it's system in its own way but at what price and who profits from it. at the starting point of our story which begins at the end of the ninety's. at that time you had this financial izing itself all the while expanding many intellectuals european university presidents and expert groups engage in a vast reflection on how to build a more complete more ambitious europe. how to strengthen its intellectual scientific and technological influence. what is the secret of the united states and its economic power. the answer lies in higher education and research. around that has become undeniably strategic.

at the end of the twentieth century american universities prevail andrew europe is afraid afraid of finding itself on the sidelines it needs a strategy and so europe in gauges in a series of reforms to make its higher education more competitive so it can serve europe's economy its productivity its job market and its liberal project england will quickly set the tone before anyone else and to get straight to the point. after the second world war we had a system where local education authorities around the country were responsible for providing a grant to students and giving of covering. that was on its.

and when roughly three percent of eighteen year olds went to university around twenty thousand a year. all science students will for their first two terms be required to attend lectures on physics chemistry mathematics and biology it will also be possible for science students to major in philosophy knowledge is not a set of facts but a huge never been in one piece and covering all subjects all places all people. in the one nine hundred eighty s. and nine hundred ninety s. there was a funding crisis amongst universities lots of vice chancellors complaining that they didn't have enough money to cover the amount of students are now coming through the system so the government commissioned a report and this was called the deering report and that came up with a number of recommendations almost one hundred recommendations roughly half for the government about how it could. maintain sustain and improve higher education in the

u.k. and one of the most controversial parts of that report was the introduction of was i in one thousand nine hundred seventy the british left led by its young charismatic candidate tony blair wins the elections after eighteen long years of conservative rule. at the age of forty three the head of the labor party takes charge of the country with a program whose foundation is to apply private sector management models to public services so as to make them more efficient more productive route higher education will be no exception. right. we need to widen access to universities get more money into universities and the best and fairest way to do it is a balance between the state and the graduate situation face became reality and nine hundred ninety eight and it was a key landmark in the history of higher education in the u.k.

because at that moment the principle of free education free higher education in the u.k. finished. for this historic reform tony blair introduces the yearly one thousand pound tuition fee a smooth way to start five years later prompted by his second term election tony blair authorizes universities to charge tuition fees up to three thousand three hundred pounds yearly and tony blair. head of britain's labor party successfully passed a reform that the conservatives would never have dared bring forward. in two thousand and ten the labor party rallies the opposition the coalition made of liberal democrats and conservatives led by david cameron take charge of the country thanks rapidly the debate over jewish and fees arises on the political scene again this time the government intends to authorize tuition fees up to nine thousand pounds yearly all the while reducing the portion of public funding and catered to

universities this new reform violently divides both members of parliament and public opinion the have been very difficult choices to make we have opted for a such of alyssa's that provides a strong base for university funding which makes a major contribution to reducing the deficit and introducing a significantly more progressive system of graduate paper and stuff we inherited and i'm proud to put forward that magic so this. order. there is nothing a bank that tiny benefit to the lowest income graduates that justifies doubling or tripling the debt of the vast majority of brides isn't it credible that the party opposite who actually introduced the principle of graduates paying and thirty

for two jewish and fee increases is able to drum up quite so much they can drop the issues out there are any young person ask any young person in any poor communities in our country what is your prospect what is your what do you want to do many would say i want to study i want to qualify i want to go to university i want to achieve something invite. them. less they are very poor or they're going to borrow money to survive to get through university they simply will not do it and this decision matters so much to so many people. i'd say to the house if you don't believe in it vote against it was. it for the right three hundred twenty three you know most of the last three hundred true. god.

was. i was when it was really from three thousand that it became one thousand pounds i was up to the university if they wanted to introduce nine thousand pounds a maximum face or anything between six thousand and nine thousand and unsurprisingly most university decided to set nine thousand pounds most students we have now half a million students going through every year most of those will be paying a minimum nine thousand pounds a year and that's stands today. over the course of fifteen years british politicians are ruling class that enjoyed free access to education inflicted a paying system on the new generation. british students along with

a european fellows now have to deal with these new rulings that's the way it is. they young they long for a solid future get thirsty for knowledge and dream of climbing the social ladder all that has a price tag and they'd better get used to it. and if i grew up in a working class family in the south of poland the young woman could have enrolled in a university in cracow in copenhagen or even amsterdam. it would have been free in england and it was granted a student loan to pay for her nine thousand pounds tuition fee. i knew i was going to go abroad to study and i think well for a little while i thought it was going to be scotland but then. i think i decided it was england you know like way back and it just stuck with me and i and i came here

and it was it was scary it was so scary because i was away from home i was here alone i didn't have anywhere to turn to and look at me now i study chinese of all the courses that i could have chosen i can't wait for you know what the future holds and what i'm going to do i have so many ideas but we'll see. i talked to my grandfather once and they're talking about everything else and then kind of started talking about university and how much money that costs and everything and i had many thoughts about ok maybe maybe i'll quit maybe i'll you know it's too much maybe it's not worth it and then i realized well how my going to pay it back but that's one of the reasons why i stayed and other reason bigger even is that i like what i do i think i'm not quite sure where that came from my need to go to university i think is because. none of my family members went to university i

think i wanted to be i wanted to be that one first person who did that and my mom my mom really wanted me to do that well she did encourage me strongly i don't know what i would do with her if i fail i would i would feel like i failed her and i never want to do that ever. because being here and doing what i do and being university is my way of paying her back problem that she's to me i think. yeah i'm good it's my way of paying back for everything. and.

willow european students would be forced one day to get into debt. should education become a sellable good. must didn't speak um self-made finance he has to earn an education . northern european countries things a bit differently. it's hard to imagine decades after the war a nazi doctor was still active and rich in a not in seventies creditable had as the chair of it's for a man convicted of mass murder and slavery at ash was a german company gruntal develops an admired drug that was promoted as completely safe even during pregnancy and it turned out to have terrible side effects what has

happened to my baby is anything but. you know she said is just cut short arms many so little mind victims i have to this day received no compensation and never apologized for the suffering that i not only want the money i want the revenge. i. was.

so there's some promise that i'm valid still acting off. on a handgun and most of it's all i need to some pull and fight last underpinning metal take off this is that i. if a man asked mr don't submit all o'donovan stood obvious to me that sounds like i was at the fair asked miss out to down to spit. or leak it on to father found skilling is going to pull together is going to get is my boy so but i'm not a hammer in a studio. so damn it all be valid mourner suited up able to scold me for okaying it's miles from. last on here let binning but when it's got. going to from that it go appears not so most of the bit on the studio. just like denmark and finland not only offers free education to european students but also allocates a universal ground to each through dish student three hundred euros a month for six years. this way the student sees his or her time at

university as an experience of freedom and learning a way to shape a critical mind and apprehend the world here it's important it's called the student experience. they are in love with the us the for us to them no matter internet from . their. next us are manic or. don't hold their friends photo and don't buy her fur at twelve can ask op us in from paid. tank a feat oke tank. mere danger and i'm a forty four and i said here that the lesson from to talk down my docs is that i love that. you know. that made me have a heart that i want to believe that we've got to drum up with all the money go up and have to do is you have to start us off kidnap to get out of this because you

know you might just coming down and obviously have a. different child if you. it was something to behold i told you all the yes thing. alone to those trying to solve all stem cells not just. or soon to most all cells there was something more caution out of this something about the work out among some scientists have to do clubs you know find here no p.o.v. so. the moment the sun you know you know from three months ago come here and think very and. then back to mt our mother told me a man decided this is the good news what's the plan since fantasy of a man the most i'm going to miss gimme a peninsula has got the city felt you can survive you say on the surface to. get some f. don't talk about stuff different about stuff how did on the still loom the horrible

result of more how do you hold about. it in the midst of intimacy with a so that's where the moments come from doing the show in the film. industry or something we call toss a. special stimulus i just don't get it from us but. yes we do a little you know to. even to me to call certain kind of off putting on they come to. the side. former state before they come and live it and it is just not the next segment i think oaks off the floor how are you so think i'll see over your total how this been going on not just when i was trying to figure it out do you congressman i can't for the sake of that some famous coco get on staff out there as they go out there but see a bad day because it makes them become a holiday i mean anything new on sunday some of the most complete getting numb takes on the scenes if there's any kind to your point that three hundred to some

young thank you for having me was already out in the middle of the on the stand. just. by what happens elsewhere the tuition fee increase hasn't deterred young english students from enrolling. in one thousand nine hundred eight just before the introduction of tuition fees there were eight hundred thousand students in english universities. there are now two point three million the cost to access knowledge hasn't deterred them so why stop there. dave vice chancellors are already making noises about the cap behavior still to live thousand pounds a year. many are saying that we need to move to an american style system where it's much much more expensive it's not a nine thousand pounds cap it will be much much more but i think what we're witnessing i'm in a cross the public sector an equation on public sector within the united kingdom

within the u.k. it's probably the third phase of competition and privatized market ties ation since since the second world war and that's what we've seen in terms of higher education it's a slow creep and when you start to introduce that you get the leadership of universities stop thinking necessarily about the education that they are providing or about the public good and start importing the behaviors of what they see as a competitive environment elsewhere within the private sector. manchester so students we've got many different universities here manchester metropolitan university university or so forth northwestern college of music manchester articulate a million so on our total student population is about one hundred thirty thousand students which is pretty much one third of the city our campus year it is almost as

big as mentions for city center. big division of communications and marketing communicates everything that's good about the university both internally and text and it's developing and it's also professionalizing the higher education sector is probably like behind the commercial sector for some time but it's catching up very fast our university has its very own starbucks if you're into starbucks if you're into like taking selfies with your starbucks cup and everything this is pretty much the closest to go if you go to subway you're going to get a free cookie if you go to mcdonald's you're going to get a free mic for ian so. saw the series pretty much made for students so make great use of a student fees have increased from three thousand pounds to nine thousand pounds that does mean that students want better value for money they want more in marketing and help and communicate what the benefits of an organizational so we

always have many many different people coming over we had some professors from many different countries we had also movie directors and everything you know if you want to make a good impression stuff you can get a job offers this work in higher education in the u.k. traditionally like historically communications and marketing have been very much a support function what we're seeing now is a transformation where we're moving from a supporting role to a leadership role. and that's the feeling that as has come very very quickly over the last few years that it's not just about education anymore it's also about running a business many universities are now businesses and the vice chancellors are also chief executives and they make no they're not shy in saying this they have to make

money they have to make a profit and startlingly what we found is that over a period of five years vice chancellors salaries had increased by on average somewhere in the region of twenty six percent whereas in the same period for your main gate lecturers those people are actually providing the service to the students have saw their pay drop in real terms by twelve percent or this is a clear normally and you have to ask yourself the questions of why is this happening. reform this is the only system similar to all those worldwide could support paying education rely on an essential concept an economic theory born in the sixty's. and it rose to fame. same at the end of the ninety's. the human capital. but capital you must equal say the third quarter day or. on a d.v.d. you disposed us took the good bit also the good is also very noisy. a

kiya don't. you know that bt loss over the the form as you have a thriller from a story disturb a course you state. this would be so nail it all off you pause a. look at the songs. you give that is that the name they both knew and so it all clichy cimon the more they are learned remember the fiance the pharmacy also give either a pause a larger society yet or cover bought or to come does it true that is the truth was all set up of the it what you fear most at regime like in a sauce not blue green valley or economic is a very i going to meet at a sausage d.c. printed if you jump so that your course you pause desire may lead to your street are good or proceed you know says it you didn't kill other top receiver you got

bigger share. in that to lead me to the shit love to eat. is. influenced by the english tidal wave in two thousand and six germany also raised his tuition fees authorizing universities to charge one thousand euros per year little italy within a few years all the lender of federal states slowly abandon this policy to return to an entirely free system. deutscher first it was for not only has it. it's business as for homes and buildings i'm a bit too long how does midget buck does the owner visited if i had to go to when he visited. the top of. the first over the m for an

order to him could be at odds with. so in other words order to him and door slammed by to him could be open fire fighter and you don't count. as money action scene come. on. skips us getting annoyed with a connotation when he visited and get. this in shaft it's business model to tighten daughter ots we needn't skips is because in the benzine. zene vase you shouldn't be on z. but listen and. we visit if it's a must but the university of manchester doesn't seem to us aid in this it's your aunt the foreigner to make your take when for cedar fair become. decent invested your own place. despite some resistance the english model is

spreading throughout europe. it applies theories elaborated by large international instances mostly by the world bank and the o.e.c.d. . from now on the knowledge market is the new doctrine universities are expected to become a strategic force in wealth production. they must become like companies and industries they must promote applied research they must favor in playability they must produce a qualified workforce consistent with companies designers. mogs does dish took to it a bit of affinity socially as you duffer going to fix those people going to go home and see if you can be moved. guardian technician that i can to sion. traineeships in an intern him in ward d. you enjoy defensive wonderful surely coming off to be daft isn't a name is not one of us could be didn't win does discovery just after to give it the current in under who surely neema it's pretty easy of does he didn't let you

into name and void in or does not in the guises or the indian engineer of his and shaft is he d. to employ ability absolute feel it different or end up as in dolphin does the divisions of the good to get out into the in need to identify. there's good to us i'm drama to coniston what did first did when he visited freddy i'm just numb to us because always been no one's institutes or one this is it just us in. the zone to she is the if he isn't leased by months on snitched fish to eat the stuff you know the steam food or shrunk from if you can go in that box. where there may not be any kind and maybe bacterial life and may not be anything tells you but i think it's probably there is sometimes life after death and certainly from now we can you can send it off or i want to interact with some other species out there.

seventy four design submissions. seven thousand islands. to join judges. eight hundred sixty nonstop days of. the russian w.b. h.m.p. it. and a russian stuff. show you how. long the crimea bridge was built.

witnessed the construction living you need to transport. that will help don's of crimea. pasta most of those you know won't go for more snow yet it abuts. u.s. president donald trump is repeatedly said he wants better relations with russia he did finally how his long sought summit with vladimir putin both presidents called it a success the american political class and corporate media describe the helsinki summit as a failure and probably more. love . life. good. family. good good food russia

sharing good nice. take the white house trumps inviting the russian president to the u.s. causing outrage among american media. to washington top spy in the united states he doesn't know how is that possible that the president of the united states is inviting. in a couple of months in the fall over at the white house. over a dozen injured in the german city of. passengers on a bus. also this hour three years of hardship on the rebels come to an end for thousands of residents of syrian towns after they were moved to government controlled territory as part of a prisoner exchange.