to armed conflict where there is self-defense or where there is a security council resolution unhappily when because of the power of the veto you could not get the united nations resolution in kosovo and i'm sure you do it hopeless to try to get it to this occasion what is the point of the united nations charter having oversea i'd expect you to back your decision when it came to the former yugoslavia you might change your brain diversity or the biased view days what is the point of the united nations should be if those two areas obviously the syria strikes are all about self-defense of britain. and if russia vetoed our stance why i've tried to persuade the. countries of the world the i.p.o. international political union parliamentary union. to change the charter i'd made a speech in cape town ten years ago and i made

a speech in st petersburg last october but it's the bridge too far amending the charter is a bridge too far for the nations of the world is it less a bridge too far or than the fact that we know the case of the united states against nicaragua where explicitly in law. it states that the united states was unable to use the kind of mechanisms and and the arguments you used because of i have no knowledge of as regards international law words of military the i.c.c. case military and paramilitary activities against the current it is six and the i.c.c. judge that military action is not appropriate method to monitor or ensure human rights while i was in that the german corbin's lawyer. used as an argument for the factor which raised me as a legal i had hoped it would have been tested my decision in the international court at the hague i was there needed counsel for the united kingdom with nine

other nato countries and regrettably and unhappily they did not to take take a decision on the legal situation all i would say i know that are some academic lawyers who disagree with my decision all around the world from yale to oxford academics lawyers have a great tradition of disagreeing on many many issues but i would pay paid eight one of the good way to study english lawyers. former supreme court judge in his book the rule of law the only comment he would make he did not discredit the doctor he did not attack the doctor in what he said it's a controversial doctrine and it is controversial and i wish there was a decision by the international court at the hague which would have dos what i have done and what the government have now done here but the fact that they didn't endorse your decision because of is in effect a verdict is really not

a verdict that's the that's the problem we were trying to fight about is what was established in international law as part of the u.n. charter article two paragraph four what happened in the hague where yugoslavia sued nine countries trying to get a new judge in order to stop the bombing they failed to do so. the quarter germans did not take a decision i had hoped within a year there would have been a decision but nothing came from yugoslavia from the from the court presumably because yugoslavia was no longer in existence but i would have loved to have a decision to confirm a situation where there is a vacuum palaces and the united nations is an able or unwilling to act and that's what you do i mean in course over there were hundreds of thousands of people suffering from ethnic cleansing murder the fact leave the matter. law as you for virtually general know clearly why did theresa may not use what you are about to

tell me about the dreadful circumstances involved as well as part of her legal justification but it she did in her statement she quoted she quoted don't let clear the words from my book but she did say i am following exactly the precedent of what was done in kosovo and those are the lect quotation from her statement and i use it in the debate in the house of lords i hope my career will be damaged by an endorsement of the prime minister. well and arguably parliament because it's easy to retrospectively back the action so it is your legal verdict that it is ok for british prime minister to bomb sissies. on an exceptional basis to alleviate suffering it is exceptional and it is to alleviate suffering widespread human suffering my action for sixty nine days which i had to agree every bombing every application night after night for sixty nine days and i reached

a view and i took early each of the applications. one or two i did and one of the few but generally accepted the proposals put to me so you could see your counterparts in. tehran and perhaps say that it is ok to blow up. airfields in saudi arabia a point made by germany corben because of the british backed. threats against tens of millions of people if there is an overwhelming humanitarian disaster are you going to stand idly by the world's worst humanitarian disaster according to united. but the decision i took is very sort of a simple form if your house is big but if your wife is being raped and if the local constable of the police force god willing to act it is too late to go to the watch committee or the judge will supervise your committee and this was the formula that

are you that there was no alternative and in this case i find that there is no alternative here chemical warfare is abundant i address this organization at the hague tell you it was beyond reasonable doubt used as a formulation by the prime minister was highly likely is not a good enough formulation to justify your assertion that there was indeed you can never be absolutely certain. that my life in the criminal court and beyond a reasonable doubt is what you want and i feel i did to raise or may not use that formulation or the attorney. for begin with is not a criminal lawyer it seems to me that here was a position where the journey. the view is that the chemical attacks were carried out. by the government of syria those no other obvious alternative and there was the needed to stop it nations or

will are able to be judge and jury on that before carrying out bombing raids on urban areas in the world in this kind of situation where there is an overwhelming humanitarian disaster exactly as it cost or there is i fear no alternative you see the united nations is popular it doesn't act it won't act any point in the un well i would hope. this. old enough to remember the su is war and i spoke at my first political public meeting with clement attlee the man who inspired the united nations are you regret very much nobody ever visualize that the use of the veto would be done in such a way that the. united nations the only international body of this card is powerless and that's my deep deep recollect why do you think britain seems so alone in this respect the united states and france also partners in these airstrikes on

syria for no particular need to give any legal justification for what many around the world believes of the illegal we live in a democracy and the prime minister how do you like a sense of right to democracy why do they not have to go through the arguable hoops you have to go to justify the the prime minister went through the hoops because she was being challenged in the house of commons she had to make a statement and the statement last or twenty minutes and it dealt specifically with the grounds that i had used in kosovo and if i might fault in developing this argument i plead guilty but i don't think i am at fault because there is no alternative. how many people do you think of died because of your legal arguments. there were very very few if any civilian casualties you had to be very careful to ensure you had here to the geneva convention as that is highly contested that's of course actually it is accepted generally because we

want to have but bob and we're usually. television station. and i will be we're not involved with a television station let me be quite clear about that it was the americans we were not involved with the chinese embassy or the americas but what we did usually electrical installations or works matters of that car and my problem was where there was a dual use of a certain facility but i do figures i think that we showed eventually afterwards that we had hardly any if any civilian casualties we were very very discreet pinpointed the essential services in order to bring milosevic to him. thank you thank you very much after the break. as new data reveals that appaloosa increases the risk of alzheimer's and mental illness by almost five times the us health effects institute tells us that ninety five percent of the world's population reads

dangerously polluted air and can lead dispossess to run to save themselves from the deprivation of capitalism we speak to a californian judge appointed by a little shorts and i go think they can both them all coming up in part two of the program. we all willingly accepted the risk of being shot wounded taken prisoner but noone else signed up to be friggin poisoned by our own people of seeing stuff that was nuclear biological and chemical products the said do not find the truck tires all types of styrofoam polystyrene batteries trucks there was a complete denial i think at all levels of government that there was any connection

between berm pits and what these brave soldiers were suffering from to compensate every soldier marine airman and sailor that was on the ground that are complaining about illnesses from exposure from the burn pits would really literally send a v.a. broke and they don't want to pay it so the waiting in decades a lot of those soldiers will die and the time and they will have to pay and. call for help and get the middle finger to the v.a.'s to model is. delayed and i hope you don't. welcome back is over forty thousand people recover from running yesterday's marathon in central london in your report public. by the us health effects institute claims ninety five percent of the earth's population today lives in an area where pollution exceeds air quality guidelines set by the world health organization joining me now from boston massachusetts is the president of the

health effects institute daniel green brown daniel welcome to going on the ground here in the u.k. air pollution is linked to the deaths apparently of five people every hour but your report says ninety five percent of the world's population is breathing in dangerously polluted air how do you arrive at such a figure. well we are part of a larger global burden of disease effort that systematically looks at what the level of air pollution is in every corner of the euro there are a series of studies that have been done and throughout europe in the u.k. in the united states and canada as well as in asia that say that on an annual basis that numbers of people dying prematurely due to air pollution is higher for those who live in the highest polluted areas so that allows us to. average across all of the studies to come up with an estimate of over four million people worldwide being affected by ambient air pollution can you understand why there's some skepticism

amongst the publics in the nations given that governments toluene too for instance by diesel cause and your report is again talking about the pm two point five particulates obviously which emanate from sources like these will have. in the case of diesel particularly in europe is a bit of a classic case of the car getting ahead of the horse. the technology was more fuel efficient i know the european. governments push to get more diesel engines. but if they did that before newest technology which is now available that can dramatically reduce the emissions from diesel vehicles if they're operated properly so unfortunately unlike most of the rest of the world europe has a large number of diesel cars with substandard control systems on them i think what may surprise some people is the sources of funding for your institute your coming

up with a report suggesting such a scale of pollution when your insidious funded by b.m.w. cry is the volkswagen so in this difficult producing a report that seems to be so critical of. industrial capitalism in the mood of the industry was being funded. well thanks institute's been around for thirty five years yes all of the car companies in the world contribute to us by so doing regulatory agency the european commission we've done some things with the u.s. e.p.a. is the biggest sponsor. and we have a well deserved reputation for being very independent in our science in fact the toughest diesel rules in the world the ones that were adopted in the u.s. in two thousand and four trucks and buses were based on h.c.i. science you mention the p.a. you're an e.p.a. award winner multiple award winner from the u.s. environmental protection agency have you noticed any changes under the top

administration. well there clearly are a lot of announcements that have been made about trying to cut the budgets about trying to roll back some of the rules that were put in place in the previous administration we work on a day to day basis with a lot of the people at the crew and even some of the new people and much of that has not actually transpired yet and we're working to get our science to inform those future decisions as it has done in the past as it's done no matter who who's in power to really support stronger and smarter regulation of air pollution obviously the e.p.a. both scope to put is in the news but personally in the. costing doubts over clean the air legislation in the wake of your report you do see any merits in in trying to rip up clean as legislation the united states. well i don't think anybody and i know congress will not consider undoing the clean air act the

major law that we've had here since one nine hundred seventy. and in fact the air programs for e.p.a. have been fully funded by the u.s. congress as recently as three weeks ago so it's not clear to me that we're going to see a wholesale ripping up of that there may well be and there is some effort to try and revive this to change some of the rules and i think and i hope that given the quality of the work that we do that our science can help inform that so that decisions are not made cavalierly but are actually made based on the best science i presume you'd say this report is based on the best science it's scientific but of course you know we know that the e.p.a. chief said sun's shouldn't dictate policy in washington d.c. do you can you understand that there are some forces in american public life who

believe that the kinds of conclusions institutes that you as make a strangling industry. well we certainly understand that there are people who are concerned about the science some of them actually turn to us to say well what really is the answer with the science because they know we have this track record of being a straight shooter organization. it's unfortunate if somebody stands up and says the science doesn't have a place in these kinds of decisions i think that that's always been one of the misunderstandings here i think well done science tells you we know there are facts at such and such a level of exposure and error and water and then there is a policy decision has to be made is that enough to take action then agreeable thank you. well now of the yesterday's london methodist ory

of running rehabilitation while britain may have the highest prison population in the e.u. it still has no any of the numbers incarcerated in the usa i'm joined now by los angeles judge greg mitchell his work at the skid row running club is profiled in the new film skid row marathe and released across britain on the ninth of may judge welcome to going under god how can people get involved in these projects of rehabilitation that you have spawned as i understand it no only in the united states but that the u.s. views what the film does is i think really hopefully makes it real clear that in individual if you are willing to commit time in or g. . and real commitment an individual can make a difference but i can't have a significant impact on you know hundreds of lives if i'm willing to give of myself in the way that i have chosen to do so but at these running clubs. increasing in number in the what is interesting is the movie increases in exposure

i just received e-mails last week that one is opening in fort worth another in atlanta you know. and the running club is one type of a program. you know what was the genesis of the idea is i read in runner's world years back of a woman who created a similar type program for x. felons on the east coast and whether it's you know you get involved in the you know in some community outreach in a church program in an afterschool program in a boys' club or girls' club there's a my rid of avenues for people of goodwill to improve the larger community and that's what i hope watching this movie encourages people to do the usa has a higher proportion of people in jail than under stalin or mao what's it like to sentence people to life imprisonment is very weighty.

it's something that weighs upon me and you think about for a long time from the point of conviction to the point of sentencing normally could be from two to six months and during that period of time i know i know what i'm looking at but in the fill in the documentary of cholas your handing out a very lengthy sentence right in the next seventy one years as i'm correct these methods he said today are mandatory so don't have any option as a judge no in that particular case you had a certain number of years for attempted murder of three police officers you get an additional twenty years for the use of a gun you get in additional ten years because it was gang activity you begin to stack those up you get to very. high numbers quite quickly if we get to the

redemption that's obviously in this film in britain like the united states there are constantly calls but from some elements of the political spectrum for tougher sentencing a choice to hillary clinton of course was famous for killing young black men super predators before her husband's nine hundred ninety four that just lation into generation and she has been roundly criticized for that comment today and appropriately so i know in the film it almost seems as if there's an emphasis of not being punches than but it didn't resonate with you when the presidential candidate but he son has said that the criminal justice system was in effect a massive education system full well i think the example rafael cabrera who is one of the featured individuals in the movie would rebut that argument i mean rafael cabrera spent twenty eight years and nine months in prison for first degree murder and came out an individual that is now making

a significant contribution to society in fact he works for the city of los angeles the you helped him absolutely is there are other individuals who are former students that i have taught that have been incarcerated and i have kept in contact with them for many many years and try and help them reform and approach life very differently but as you know you can't help every one of the millions of surveyed it eliminated states do you think do you think there is a prison industrial complex call it what you want do we have a very large prison system in the united states we do twenty five percent of all the world's prisoners with five percent of the population. i can't argue against those statistics but what i do know from my perspective as a judge is you know the people that i saw in the prison in gage in some really

horrendous acts and what i have learned through my involvement with the people who are featured in the movie is that with the appropriate support and guidance and what have you lives can be reclaimed and away from. the dizzy individuals rizieq of a systemic level there's been a five hundred percent increase in the incarceration of african-americans in the united states since the nine hundred seventy s. was crime is no more prevalent amongst the white community of the african american community how do you see that in the courtroom before you start the rehabilitation crime affects the disadvantaged the poor communities far more than it does the a fluent. it is the product of a whole host of reasons it's a product of obviously institutionalized racism in the united states it is

a product of a school system that in the inner city has not met the needs of the young people it is a product of the. introduction of crack cocaine in los angeles and the impact that that has had on families and what it means in terms of disabling mothers and fathers from being able to do the job that they need to do there's a host of reasons i'm sure we have oscar wilde the great irish writer is that. the good slave owner is worse than the bad slave of it because it actually allows the misery to go on do you not think as you rehabilitate these individuals of private donations and civil. these people will only know that in fighting the system that we go actually in this well. we stop being able to see the systematic. destruction of livelihoods as i say on the proportion of bases west of us to start

in about our legal system in the united states is going to hold individuals responsible for conduct and if you are a person of color if you're a white person regardless if you engage in certain conduct ok that is harmful to others you need to be held accountable and what is you know very unfortunate and in los angeles is. that that conduct seems to be predominantly in gauged in disproportionate to the overall population by people of color because they're disproportionately poor presumed correct judge greg mitchell thank you. and that's a position we'll be back on wednesday with a member of the syrian parliament for aleppo and gem of the syrian federation industry part of the show so that you can touch message would be you would feel with a forty four years of the day the carnation revolution deposing anglo-american back

dictatorship in portugal. join me every thursday on the alex salmond show and i'll be speaking to guest of the world of politics sports business i'm showbusiness i'll see you then. for a world cup twenty eight team coverage we've signed one of the greatest goalkeepers of alternative but there was one last question and by the way who's going to be our coach. guys i know you are nervous is a huge tournaments and the huge amount of pressure you have to go to the center of the beach but how would you and will show the great gate the grid get you out of the rock at the back nobody gets past you we need you to get down going left go.

alone. and i'm really happy to join that for the two thousand and three and world cup in russia meet the special one it was also appreciated meets just at the rio p.r.t. teams latest edition make up a bigger than a better jersey book. los angeles the sony of luxury and fame but also an alarming number of people living in the streets . simple fact in l.a. he's just not in a shelter even if people on the streets right now decided to come in there's nowhere to come in and it's been a struggle. this man found his own response to the problem and constructed dozens of tiny homes for people in need of shelter when you have nothing in order to go. you know having something like this may as well be a castle but do the authorities accept such solution tiny house on

a city parking space is not a solution your craft someone wanted to ring the site otherwise it will be a free for all and is there a better alternative to end the homelessness crisis. you never know. what's around the corner you never know what's in the pub you can walk into excitement it's not knowing that's where the adrenalin much comes from. and you can use a nice blend definition and the extreme so will probably support. the violence is a part and it's almost a schizophrenia gang culture where you can do all these things and behave badly.

they're going to be public hospital for a little while for the employee hospital so for the last. one this man infirmed. role. in the thought. i would roll the window if i figure out i really did a poll that i was going to get. meaning in reason is that at least if you don't on the evolves it's constantly evolving and. it's. ok.

for headlines stories this hour claims of a chemical attack in the syrian city of duma earlier this month are called into question with a number of journalists who visited this site struggling to find any evidence to the public to report. the people there telling us very persuasive that this whole story. from a group of people. the syria conflict seems to afford the new friendship between the presidents of france and america the two over a mutual dislike of the conflict stricken countries he. calls a coming up on the program a local cameraman claims his release soldiers shot dead an all armed palestinian teenager on the border last week stating he has video evidence to prove when i filmed him he wasn't carrying.