in the lifetime of anybody who's alive now i honestly don't know. but the falcon heavy now has the capability of taking payloads to mars rather significant payloads and. you know one of the exciting things that happened is that nasa as a space agency. originally kind of was reluctant to get involved with the private sector but. that was i think one of the successes of the obama administration's space policy was that they basically directed nasa to work with the private sector for lower thor bit launches and for taking crew up to the international space station and so this idea of a public private partnership. i really look at as being the key to success for the

future. we're not going to have another apollo program whether for the moon or mars i mean apollo was a very special time we had a cold war going on between the u.s. and the soviet union space had been identified as one of the areas in which you could demonstrate the superiority of your culture and you know the the russians were launching things first and then the americans and finally we got to the moon first but at a tremendous cost i mean at the height of the apollo program over four hundred thousand people were working on apollo it was for about two years nasa was getting almost four percent of the u.s. government's budget that's not going to happen again so nasa if they're going to be successful in space exploration has to learn to do it not apollo style but affordably and i think therefore there's a lot to be learned from the public sector and by. working with the public sector

and using these developments particularly the rockets and the spacecraft developed at a much lower cost than nasa has previously been paying for a launches that might make it possible on a much more limited budget that we then we had during apollo to get started with real space exploration again that's what i hope will happen dr hofman we have to take a short break but to be will be back in just a few seconds stay chant. it's

a very rough road to write a new sort of climates and you have to fight to be able to reflect. it was gunshots on top of them and so many friends they would have been going there and they have been. telling people. you know i don't want. to see a better body in this room is ready to participate in the good. old to live good wouldn't. you don't think about this if these soldiers. you just treat you

like you know another patient. welcome back to worlds apart and chaffee hoffman an american astronaut and now a professor in mit's department of aeronautics and astronautics now dr hoffman just before the break you mentioned that space x. already has the capability of transporting cargo perhaps humans to mars i wonder if figuring out the chance. for that capability is enough she commands these dairy i seem dangerous voyage to the rat planet oh absolutely not i mean there's

a whole slew of things i mean. radiation how we're going to deal with the radiation exposure. just something simple like keeping food viable for three years i mean there's all sorts of things that nasa is looking at that problems that need to be solved to say nothing of the. you know the psychology how are we going to keep people healthy physically. i really think it's important that we first go back to the moon it's been almost fifty years since we've had human beings on the surface of another planetary body and mars is very hard which isn't to say that the moon is easy but it's a lot closer it's easier to get to you can come back relatively quickly if something goes wrong. and many of the things not all but many of the things that we have to accomplish on mars we could test out on the moon i think the moon would be

an excellent test bed and with the exception of the united states up until the recent change in policy every other space faring nation in the world russia included is wants to go to the moon. and i. hope that we could actually put together an international lunar exploration initiative much like we have the international space station consortium and together the countries of the world cooperating with the private sector. could afford to get back into real space exploration and i think that would that would create a real a lot of excitement it's interesting you say that because i'm sure you know that back in two thousand and seventeen nasa and the russian space agency are off cos i'm assigned an agreement to look into building the first lunar space station and that's at the height of well very poor relationship that we currently have

it's been our it's your country why do you think the space exploration was somehow on the fact that by all of these political matters that divides our countries i think it's actually cause for at least some optimism not not just talking about what we would like to do someday in the future with the moon but the current activities in the international space station where the two biggest players are the united states and russia. as you say we have our problems on the ground but i think it's very. you know it's a cause for optimism that still in space we were each keeping up our parts of the bargain and we seem to be getting along quite well if there is some hope that maybe get off the surface of the earth and we're not arguing about little pieces of ground in the middle east or wherever in the world. that we can actually behave

more like members of the whole human race and work together you complained about the shortage of budgets that go into space programs and i think that's even more the case for russia then for the united states but i wonder if those financial constraints actually provide for these call parading experience because the russians need money and the americans need the the russian equipment our technology for the time being do you think that's a good range meant that does it provide any synergy apart from. each of the sides getting what they want. it provides a certain level of safety again looking at the space station we have to oxygen generating systems we have to water production systems and they're different. and if one somehow has a design for fault and breaks down. you have

a certain level of safety by having different types of engineered systems and this would be particularly the farther away from earth you go the more important the reliability becomes on the space station if we have a failure of a piece of equipment we can send up into something else to replace it or if the worst comes to worst it's pretty easy to come back to earth in a hurry you go to the moon and you're much farther away from help and if you're going to mars forget it there's no no way if something breaks they they can't send you a spare parts so to have two differently type engineered systems. really provides a lot of extra safety she now a few minutes ago you sounded very excited about this infusion of private money into space exploration and i think many x. parents believe that somehow private money can come to almost stops national

budgets as far as the space program is concerned our space programs are concerned do you believe that's realistic to expect you can continue exploring space. by the use of private money rather than relying on state budgets nasa is budget is is a little over nine to around nineteen billion dollars a year that's a lot more than even you know jeff bezos puts about he said he puts about one billion dollars a year into his blue origin company he sells a billion dollars worth of amazon's. stock and he's got plenty of amazon stock to sell the real question is what's going to motivate them. the you know you're not going to make a profit by exploring mars and the government does it not to make a profit but because traditionally the governments have sponsored scientific

missions but if you look at the history of exploration. you know earlier on in previous centuries there was a lot of private sponsorship of exploration again what i hope will happen is that we'll have a mixture of public private investment in this. how much the private sector wants to put into it depends on what they will do you know do they need to make a profit from it i mean jeff bezos has said you know he he runs the amazon business because that provides enough money for his space company he's he's motivated by his work in space is not really to make a profit but when you look at what's happened over the last few years it has truly been revolutionary we have seen a tremendous amount of innovation just the idea of being able to reuse parts of the rockets nasa tried to do that with the shuttle economically it was not

a complete success but. you know nasa was never on its own probably was never going to develop the ability to reuse parts of the rocket or even to substantially bring down the cost up until space x. came into the game and nasa is launches were all with the united space alliance which was a monopoly created by boeing and lockheed. and they had no real motivation to reduce the cost of flights because they were getting their contract basically they had no competition and they were getting a cost plus contracts so. the more the launch costs the more profit they've got now we have real competition and rocket companies all over the world not just not just boeing and lockheed but ari on space for us cause most of the japanese the indians

the chinese everybody is concerned can we compete with space x. so it's really been revolutionary and it's led to a tremendous amount of innovation which i do not think we would have had if it had just been the government involved now i heard you seen one of the interviews that private companies such as basics of blue origin are willing and able to take more risks than nasa or any other government agency do you think government should play any role in determining the pair of amateur yourself though the risk just as a matter of public safety because i think you would agree that launching a vehicle into space it may represent certain basics no no they do in order for space exploration any any or boeing or lockheed i mean any any private company needs to get government approval before they launch and of course the government approval is mainly to make sure that they don't hurt anybody on the ground we don't

want rockets falling on the land near big cities or anything and they need to get the it right now it's the federal aviation administration that has authority to approve commercial launches when it comes to launching people the first people who are going to get launched in the space x. and boeing is also making its its own private capsule space capsule there they're going to be launching nasa astronauts and there of course nasa will determine the safety. conditions that have to be met and i think for as far as the flying the general public if nasa decides that these vehicles are safe enough to fly now. sastre noughts than probably the federal aviation administration which frankly doesn't have a lot of expertise in human spaceflight will say well if it's if it's good enough for nasa then it's good enough for us and and then they'll give approval to fly

other members of the public you know we talk maybe about the birth of a space tourism industry still early days we don't know if it's all going to happen if it's going to be successful but this is the long vision that a lot of these companies have you know bob bigalow will put a space hotel up there and space x. will launch paying tourists to go up and it won't be inexpensive especially at first but there's plenty of people who would love to go into space and they may have a chance in the next generation they want to go into space even if that represents a certain risk to their lives i want to ask you specifically about calculating those human risks because i heard from a number of facts press. especially after day they have the loss of the shuttle columbia. has become more risk averse than before but on the other hand i've also heard many american astronauts and russian cosmonauts say that they i'm just found

out space exploration is an inherently dangerous time to taking and they are ready to take certain calculated risks for the sake of common good do you think the agency especially in the united states is balanced enough bit to been you know protecting people and providing a certain a space for. exploration to reach is always a mission of always contain a certain degree of frisk where we would we would like the next generation of human space vehicles to be safer than the shuttle than the one one big thing there is that they will have a launch escape system which the shuttle did not have so had there been a launch escape system. the challenger astronauts would have survived even though their shuttle was destroyed when the shuttle was designed it was designed with so much redundancy that people managed to convince themselves that it would be safe no

matter what happened and therefore since you could always get the shuttle back the crew would be safe as well well that turned out not to be the case and i don't think we'll ever make that mistake again. when it comes to the question of will tourists be able to take those risks well you know tourists pay seventy five thousand dollars to get a guided climb up mount everest and people have died you know tourists have died on and on mount everest. so i think it's clear at least a certain subset of wealthy. people who are looking for new experiences are willing to take a certain level of risk and there will continue to be a certain level of risk in spaceflight. it's not yet as safe as flying in an airplane but you know in the early days of aviation there were a lot more crashes it was

a lot less safe than it is now i suspect the time will come i don't know how long it will be in the future when we don't think it's any more dangerous to get in iraq at than to get in an airplane but that time is not now and i don't know when that's going to happen so there were there will be a risk in spaceflight but i think there are people who are willing to take those risks while i you're certainly one of them dr hoffman we have to leave it there but i really really appreciate your being with us today and sharing your thoughts and your expertise your experience and job yours please keep the conversation going in our social media pages as for me to see you again same place same time here and also part of. our.

the way to the united states is dangerous for most of the illegal immigrants. crossing their fingers just as they would a simple they want to enter and i wonder. what if many of them look for refuge in the so-called sentry sites the drifter used to share information about undocumented migrants with federal authorities. as they are. they are going to get i mean a lot less than that what. they have what are the options to stay in the country with donald trump in the white house. both of the.

both of those appear with most of the. top stories here when we travel to syria to witness reconstruction efforts as the country rebuilds vital facilities destroyed during seven years of war. a

palestinian journalist is arrested by israeli soldiers for filming them and legibly quote inciting violence head of a large protest in gaza on friday we speak to a hip hop artist who. to fame with a video filmed during a previous board a demonstration. in the. use of a racial slur. the polls show the support for the u.s. president black americans is on the rise. in year old girls. during the national anthem get support from hillary clinton to keep protesting injustice we discuss the girls with. needs to spend more time in a constructive manner trying to get what you want to say it's wrong for them to basically

stand up for what they believe in that's what this little girl was doing that's all . for friday august the seventeenth just after eight am here in moscow welcome to our latest stories on our. we do start with syria where people are getting their lives back in order years over the war against militants and she hottest huge amounts of key infrastructure destroyed including important factories and hospitals and the rebuilding is now in full swing. some of the sights to see how the job is going. if damascus is serious about to accepting millions of its refugees back home it has some serious rebuilding to do barros villages in small towns like the one over there in the province of homes have been completely raised from the face of the by the war.

that's why factories like this one are crucial most syrian cities have to survive amid a chaotic and unstable power supply we've been told that when anti assad fighters captured this facility they looted it's clean for equipment and left it badly damaged it's fully operational now but lack of power force isn't the worst that syrians have had to endure lie i swear we were dying of hunger one kilo of bread for one thousand lire you have to eat otherwise you starve to death and i have never had a turn of the rice and vulgar nothing that. we were living in hunger and poverty we would wake up in the morning not knowing how to manage to get our daily food children suffered malnutrition that ten year old girl looked like a two year old. advanced

agriculture and international aid is helping to put food back on people's plates so now with the fighting contained to small pockets syrians can treat themselves to something nice this ice cream plant has even had a go at its old until for taishan of the oriole recipe yet all of this is great on paper but doesn't help much of delivery trucks have no rules to drive on. this just over forty kilometers between the cities of holmes and hama. a trip that should have taken somewhat thirty minutes would stretch up to six hours to see with this bridge destroyed of commuters had to gamble with their lives taking a long deed to lose through g. hardy's territories this newly paved highway has brought the drive back to well

under an hour. amid the mass reconstruction efforts there is also room for artistic work these are the ones that lived in a refugee camp near damascus but had to flee when they came under attack when the area now back under government control of every turn to depict the aftermath of the fighting they say they want to leave a record for future generations of what happened at the camp and what they went through. well this is r.t. international a palestinian journalist has been arrested by the israeli defense forces for filming soldiers and allegedly inciting violence. lifestream two videos on facebook of israeli soldiers operating in ramallah and while filming i.d.f. soldiers is considered illegal in israel for filming an officer with the intent of undermining the spirit of the army one can get five years in prison but the term

can double if one has a record of a soldier with intent to harm state security the i.d.f. says that the man they've arrested has been inciting against the state of israel and the army and gaza based journalist who has details. a palestinian journalist has been arrested for filming i.d.f. soldiers israeli forces raided his home just a day after he lost you videos on his facebook page of the i.d.f. drawing up a plan of a palestinian home a procedure which typically done before demolishing the boding the man filmed and edited videos of i.d.f. troops during the course of their operational activities while encouraging violence towards them and incited attacks directed at the state of israel and i.d.f. troops. and we were sleeping when we heard a knock at the door in the middle of the night we woke up and opened the door they told us their soldiers they asked me whose house is it i said it's muhammad ali and then they asked who lives upstairs i said it's ali dharavi so they went upstairs

and arrested him he told me mom don't be afraid i hope i won't stay there for long she's not guilty i'm sure he's not we went to the court and they told us they were prolonging his detention dar ali is a well known palestinian journalist working as a correspondent for the palestine broadcasting corporation the agency is calling for the immediate release of a chip or two and say israel is targeting the palestine media these measures are intended to silence the palestinian voice and in the picture so that israel can commit its crimes without any noise is the latest in a number of journalists arrested in palestine within the past two weeks saying in the region palestinian mc garza rose to fame after filming a music video during the great march overturn he dedicated a song to his friend a journalist who was killed during the march and we spoke to the brother.

we. know. just. just. we don't know we just a lot of you move on. because the most was just my. knee just to see if you still. believe it was the easy for them. to remind you the great march overturn is an annual wave of palestinian protests that started at the march in march of this year i should say some one hundred seventy people were killed in the protests by israeli border security thousands injured and other marchers expected later today we'll bring you the updates as it gets on. donald trump is currently embroiled in

a scandal his former aide claims so she has a recording of the u.s. president using a racial slur but while no such recording is yet surfaced in the media some have been quick to condemn trump as a racist at the end of the day we don't need a tape to know that donald trump is racist i was at the unite the right rally in washington d.c. on sunday i didn't hear anybody say the n word but i'm pretty sure those guys were still racists we were curious about what he could possibly say that might dispel some of the animosity the black community has toward her after all of these years of her being complicit in trump's clearly racist policies and actions. however the scandal a new poll shows that support for the u.s. president among the black community has almost doubled since last year a similar con picks up the story. according to this poll trump has more support among african-americans than republican candidates of the past but

african-americans are still the most politically homogenous voting bloc consistently voting for democrats robert kanye west who has recently made headlines over his support for trump says that going against this trend makes you a pariah in the community everyone around me tried to pick my candidate for me and then told me every time i said i like trump that i couldn't say it out loud or my career would be over i get kicked out of black community because blacks are we're supposed have a monolithic thought we can only like can only be democrats though it's unclear whether such statements from black celebrities have a positive effect on donald trump's popularity a leading civil rights group says trump trotting out his black surrogates to woo voters has little impact as the majority of african-americans disapprove of trump trump strategy of trotting out black people to support him is not working if it is intended to inspire african-american support for him or his policies.