at the starting point of our story which begins at the end of the ninety's. at that time you had this financial izing itself all the while expanding many intellectuals european university presidents and expert groups engage in a vast reflection on how to build a more complete more ambitious europe. how to strengthen its intellectual scientific and technological influence. what is the secret of the united states and its economic power. the answer lies in higher education and research. around that has become undeniably strategic.

at the end of the twentieth century american universities prevail and rule europe is afraid afraid of finding itself on the sidelines it needs a strategy and so european gauges in a series of reforms to make its higher education more competitive so it can serve europe's economy its productivity its job market and its liberal project england will quickly set the tone before anyone else and it gets straight to the point. after the second world war we had a system where local education authorities around the country were responsible for providing a grant to students and giving to covering tuitions. and that was at a time when roughly three percent of eighteen year olds went to university around twenty thousand. all science students will for their first two terms be

required to attend lectures on physics chemistry mathematics and biology it will also be possible for science students to major in philosophy knowledge is not a set of facts but a huge never one in one piece covering all subjects all places all the. in the one nine hundred eighty s. and nine hundred ninety s. there was a funding crisis amongst universities lots of vice chancellors complaining that they didn't have enough money to cover the amount of students are now coming through the system so the government commissioned a report and this was called a daring report and that came up with a number of recommendations almost one hundred recommendations roughly half for the government about how it could. maintain sustain and improve higher education in the u.k. and one of the most controversial parts of that report was the introduction of was

i in one thousand nine hundred seven the british left led by its young charismatic candidate tony blair wins the elections after eighteen long years of conservative rule. at the age of forty three the head of the labor party takes charge of the country with a program whose foundation is to apply private sector management models to public services so as to make them more efficient more productive room higher education will be no exception. right. we need to widen access to universities get more money into universities and the best and fairest way to do it is a balance between the state and the graduate. face became reality and nine hundred ninety eight and it was a key landmark in the history of higher education in the u.k. because at that moment the principle of free education free higher education in the

u.k. finished. for this historic reform tony blair introduces the yearly one thousand pound tuition fee a smooth way to start five years later prompted by his second term election tony blair authorizes universities to charge tuition fees up to three thousand three hundred pounds yearly and tony blair. head of britain's labor party successfully passed a reform that the conservatives would never have dared bring forward. in two thousand and ten the labor party rallies the opposition the coalition made of liberal democrats and conservatives led by david cameron take charge of the country very rapidly the debate of a jewish visa rises on the political scene again this time the government intends to alter ised to ration fees up to nine thousand pounds yearly all the while reducing the portion of public funding and it catered to universities this new reform violently divides both members of parliament and public opinion to have been

very difficult choices to make we have opted for a such a policy is that provides a strong base for university funding which makes a major contribution to reducing the deficit and introducing a significantly more progressive system of graduate paper and stuff we inherited and i'm proud to put forward that magic so this. order. when. there is nothing a bank that tiny benefit to the lowest income graduates that justifies doubling or tripling the debt of the vast majority of right isn't it credible that the party opposite who actually introduced the principle of graduates paying and voted for to jewish and fee increases is able to drum up quite so much faith and drug issues

down there was any young person ask any young person in any poor communities in our country what is your prospect what is your what do you want to do many would say i want to study i want to qualify i want to go to university i want to achieve something in life. yes they are very poor or they're going to borrow money to survive to get through university they simply will not do it this decision matters so much to so many people. i'd say to the house if you don't believe in it vote against god. it's to the right three hundred twenty three you know most of the last three hundred true. god. was.

i was when the church was really from three thousand that it became one thousand pounds or it was up to the university if they wanted to introduce nine thousand pounds. face or anything between six thousand and nine thousand and unsurprisingly most university decided to set nine thousand pounds most students we have now half a million students going through every year most of those will be paying a minimum nine thousand pounds a year and that's stuns. over the course of fifteen years british politicians are ruling class that had enjoyed free access to education inflicted a paying system on the new generation. british students along with a european fellows now have to deal with these new rulings that's the way it is.

they're young they long for a solid future that dusty for knowledge and dream of climbing the social ladder all that has a price tag and they'd better get used to it. i need to grow up in a working class family in the south of poland the young woman could have enrolled in a university in cracow in copenhagen or even amsterdam. it would have been free in england and it was granted a student loan to pay for her nine thousand pounds tuition fee. i knew i was going to go abroad to study and i think well for a little while i thought it was going to be scotland but then. i think i decided it was england you know like way back and it just stuck with me and i and i came here and it was it was scary it was so scary because i was away from home i was here

alone i didn't have anywhere to turn to and look at me now i study chinese of all the courses that i could have chosen i can't wait for you know what the future holds and what i'm going to do i have so many ideas but we'll see. i talked to my grandfather once and we're talking about everything else and then kind of started talking about university and how much money that costs and everything and i had many thoughts about ok maybe maybe i'll quit maybe i'll you know it's too much maybe it's not worth it and then i realized well how my going to pay it back but that's one of the reasons why i stayed and other reason bigger even is that i like what i do i think i'm not quite sure where that came from my need to go to university i think is because. none none of my family members went to university i think i wanted to be i wanted to be that one first person who did that

and my mom my mom really wanted me to do that as well she did encourage me strongly i don't know what i would do with her if i fail i would i would feel like i failed her and i never want to do that ever. because being here and doing what i do and being university is my way of paying her back problem that she's to me i think that. yeah i'm good it's my way of paying back for everything. and. ah. will all european students be forced one day to get into debt. should education become

a sellable good. must didn't speak i'm self-made finance she has to earn an education. northern european countries see things a bit differently. in the fullest means that you're not going to take instruction from any of the fighting and we know that in this situation of syria the state of agenda the mandate that was given to us is broad it's not targeting one particular side to this conflict it is broad it is focusing on identifying investigating earth and building five on sunday the most seriously.

seventy four deserts see. seven cells pilings. to join judges. that eight hundred sixty nonstop days of. the russian w.b. a champion of the. underbrush. show you how. the crimea bridge was built. what was the construction living you need to transport doughtery that will help the cause of crimea. most of those you know while the good old more familiar bit of the birch cliff. you know world a big partisan movie lot and conspiracy it's time to wake up to dig deeper to hit the stories that made stream media refuses to tell more than ever we

need to be smarter we need to stop slamming the door on the fast and shouting past each other it's time for critical thinking it's time to fight for the middle for the truth the time is now for watching closely watching the hawks. so to some promise that them valid still acting on the down payment on the anger on the most of us on a need to sun pinned last underpinning men and men don't think this is the. if and then i ask mr don't submit all o'donovan student if he did sounds like most of the fast miss out to down to spit. or lick it on to find and found skilling is going to pull together is going to get is my boy soprano to hammer in a studio fifty. so the majority belive hmong are suited up they are booked years ago admit they are all king is miles from. last on hamlet been in but when sky.

going to from a it appears not and so most of the bit on the studio. sweden just like denmark and finland not only offers free education to european students but also allocates a universal ground to each through dish student three hundred euros a month for six years. this way the student sees his or her time at university as an experience of freedom and learning a way to shape a critical mind and apprehend the world here it's important it's called the student experience. they are in love with the us the for us to them no matter internet from . their. mics on manic or. don't hold their friends photo and number have a third at twelve can ask op us in from paid. tank

a feat oke tank. mid engine pick them up forty four and i said that the last in fronted. up to have. you done. that made me have a heart that was that we got to drum up with almost no stuff and had to go to the do. you have to start us off i did not have to get out of this because i know they are hard to stomach and i have to say that. if a child if you own them. it was something to behold all of your earliest thing. alone to those trying to solve all summonses not just. or soon to most all cells there was something more caution out of this something about getting the work out among some clubs you know fun here no p.o.v. so. the moment the sun during the fun thing with

a good thing during the time i think back to empty our mothers' and me and me and decide this is the good news what's the plan since fantasy of a man the most i could give me a finance organs got the senate call them a spine you say on the surface the. done get some f. don't tempt stuff different about stuff how did all the still loom the hormone result of more how do you hold about. it in the music in the six months is a so that's where the moments come from doing the show in the film. industry or something we call toss a. special stimulus i just don't get the most value most about. your picture of your teacher or. even to me to call certain kind of off putting not listen to me to. the side. for my state the fourth because i live it and it is just about the most minute i think oaks off the floor how are you so

think i'll see over your total how this been going on not just when i was trying to figure it out do you congressman i say that some famous got caught on stuff out there is that a goddamn patsy event david did make some of my holiday i did anything new on sunday some of the most complex number six on the c.c. that any thank you all find that three hundred just something i get for time means that i've already got you can have it on the stand. just. what happens elsewhere the tuition fee increase hasn't deterred young english students from enrolling. in one thousand nine hundred eight just before the introduction of tuition fees there were eight hundred thousand students in english universities. there are now two point three million the cost to access knowledge hasn't deterred them so why stop there. dave vice chancellor is already

making noises about the cap but he still to live life thousand pounds a year. many are saying that we need to move to an american style system where it's much much more expensive it's not a nine thousand pounds capital b. much much more but i think what we're witnessing i'm in a cross the public sector an equation on public sector within the united kingdom within the u.k. it's probably the third phase of competition and privatized marketisation since since the second world war and that's what we've seen in terms of higher education it's a slow creep and when you start to introduce that you get the leadership of universities stop thinking necessarily about the education that they are providing or about the public good start importing the behaviors of what they see as a competitive environment elsewhere within the private sector.

manchester so those students we've got many different universities here mentions so much for a bottom university university of so forth northwest through college of music manchester articulate and me and so on our total student population is about one hundred thirty thousand students which is pretty much one third of the city our campus year it is almost as big as mentions for city center. big division of communications and marketing communicates everything that's good about the university both internally and text and it's developing and it's also professionalizing the higher education sector is probably like behind the commercial sector for some time but it's catching up very fast our university has its very own starbucks if you're into starbucks if you're into like taking selfies with your starbucks cup and everything this is pretty much the place to go if you

go to subway you're going to get a free cookie if you go to mcdonald's you're going to get a free mc flurry and so on. saw the series pretty much made for students so make great use of a student fees have increased from three thousand pounds to nine thousand pounds that does mean that students want better value for money they want more than marketing from help and communicate what what the benefits of an organizational so we always have many many different people coming over we had some professors from many different countries we have also movie directors and everything if you want to make a good impression stuff you can get a job offers in higher education in the u.k. traditions like historically communications and marketing have been very much a support function what we're seeing now is a transformation where we're moving from a supporting role to a leadership role. and

that's the feeling that as has come very very quickly over the last few years that it's not just about education anymore it's also about running a business many universities are now businesses and the vice chancellors are also chief executives and they make no they're not shy in saying this they have to make money they have to make a profit and startlingly what we found is that over a period of five years vice chancellors salaries had increased by on average somewhere in the region of twenty six percent whereas in the same period for your main gate lecturers those people are actually providing the service to the students saw their pay drop in real terms by twelve percent and this is a clear normally and you have to ask yourself the questions of why is this happening. reform this is the only system similar to all those

worldwide could support paying education rely on an essential concept an economic theory born in the sixty's. and it rose to fame. at the end of the ninety's. the human capital. but capital you must acquire say the third course today or. on a d.v.d. you disposed us took the complete dose of the good results a very noisy. a.q.r. don't. you know that bt. loss over the the pharmacy all of us real a pharmacy or even still the courses they. want this would be so they are it or she pours a padlock. on the songs. you give that even if that money there was a new exhibit all clichy cimon do them on the island remember the fiancee the pharmacy also give either a pause or a larger society yet don't have

a bottle to come visit you that is the truth was all set up off the it what you fear most at rouge like on a sauce not blue green valley or economic is are they going to meet at a sausage d.c. printed if you jump so that your course you pause desire may lead to your street are good or proceed you know says it you'd kill some other top receiver you got be a share. in that to lead me. to a to be. influenced by the english tidal wave in two thousand and six germany also raised this curation feast authorizing universities to charge one thousand euros per year this ugly within a few years all the lender of federal states slowly abandon this policy to return

to an entirely free system. deutscher first it was for not only has it. it's business as for homes and buildings i'm a bit too long how does midget buck does the owner visited if i had to go to when he visited. the top of. the first room or the m for an order to him to be at odds with. so in other words order to him and door slammed by to him to be on fire fighter and you don't count. this doubled as money action scene come. on. skips us getting a connotation when he visited and get. this and shoved its business model to tighten daughter leading to it skips is because in that

van z. . z. invasion is doing good be on z. but son missing. we visit if it's a must but the university of manchester doesn't seem to us a push in this it's your aunt to florida to the arctic when for seed of a. decent misdeeds you and placed. despite some resistance the english model is spreading throughout europe. it applies theories elaborated by knowledge international instances mostly by the world bank and the o.e.c.d. . from now on the knowledge market is the new doctrine universities are expected to become a strategic force in wealth production. they must become like companies and industries they must promote applied research they must favor employability they must produce a qualified workforce consistent with companies designers. mogs does dish to put

a bit of affinity swoosh nearly as yet if you're going to fix that all speed i'm going to go home and see if you can be moving. take mission that i can to sion. traineeships into neeman ward the human voice of n.z. for the. love to be daft isn't a name it's not meant to be good to be had and what does is garbage all stuff that is to give it the it couldn't under who truly need it sees it does you know i was bitten that's the one to me i'm in boy in doesn't it in the guys as well in internet isn't shafton is he that employ ability id for absolute feel good if i'm owned up is in dolphin does the divisions of the good she get out into didn't need to identify. this british i'm gloomily common first did when you visited furtive does not mean us but was always been an institute through one this is at first was indoors in the usual these are want to is there reason by months on finished first did the stuff belong to the team for. that.

it's hard to imagine decades after the war a nazi doctor was still active rich in the nineteen seventies crittle had as the chair of its board a man convicted of mass murder and slavery at auschwitz the german company gruntal developed thalidomide a drug that was promoted as completely safe even during pregnancy if it turned out to have terrible side effects what has happened to my baby is anything. you know she said is just cut short arms many so little mind victims i have to this day received no compensation then never apologized for the suffering that. not only want the money i want the revenge. to prepare the program i had to look at a lot of material to listen to a lot of material and also read

a lot of material that those appalling. and not only that when you get these images into your head and of course. images that i was you know fall more graphic than anything i could include enough in a television. commercial to. locust it it's a city it. must. knows it. could still. do it he was saying this is. the thing you don't even religiously and you know it's.

a little forced well it's only about the looking. forward to one of the ninety one columns on the wall. feeling. like. i have last night. to decide to sit here and let.

you. a year after islamic state is driven out of mosul and the iraqi city remains in ruins we hear from a local resident about life after liberation. still down in their field bodies in that house behind us still inside the stench coming from them these very strong children are getting sick because of this and shaky cease fire is restored between hamas militants and israel after a violent clashes on the gaza border raising fears of a full blown conflict in the region. and a student at manchester university in england to paint over a miracle of a famous poem by british writer yet. to play saying that he was a racist who dehumanised people of color.