against them that is. there's been a huge surge of developments in both biotechnology and. intelligence and machine and these are the ones that are hard to deal with but of course. all technologies advanced. and it was only 50 years between the 1st transatlantic flight. in 919 and the 1st man on the moon in 96 you know that was 50 years but in the 50 years since then in terms of space size in aviation things haven't changed no as we had back to the moon. the jumbo jet 1st flew in $96.00 you know so it could be that way going through a sort of on that level off again so we come to the sauce just evolving technology will continue to evolve it's breakneck speed. you once wrote a book with a very optimistic tile our last century. 16 years on do

you feel like your predictions are coming true or maybe you see the reverse process is yes well i think i was among the highlights the issues that the empowerment of small groups of individuals by bio inside is going to lead to new tensions new threats to governance and a growing tension between 3 things we want namely liberty security and privacy and i think that prediction has been borne out. confronted by these concerns in my opinion but although i think we will have a bumpy ride through the century it's always you they are unlikely that we ourselves out i'm not suggesting that but i think we do need to worry about the control that these technologies into of us we can it's hard to regulate. but also

it's depressing that the gap between the way things could be and the way things actually are is so wide and possibly getting wider. what exactly do you mean like the way things could be the way things are you mean like humans could be more in tune with the technology and more responsible with it and we're not and that's why the what exactly do you mean i mean that we could have that provides a decent life for 7000000000 people in it and at the moment we have a couple of 1000000000 in abject poverty and some people. and the fact that the richest 2000 people in the world have the resources to double the income of the bottom 1000000000 in the world and this is not happening is an ethical indictment and that's just one example where because no technological evolution turns out can change a factor of human greed knows that that is right but i think also we've got to have

a self interest in trying to level these inequalities because if you think about africa the population is growing faster in africa than in any other parts of the world it's going to double between now and 2050 i'm going to some un projections it may double again between 20152102 the extent that nigeria will have a population of 900000000 which is equal to europe and north america combined is that to happen. stuck in poverty suffered obviously be a. recipe for mass disaffection mass migration and conflict because the point is that in africa unlike a century ago. they may not have sanitation but they do have mobile phones they know what they're missing they're in touch with the rest the world and unless we can reduce the gaps between those in the poorest parts of the world and those

like us who are fortunate then i think we will have massive and continuing disaffection and conflicts and powered by these new technologies that make for pessimistic so i think we have not any ethical imperative but the self-interest imperative to do what we can to reduce these inequalities and help the countries especially those of africa the middle east to develop i'll tell you one other reason why we have to do this and that is that we know that the countries of east asia which benefited by cheap manufacturing by having wage levels lower than india over north america that gave a big boost to. south korea and countries like that that now has been kicked away because now with robots. if rich countries can do the manufacturing so countries of africa and. be least have the

opportunity to head catch up which the so-called asian tigers had in the past that's another reason why i think we need to worry we need to have international policies which try to level things between the different continents a lot of the nearest scientists that i've spoken to in cognitive psychologists they raise alarm because they're saying that the good amount of the problems that we're facing here as a humanity is this unfiltered huge amount of the information that internet gives assn and it develops with such a pace that our brains aren't. actually sit to digest deducing its true. will is to have the best digest and let me into fact. this is i mean i don't agree with those people who has actually affecting the brain very much but it is making is that they hard for people to. have clear views of what is

important and what is. this is a sort of cultural which we need to be concerned about so. you are saying that the possible next evolutionary step will be for humans to morph into machines hey. this is very very far future i know i have machines carry on instead of humans ones there intelligent enough. why don't you believe humans will carry on and i mean with carried on for a 21st century for the better or for worse i do i think you've misinterpreted me i think that we will continue. and i hope we can regulate these new technologies but i do think that a by the end of a century there will be a few wild crazy adventurers who may be living away from. of course they would be ill adapted. to that habitats and so they would be the

people who would have the incentive. the opportunity because their way through the regulators to. themselves so i think if we imagine some species emerging which is different from. those crazy people and not from us i think we want to preserve the there's a habitats that human beings and we have whether it's that you don't believe in many of the. scientists saying that actually it's inevitable as becoming half machines because now we see like organs that can be replaced by machines and gradually they say human brain and great chip is working on this so here this is. where we don't know this will happen but i think it's important that we should realize that we are adapted to living on earth. and actually we don't want to change very much i think it's often interesting to see what rich people choose to

do when they have the choice the 2 things the 1st is they want to have beings to look after the robots they want carers and what that and also they often want to live. in the country and in nature they have a country estate and things like that and so what people aspire to is to be in touch with nature and in touch with other human beings. given the choice. that most people never have the choice we should try and ensure that she was being asked about the human beings. we're going to take a break right now when we're bad we'll continue talking to lord. astronomy. and astrophysics at the university of cambridge stay with us.

this is a sticker from the water bottle found in the stomach of a fish the brand is part of the coca-cola company which sells millions of bottles of soda every day the idea was that let's tell consumers there are the bad ones they're the litter bugs are throwing us away industry should be blamed for all this weighs the company has long promised to reuse the plastic. their plastic. on the i knew best that is the. plan now the mountains of moist only grow higher.

than the big pain in years and across started 10 years i think it's time to shake things up maybe change the branding maybe the format here is what i've been thinking about next season related episodes filmed on an island 10 experts cited out for a trophy what do you think ok a more affordable option 25 text birds. and one red rose another suggestion geo political jeopardy parody no political cookout where we will literally. be elites. late night show it's a rare form of these days and it's cheap all you need is an old microphone in a printed banner. to leave me with one of my i guess i can do this campbell after politics gone wild like music. ok crosstalk is not about hype

it's about meaning 10 years of talk and still going strong. peter if you want to change something why don't we get rid of the bow tie you know that is too much. q. . and we're back with lord martin rees martin many people who are actually working on it if in part of the show intelligence or self perfecting robots are telling me that

it's just a matter of not even a century or 50 years we're talking about 10 years 15 years maximum 20 years when robots and machines will be doing most of our stuff and i'm thinking with the capable of doing it the question is do we want to do it we do very advanced things to protect. human race as a species but animals do that too but then what defines as humans are different things that we do like art that are we love where we know when we see the sun so high in the you know. i'm just scared i'm thinking wake is that all when a day out with evolution are robots going to. hear. i think we've got to realize that. we do have distinctive human qualities and incidentally i think we can use. and of this intelligence provide a better life because

a lot of people who have really mind numbing jobs working in warehouses or telephone cool centers and things like that and those jobs can be replaced by dignified well paid publicly funded jobs as people assistants to teachers in school custodians of public know some things like that which machines can do as well that'll be a plus so huge positive if the deployment of robots and technology is guided by human values you mentioned a couple of times crazy people going to colonize mars because of our mother and i think yeah we're just like we have. those who climb mountains and do other dangerous sports but they. i mean at the end of the day i'm thinking they may not even have a choice because we see that humanity exploding in numbers and efforts to contain the climate change dismissed by politicians. could come of the interrupt that is

such a day just illusion it's very dangerous illusion to stick with an escape problem by tariff it's simple compare it simple to do with climate change compared to making have a took a turn for me and so it's a dangerous delusion to think that we've got a plan it be for the risk of us people we've got to do the problems here and the population problem we can deal with in fact the population is going down in 2 thirds of the world's countries it's not going down in africa but. ways in which we can. change their lifestyles so to does go down as they become more prosperous so the problems that confront us. and the thing we confront if you tried to live away from the us do you know this serbian director i mean. he's a very famous artist and i was actually speaking team because i also wonder how

artists perceive the script of the future and he said to me that the generation of people who will 1st go to mars will be the generation that will create the new sets of values for humanity. that will. creates a new set of values. for themselves because they're going to be living in of a different environment. what any of us humans have lived in but it's not clear how much relevance stuff will have to us to stay here on but i mean having said that i think we should have these people because we have anyone who. goes to the limits of human capabilities extreme sports and the rest of it so we should these people and also we can learn from them just as we can learn from science fiction i mean i tell my students it's better to read straight science fiction than 2nd rate science because it's more exciting and to be wrong so i think we want to

encourage the artists to explore these they will be ideas that will be relevant perhaps to future generations away from the us i think the human exploration of space of course is just an adventure because of. the practical need there's any people into space. ok so we need we can have robotic fabricators building huge structures in space or on the moon but the only way is the sending people is as an adventure and for that reason i would not support any public funding being spent on space whether i was in russia europe or the united states it should be left to private enterprise people like elon musk space x. . who are rich and the left of them but i think we should cheer them on because they can take higher risks. that any western

nation could impose on publicly funded civilians so they can do comprise high risk ventures and my prediction is that by the end of a century there will be small communities living on mars sent by these private event. himself as if he wants. but not on impact and i think he's 47 years old now so of course he might make that so i think there will be a small community but what i don't think is that the be mass emigration and i think it's a day just illusion to talk about. even more foolish to think of it as desirable. i want to talk about climate change i mean it is so real i don't know what else should it take for everyone to realize it's here and we should be taking care of it not tomorrow or day after char but we should have done it 10 years ago

20. but not much is being done to be quite honest well what does it take for people to wake up especially the heads of state. when i think it is a problem because of course the the ways of dealing with it it's. expensive and it's very hard to get politicians to prioritize something which benefits people in the remote parts of the world 60 years from now. above dealing with media problems and there are 2 ways in which this will happen and i think it is ghastly happening one way is of course it's public. concern rises so the voters. support a politician who advocates this in the past. it's not a way of getting the votes to say we're going to make sacrifices now. it's that changes then i think that will help and i think it is changing now because these

campaigns by young people are important to give an example in my country the. program a school blue planet on a television fronted by david which showed the impact of plastics in the ocean of albatrosses the. plastic for the young in the nest and all that it was an iconic image which in for millions of people the polar bear on the melting ice floe and that led even rather on in life british politicians to propose legislation to. cut down on the use of. plastics so that's an example where politicians will act if they think this public behind so public pressure public demonstrations the effect of charismatic figures isn't very important to the great. said it takes only a few determined people to change the world indeed nothing else ever has an example

of that is going to need the climate change so that's one thing the other. win win . is supported by 20 countries including my country is to greatly enhance research and development into all kinds of teen energy and the reason for this is that at the moment of course it's more expensive than. the rates of research speed up the development of better clean energy and it will also bring down the cost to country like india. well at the moment they don't have a proper electric grid. people depend on slow burning wood and. they are unhealthy and they want to grid. unless they can afford something better they would build power stations. which is not going to be good for climate change

and increase side emissions but this is the cost of clean energy. so something else and the storage came down. the indians would be directly to. just like in the case of. directly to mobile phones and never had landlines what do you make of the argument that the the counter size hat site has like the politicians and they're like well humanity has survived so many climate changes in 8000 years why are we so afraid of this one and the only reason we're still aware is because of the. information access what do you tell the truth because the one thing that's complete john ambiguous is the measurements of the carbon dioxide concentration. in the atmosphere that's been made since the last 60 years and it's gone up by nearly 50 percent and we have records showing it's never been that high

for the last 800000 years so the speed of the changes is unprecedented so it's not true that this is just the fluctuation there are of course the 2 ations and that makes it hard to discern the trend because there are. 2 asians on the timescale of a decade which is why you sometimes get a leveling off and then the rise but i think there's no doubt that something is happening now which hasn't happened in the last 1000000 years and lastly a lot of people in your field are getting more and more excited about the prospect that there's another earth like planet somewhere out there in space. do you think there could be another planet with water or carbon all of that a 2nd set of humans maybe forming already have a vault somewhere the exciting thing we've learnt in the last 10 or 20 years due to . discovery 1st made in switzerland by someone who's now one of my colleagues in cambridge. is a pioneer of this we now though that's most of the stars in the sky oh by retinues

of planets just as a son is obit it by the earth than heels of 1000000 and we certainly know that many of those planets are going to be rather like the earth's temperature a and sides of their tension abodes the life what we don't yet know is how life actually begad we understand dublin in evolution how over 4000000000 evolved into the biased they are around us know which rear apart but surprised to realize we don't understand what made the 1st live thought made the transition from com place chemistry so the 1st entity is which metabolize had reproduced machine color law if we don't understand how the happen so we don't yet know was it a rare fluke that only happened or would it have happened in all these other places

all through the galaxy we don't. i think in 10 or 20 years we will know the odds of that question in 2 ways 1st i think we may understand how life began. and so we know whether it was a rare fluke or not but secondly we would have observations from the next generation of telescopes it particularly a john telescope be built by european astronomers in chile coolie extremely large telescope. but this will have a 39 meter. and this will be able to analyze the light from some of these of us like planets orbiting other stars to the extent to be able to tell if there's any kind of light vegetation or. what is your intuition tell you is there another human race somewhere where i don't think jewishness have any value in this i think we've just got to or to say we don't know it's an exciting question we've got to try and find out it's a biological question the astronomers know that there are lots of these us live now

to be big advance in the last 10 or 20 years. we'll have more observations and have to better understand the biology and of course this is talking about any kind of life the 2nd question is of course that if there is. water the challenge is it develops into something intelligent or technological and of course a separate projects and look for any evidence for something that's artificial out there you know artificial radio transmission or some artifacts and there again i think it was a tribe resell fastnet he found something but it's even harder to set the betting olds on that. thank you for this wonderful insight help we had a chance to do this again i hope so thank you very much of a do you think you. are

. play. live live. live. live. live live. live. live. live. live live. live . live live.

oh. please. live. claim. please. and very well welcome to you watching us in such. the last of us are a gemini that steve globalization and this came in with tom in 2016 that he the idea of monitor as ation the global central banks cooperating to put out

a currency unit of accounts that was better than gold is a 6070 year experiment that is now collapsing what's his leading to dollars a synaesthete countries like russia move aggressively away from the dollar and buy gold and de globalization simultaneously. dream agreed to pretty. old must remember that it was most of the family were unemployed. there wasn't it was bit much worse objectively. but there was an expectation of the things were going to get better. there was a real sense of hope. there isn't today today's america was shaped by the 10 principles of concentration of wealth and power. reduced democracy attack solo duo engineer elections manufacture consent and other principle holds

according to. one set of rules for the rich. that's what happens when you put her into the. roof will switch who is dedicated to increasing power for chills just as you'd expect one of the most influential intellectuals of our time speaks about the modern civilization of america. i do not own them.

money influenced new reports. to. the u.s. . coming up on the program. for 10 days and. 3. in the u.s. . next. in line with. the enemy we've done.