limits are the reduced economic growth in the united states by fifty percent and so did see ability to move to cities that have the highest

productivity if you can't move and you can't move to the places within those cities that afford you the opportunity to exploit your skills it stands to reason that you would be less productive whether that matters on a broader scale or whether it's something cultural we don't know we're just reporting that it is different here. esther russians decide do they agree to take think what the causes are that we think and what can be done about it and what can be done about it is quite difficult question. also attributed to a. problem which you describe as too many people having too many rights to control the property see which makes consensus very difficult and i think part of the reason is also that. the russian people after a long history of collective existence have also become very automatized they have void collective solutions collective action even their fifth objectively that to their benefit is that something permanent or do you think that may change

over time to have this thing that others see it is how this collective muscle collective from the positive way how does it form so that was yesterday i gave the presentation and for russian experts responded and people from the audience responded that was almost a continual theme. it's not only the difficulty of negotiating it's the lack of desire to do so and that well the buildings the units were privatized many people don't feel that the building has anything to do they have anything to do with and that they should that should be provided to them and so. come after said they're not real owners there they view themselves as residents. and there is this very collected feeling and so that's something that i think is profoundly difficult to change and it will take time i also think that in terms of the transition that some people take for example a person living on the outskirts of for example. in

a quite a distance from a job who has. transport heavily subsidised utilities have all the subsidised and not many job opportunities there are not as many as there were in the old days. what does a person do if you think of that the house that's been given if you put the real cost to the utilities there are opportunities and there transport in fact they weren't given an asset they were given something that detracts from their their wealth and so that person's in a tough spot and so a lot of russians i think are in that spot and it makes it a very profoundly difficult political question it's an interesting observation especially given that there are authorities like to complain. the lack of social mobility on the part of the population but you can also i guess think about the policy is that and courage that social mobility by for example restructuring some of those subsidies or how paying people to make rational decisions about their

property but i think they are making rational decisions and it's difficult for the government to move away from subsidising the transport of the utilities simply because those people are in such a costly spot and a killer for it particularly pensioners what do you do about that and that's just a transition from one type of system to another it's a very costly system change this effect is one that i don't think is from the discussion yesterday people were saying this is something we need to look at more closely now you mentioned that there haven't been in quite some time and i'm sure you've noticed that there must have put a lot of thought a lot of resources and various beautification. projects they have really trying now to make the city environment the little bit more hospitable but i think an interesting phenomenon here is that. many of the residents are not actually excited about that kind of innovation and what it also reveals as they call the skill of community cation on the part of the authorities or perhaps on the part of

the population is that. a particular russian phenomenon known as is this something that you see in other cities as well. you know i'm not sure yeah i guess i should say the city. center here but it's quite lovely and it's really it's not what it was when i was here when the transition was going on it's no it it's a european city it feels a little if you use incredibly russian but just it's delightful. so to me it's an external observer in the person who goes to lots of cities. it's great to come back and the people are very warm and it's very. it's just the delightful experience that he has speaking on the personnel and i guess my question is more professional and. more often your profit professional expertise i think they have they the idea that the most catherine shows have is that if you crave the right kind of

environment that's real how to bring. more people into the city not only tourist but also more business as it will also how keep the most agitated within the city do you think that kind of rationale is going to work especially given the. kind of times that mail even so what i think. this is a fascinating historical moment and it reminds me of. new york when there was a man named robert moses who they say that he's the only man in the twentieth century who you can see from the moon see his creations on earth and he really carved up new york city and he built a lot of it he built lincoln center he did a lot with the central park but he also destroyed a lot and he destroyed and they cut through neighborhoods particularly poor neighborhoods and avoided the rich neighborhoods and so his movement restructuring

a city. you know for better or worse must goes in a point where it needs to restructure and so how do you do those things when you have all the millions and millions of people who have different ideas you have to listen to them and i think the. robert moses was a woman named jane jacobson very much getting community participation but that slows things down a lot and you can understand where there's a need for change what people don't want to engage the community but nevertheless if you don't it doesn't work and so i think it's a very difficult i don't begin to second guess the things that have been. but i wish them well well mr buckley thank you very much farai this conversation has been delightful after. tire and i also encourage our viewers to keep it going on our social media pages as for me hope to see you again same place same time here on worlds apart.

most definitely wasn't a victim. of any kind of that operation or attack from the russian side because it looked both really destroyed russian could be true as far as exchanges are concerned and they are dependent on it because they certainly have to get their people back if they get into trouble. when the bus side the place to go was on me and feed me up a cement i need to plant the seeds in november for sale to the playoffs so your dog

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with the. right. term. in the stories that shaped the week the dow so raised over the alleged chemical attack in syria earlier this month as eye witness accounts call into question a video that was widely used as evidence and r.t. team was in the city to speak to doctors and local. people from the white helmets told us about the use of chemical weapons but we saw no sign of that we started pouring water over the people but they seemed to be ok walked away without any help .