years of cycle years of expense ironclad and so that such of the various but far from uncertain so that it was that don't carry. arms that we don't see things just the west the way that they are and are starting to lead the world that we are they in turn turn on a little world leave the island so they can see the construct try and instruct of our brain and despite all stress so 5 percent of our line switch but it also by the structures of our languages and cultures that tell us how to put things together you often talk about the cultures that tell us how to put things together you often talk about the symbiotic and reinforcing relationship it's been language and cause symbiotic and reinforcing relationship it's been language and culture it's very hard for me personally to resist thinking about ultra and it's very hard for me personally to resist thinking about the relationship in cheek in that terms enough

to sort of struggling with it for some time my relationship in cheek in that terms enough to sort of struggling with it for some time i wonder if it fits actually a fitting being made about a 4th or a not not in term going terms of what a what i was about from birth but with the birth terms but in terms of. how the cattle situated in produce one and other. use one another yeah so i think of language which is a prison part of culture. language is a really good way to have a really good way to make make a part of culture there are very very long term term early and universe and are so universally distributed so so if i make something thing like i'm going mad about a click on gender or a part of one of the language well well all speakers of that language are going to . i have to use because it's not because of them to be what option wouldn't you

know if you're into taking us that structure it's not going to be optional if you're speaking russian you can't just speak russian and not use grammatical gender no one's going to just as a secret all right russian and that is grammatical gender no one's going to recognize you as a real russian speakers and and become become something thing that exists and then universally very just mr mediated to cut through the culture and then the for the languages can lose genders click on ads and diners that would get processed this is going to have to lose genders can add genders that process is going to have to take a very long time whereas other cultural practices of the scary when time go and much more when there is suddenly other practices can come and go much more fluidly and may only affect some portions of the body but only if that are some portions of the you but how. do you extrapolate from. that to

sort of. the engine of bush and the mix and their russian and both additive they're quick to. blame or the more responsibility doesn't have a has anything to do when he came to the do with the current sorceress aeration rates in the united states and this they write such when they're being brainwashed to be and. it's highest. really hard interest rate line from a single straight line from life to going to. a state that is at stake like that because there are so many others that are factors scars that also middle point. if it. was that have to play and so we would have to do a very very care of our fall said. for a lot is that even possible do you think you're going to you're going to do this but i thought it was like about it like a kind of the next. that the reason. the reason it would be hard to decide to do it

when they're in the real real world is because if we're going country by country there aren't actually that many countries in the world this big if we're going country by country there aren't actually that many countries in the world and so you very quickly run out of statistical power that's a technical answer to your question world and so you very quickly run out of statistical power that's a technical answer to your question but you could do expect some smaller scale experiments where you but you could do expect some smaller scale experiments where you ask people to make judgements about. blame and punishment ask people to make judgements about. blame and punishment when they're seeking one language or another or when they've been exposed to when more in their search and speaking to one language or another or when they've been exposed to more attentive language or less attentive language and see if they make different judgments we use the example of just eternal lesage and of language and see if they make different judgements we

use the example of justin timberlake and janet jackson having a wardrobe malfunction at the super bowl if we said timberlake and janet jackson having a wardrobe malfunction at the super bowl if we say to the lake. stick to. the people extra money which more likely. people are much more likely to blame timberlake and also when they want to chicken 53 percent to try more and find that if we say 3 percent more in fines than if we say. that the costumes to read ripped even though they're otherwise watching this in the same that video now. you mention . language to. believe language to universally distribute certain practices in english is true believe it if the study doesn't go there's a run in all this well clearly if the lingo are all. tossed all

our time. do we have to end this in the past and our battery on bringing jobs there is any indication soap why was i in the bottle to gatehouse been the subject you gave it should be paid isn't rubbish all the goods it was lead relatively easy to learn compared to other languages or other perhaps all the factors contributing to that is it to learn compared to other languages or other perhaps all the factors contributing to that. probably economic factors are the most important where probably economic factors are the most important where english speaking countries are driving a lot of economic growth and a lot of innovation that are english speaking countries are driving a lot of economic growth and a lot of innovation that spreads to the reference read the world sold a lot of this is what we want the rest of the students to the working world a little there's a lot of that we can partner to since want to then speak english so they can

participant in a tree in the trade trade or participated in a tertiary since there's a string theory with what remember what or ever what or ever it is that whatever they send it is that makes sense for them but for that. but the lots of other languages does have you know lots of hell of their own sort of language may have held sway at other times so often we look at a particular historic moment and at other times so often we look at a particular historic moment and say oh english has taken over soon every religious speak english came out of taipei oh english has taken over soon every religious speak english came out of time then that in english it has been done been dominant and isn't actually that we have had serious it's very high it's a new priority should court officials to a forest or a pothole and part of them paired her to her to saturday say they greet the carry on because they're fire there are other women around him and put in by a pirate oversleeping. a lot

a lot of language which is english comes with its own cultural baggage and i wanted to use english. as for this whole cultural baggage and i want to as as a both a scholar and a speaker of english is that i said and as i have both a scholar and a speaker of english is there anything in it. i don't like her brother don't cops love fargo bryant you have hope for the new pope was being. you know put in well we'll let you know an inch of language it's. going to be so they're going to be something things that are required and then they're going to be to be something things that are optional and. for example right now there's a big debate in the show about a treatment center right now that there's a big debate in english about gender pronouns right right so it's. a

3rd part 1st since singularity per person was announcing he learn to appreciate only he and she in english are genndy and shut and entered in some and are going so that when people didn't already have you offering them didn't have them or. we should introduce mutual pronouns or. we should introduce mutual pronouns or use that singular day. i think. or use that singular day. i think a nice design for a language in that situation would be to make gender optional so that you can market ice design for a language and that situation would be to make gender optional so that you can market when it's necessary or relevant and not market when it's not relevant when it's necessary or relevant and not market when it's not relevant so it would be interesting to see what english would look like if you could get rid of gender

modeled it would be interesting to see what english would look like if you could get rid of gender marking on 3rd person pronouns the same way that english already does it mark gender on freaking on 3rd person pronouns the same way that english already does it mark gender on 1st person pronoun like guy and we or 2nd person like you. so the 1st person pronoun is like i and we or 2nd person like you said do the same thing for a 3rd person pronouns but that make it optional to be able to do the same thing for a 3rd person pronouns but that make it optional to be able to market when you really want this is actually a very interesting subject because. to mark it when you want this is actually a very interesting subject because. there are a lot of there are a lot of thought of the we are the least seeing the line we push that put us leave language the sphere putting the language the english language their political critical applications but back especially. for example when carried by their

employer earlier it was a kind of. there was a cup controversy a few years if you go out. there is a good about what might have been dating certain pronouns why do you think gender. controversial category for. controversial category for english speaking world because arguably this is you know a part of the world english speaking world because arguably this is you know a part of the world where gender equality. is this. high is. well i think one reason one is. that. if the tennis structure leaders of our part of the structures of our language reflect reality and so if in your language there are 2 categories he and she

emailed language reflect reality and so if in your language there are 2 categories he and she male and female most people then believe that those are the 2 relevant categories and everyone should learn female most people then believe that those are the 2 relevant categories and everyone should be divided into. and if people come around. around and if i hey i don't feel like more f. it on and say hey i don't feel like i fit into either category or i want to be some other category that creates into either category or i want to be some other category that creates a lot of conflict interpersonal conflict in the moment social conflict and a lot of conflict interpersonal conflict in the moment social conflict and. if if if she is ish then use a clean simplistically to clean breath with her adequate for it since there are 3 simple recent full things to think think he doesn't think that's just sad that a neutral neutral throwing way to what we know you see. the

simple. things to fix and fix and yes i heard heard you say that the front from down to look local to the globe global collapse was worth r.'s r r. . it could be difficult. it. would be also i think similar cases within the one they're trying to introduce the the neutral pronoun similar cases within the one they're trying to introduce the the neutral pronoun on. so in sum so in this incident. in the head as and as this singular therapist person it's not an either either male or male or in that in the town. there are actually there actually were some recent studies showing that if you remind people of the use of pen in makes it are some

recent studies showing that if you remind people of the use of pen in makes it easier for them to imagine people who are not men in positions of power so easier for them to imagine people who are not men in positions of power so for example if you give them a neutral story like this person is considering running for public office for example if you give them a neutral story like this person is considering running for public office government office tell me more about this person the likelihood that they'll imagine a woman gets government office tell me more about this person the likelihood that they'll imagine a woman goes up if they've heard the use of the word hen recently so it's up if they've heard the use of the word hen recently so it's said jess that that kind of study suggests that introducing a new to its scent jest that that kind of study suggests that introducing a neutral option kind of opens people opens people up to think about things that are beyond all option kind of opens people opens people up to think about things

that are beyond. nothing i started making these kinds not sure where i thought it would make him a kind of katrina where a great big on a career progressed big career in that letter i mean inter. again that for that in the south of where women lend the better in harlem in terms of again their representative in the women the harp positions i think it's pretty good when i was a matter of the higher positions i think it's pretty good when i was a matter of degree and even in really good situations and can still i mean that's leads me to agree i mean even in really good situations and can still i mean that's leads me to kind of wonder if you. could think of chris wanting them to need it because coming in english is increasingly becoming a vehicle for progressivist politics because when i was studying it and i was studying is a call for progressivist politics because when i was studying it and i was studying

it as an adult isn't that and then i'll stop that and i went to study getting other ready to get hurt other traditions that are just turkish national feuds mr jack especially your bitterness or learn you know like a killer you haven't ever you know ramen bar but if you have have to learn to learn a lot of credibility carbolic with english you have to learn a lot of political concepts like gender equality sexism male hierarchy of concepts like gender equality sexism male hierarchy or male dominance whatever i mean all those ideas that i near and dear to the american or male dominance whatever i mean all those ideas that i near and dear to the american left is but i'm not necessarily universal is it even possible the left is but i'm not necessarily universal is it even possible these days to separate english as the language of international communication from a to separated english as

a language of international communication from english as a language of them american political worldview you know languages and living things where they're always changing to reflect the needs of the people who are crafting them and so english as a language of them american political worldview. you know languages are living things were they're always changing to reflect the needs of the people who are crafting them and so when you're in the middle of one of those changes it always feels uncomfortable because it's a negotiate when you're in the middle of one of those changes it always feels uncomfortable because it's a negotiation and one group of people may be pushing for one thing in the group of people are pushing for another thing asian and one group of people might be pushing for one thing in the group of people are pushing for another thing but english hasn't been english in its current form for a very long but english hasn't been english in its current form for a very long so it's the most normal thing in fact in the history of any language that it should change and should continue so it's the most normal thing in fact in

the history of any language that it should change and should continue to change in english english has been very very dynamic and so new to change in english english has been very very dynamic and so. i hope that as a new living object it continues to reflect the i hope that as a new living object it continues to reflect the values that the value that we. want the things the things that stick stick around in the in the language thing which instead of the pete think we'll find that people find using these for use but then. those can both lead continually to change in and set those can still continue to change and so if if i change change that's how it happens now apple and that's not an outline in 2200 and you. pointed out that actually we won a different set of print of. either the author or something new series editor and news who so we decided over for things we discover and decide about types of humans

you can build those into but it's one thing where they decide about types of humans you can build those into but it's one thing when it happens naturally. as a matter. i mean with the. amount of stuff another. question to you then it's another thing when you try tried in day to day to pull off an actual law. the earliest i'll share it with you you really have we have some examples of that i'm not and then because i wasn't was that area about 5 and to and then what do you know was the drug they were there believe had been in do you general believe in forcing thoughtful change through manipulating or mandating changes or seeing thoughtful change through manipulating or mandating changes in the language. it's. actually i think it's strengthening them leave likely that it is that

a change would stick on less people the people who actually use the language find it useful or help change would stick on less people the people who actually use the language find it useful or helpful right so lots of things can be mandated but they don't actually get used in everyday life all right so lots of things can be mandated but they don't actually get used in everyday life and history is full of examples like that where there is some change that's forced and history is full of examples like that where there is some change that's forced from on high alert some decision that's made and it just doesn't stick and it doesn't actually get from on high as some decision that's made and it just doesn't stick and it doesn't actually get used by people in real conversation or people if people do use it it's only to make fun of it used by people in real conversation or people if people do use it it's only to make fun of it only ironically right and so the things that will actually stick around are language ultimate only ironically right and so the things that will actually stick around in our language ultimately are things that people

find useful for communicating things that they want to communicate they are things that people find useful for communicating things that they want to communicate to professor berry this guy we have to take a very short break now but we will be back in just a few moments. camp professor brad if we have to take a very short break now but with a look back in just a few moments thinking. during the great depression which i'm old enough. during the great depression which i'm

old enough to remember there was most of my family who are unemployed or. other will to remember there was most of my family were unemployed. and it wasn't it was bed you know much worse subjectively than day but there was an expectation and it was bed you know much worse objectively than today but there was an expectation that things were going to get better. there was a real sense of hopeful taishan the things were going to get better. there was a real sense of hopefulness there isn't today today's america was shaped by the turn principles there isn't today today's america was shaped by the turn principles of concentration of wealth and power. grows a concentration of wealth and power. reduced democracy attack solid doubt engineer election juice democracy attack solid doubt

engineer elections manufacture consent another prince holds according to tunes manufacture consent another prince holds according to know on chomsky one set of rules for the rich opposites. several snow on chomsky one set of rules for the rich opposite several from poor. that's what happens when you put her into the national . that's what happens when you put her into the hands of a narrow sector of will switch will is defensive narrow sector of will switch will is dedicated to increasing power for itself just as you'd expect one of the most influential a kid to increasing power for itself just as you'd expect one of the most influential intellectuals of our time speaks about the modern civilization of america show intellectuals of our time speaks about the modern civilization of

america. imagine being a 635 and you have it but imagine being a 635 and you have it but career and career involves using your i phone in your computer a career and a career involves using your i phone in your computer and things like that in an

office and perhaps you start getting headaches or things like that in an office and perhaps you start getting headaches are getting fatigued going to have to stop doing all this and this kind of you lose. the here kids. are going to have to stop doing all this in this kind of you lou the minutes before. my world became smaller and smaller and smaller and that's the phrase my world became smaller and smaller and smaller until i ended up living it in a box. very strong though i ended up loving it and a box. around it a very strong magnetic field oh my god i feel it in my head. it's like a real heart magnetic field oh my god i feel it in my head. it's like a real heart pressure my skin burns and that wireless access point after pressure my skin burns and that wireless access point out there just continues on saying

with our students in the schools they're just continuous all day with our students in the schools. we are just continually bathing our citizens in this might be are just continually bathing our citizens in this microwave radiation it is certainly electoral small and it's getting worse wait radiation it is certainly electoral small and it's getting worse. on.

both the better worlds apart with on the other but i think. both are back to worlds apart within the other but i did scan associate professor of science at the university of california san diego. ski associate professor of science at the university of california san diego professor burgess getto that you're very passionate advocate of linguistic and cultural professor burgess getto that you're very passionate advocate of linguistic and cultural diversity as well as multilingual is mezzeh way they all experience diversity as well as multilingual is mezzeh way all experiencing live. to the back of your ability how does seeing it live. to the back of your ability how many languages were now for you personally to maybe got transition from what you call many languages were enough for you personally to maybe got transition from what you call

and i released them to a relative. that's for the whole and i released them to a relative. that's where the definitely made that transition and i think it's very hard to it's hard to get away from name for ellison definitely made that transition and i think it's very hard to it's hard to get away from name frale isn't a gross speaking russian is my native language and then i had to learn english from my family in a grove speaking russian is my native language and then i had to learn english from my family immigrated to the us and i speak some terrible french and some very poor into needed to the us and i speak some terrible french and some very poor indonesian and little bits and pieces you were a very humble person as well well into the indonesian speaking in the little bits and pieces you were a very humble person as well well into the indonesian speakers are very kind to so they say they say that my intonation and that's good but there's a very kind to so they say they say that my intonation and that's good but french

speakers are less kind so. i'm speaking about your russian i heard you say during french speakers your last kind. i'm speaking about your russian i heard you say during one talk. when your family moved to the united states you refer. used to sting want talk. when your family moved to the united states you refused to speak russian for one year because you wanted dust for it's easy to sit in speak russian for one year because you want to dust for it's easy to sit in did you have a chance to overcome the teenage. did you have a chance to overcome the teenage rebellion and did you have a chance to appreciate or sort of really learn russian that your belly and then did you have a chance to appreciate or sort of really learn russian again as you grew older i definitely learned to appreciate speaking russian later as you grew older i definitely learned to appreciate speaking russian later in life certainly when i

immigrated i felt like i wanted to be cool and i certainly when i immigrated i felt like i wanted to be cool like an american and i. it was important for my social identity like an american and a. it was important for my social identity to be able to communicate fluidly or even just to be able to make a joke to be able to communicate fluidly or even just to be able to make a joke to it feels when you're in a new place and it feels. when you're in a new place where you can't express yourself it feels like you're trapped inside your head that there is like a person where you can't express yourself it feels like you're trapped inside your head that there is like a person in there and no one can see that person and so the it the idea of being able to express myself loosen in there and no one can see that person and so the the idea of being able to express myself lewdly it was very important but then once

i felt like i could do that it was very important but then once i felt like i could do that i appreciated the whole while having the rich the rich russian language and all of that i appreciated the whole while having their rich their rich russian language and all of those references available to me for sure to a 14 year those references available to me for sure to a 14 year the russian like rich me sound very harsh are once heard actress mila kunis russian like rich may sound very harsh are once heard actress mila kunis say that when she has a conversation with her dad over the phone her american friends say that when she has a conversation with her dad over the phone her american friends think that they're fighting even though they may be exchanging pleasantries or think that they're fighting even though they may be exchanging pleasantries or speaking to each other

very nicely and. i think speaking to each other very nicely and. i think spanish maybe talian may have the same impression spanish may be tallying may have the same impression is it clear why certain language is time to appear mole emotive than others is it clear why certain language just sound to appear mole emotive than others while some languages sound harsher because they have a lot of. language a sad. and harsher because they have a lot of fricative consonants like if you have a lot of sounds in your language people tend to sort of consonants like if you have a lot of sounds in your language people tend to associate that with harshness and some languages sound very emotional because they use tones see it that with harshness and some language just sound very emotional because they use tone as part

of the word meaning so for example mandarin or cantonese if it's part of the word meaning so for example mandarin or cantonese if you hear people speaking that sometimes it sounds very emotional but it's just because you use rising and you hear people speaking that sometimes it sounds very emotional but it's just because you use rising and falling tones to change the meaning of the words it's not actually meant to communicate among falling tones to change the meaning of the words it's not actually meant to communicate emotion so we tend to take certain sounds as needing things even notion so we tend to take certain sounds as needing things even though they don't that's what i think content wise russians are for are more they don't necessary but i think content wise russians are far more. comfortable with a good heated argument even the ultra cation then some of our confortable with good heated argument even the ultra cation then some of our british or german friends do

you think the political tensions that russia some tolerate assure german friends do you think the political tensions that russia sometimes. pass with the west may have anything times. past with the west may have anything to do with the fact that rio is simply enjoying a good fight much more than they do you do with the fact that rio simply enjoying a good fight much more than they do. the russians definitely love being direct in that directness can be and are him and. the russians definitely. being direct in that directness can be and argument well yeah and the question is whether that. is well yeah and the question is whether that. argument becomes emotional or personal or whether it's just the joy of the argument. argument becomes emotional or personal or whether it's just the joy of the argument. certainly in an english

speaking context i had to learn for example to start mine certainly in an english speaking context i had to learn for example to start my answers to even simple questions with i think or it might be and i had to learn to answer as to even simple questions with i think or it might be and i had to learn to do that even in math class where to be more indirect to soften it so you have to do that even in math class where to be more indirect to soften it so you have to hedge it so if someone says what is 2 plus 5 it's more polite to hedge it so if someone says what is 2 plus 5 it's more polite to say i think it's. going to say it's 7 just to say it 7 sounds or say i think it's. going to say it's 7 just to say it 7 sounds rude. and that takes a little while to learn that it seemed to me like rude. and that takes a little while to learn and it seemed to me like it's obvious what the answer is

and i don't need to say i think it's 7 it just is 7 it's obvious what the answer is and i don't need to say i think it's 7 it just is 7 in my personal life i have to interact with a lot of muslim people from various cultural in my personal life i have to interact with a lot of muslim people from various cultural backgrounds and they all have these colman denominator of milling so they have very little backgrounds and they all have these colman denominator of milling so they're very non-committal in. trying to arrange them things it always committal him out. when you are trying to arrange them things it always makes it hard to bear that no you can make an exception with the boy and ask her. if indeed casein done it joy and asked her do you thing it's. it's more a cultural denominator or it's. it's more a cultural denominator or is it something the. language superimposes on them

saying the. langridge superimposes and. sometimes those things are flexions of the world that you live in right so if you live in a world that's very predictable sometimes those things are flexions of the world that you live in right so if you live in a world that's very predictable then you could feel comfortable making promises about the future but if you yourself live in the world then you could feel comfortable making promises about the future but if you yourself live in the world that's not predictable and people around you are not reliable in all kinds of events all that that's not predictable and people around you are not reliable and all kinds of events can occur then only a fool would be willing to promise things far in the future can occur then only a fool would be willing to promise things far in the future right so think about. the american context it's possible to write so think about. the american context

it's possible to go and get a loan for your house that it's a 50 year loan now to go and get a loan for your house that it's a 50 year loan now anyone who's willing to give you a 50 year loan believes that the economy will be stable enough anyone who's willing to give you a 50 year loan believes that the economy will be stable enough 50 years that the money that they've run into now will be worth. 50 years that the money that they've won to now will be worth. a mount and there are lots of places in the world that would be an absurd thing to do so how there are lots of places in the world that would be an absurd thing to do so how reliable you yourself can be has to depend on how reliable the world is around reliable yourself can be has to depend on how reliable the world is around you so the use of think often is a reflection of living and so the use of inshallah i think often is

a reflection of living in the world that isn't stable itself it's very interesting i heard you say once a world that isn't stable it's. well it's very interesting i heard you say once western cultures have a stronger buy for progress. western cultures have a stronger by for progress that's partially a function of how they conceptualize time time not that's partially a function of how they conceptualize time time not only of moving but moving in a positive direction only of moving but moving in a positive direction do you think this may be something that contributes to how they get do you think this may be something that contributes to how they engage with the rest of the world being more certain of being perhaps more expansion is each with the rest of the world being more certain of being perhaps more expansion

is both linguistically it we talked about english being so widespread but bowl also another to make both english to quit we talked about english being so widespread but bowl also another demain sic anomic political etc it's definitely normal in english to think that you are at the age that can all make political etc it's definitely normal in english to think that you're the agent in your life and that the way that anything is going to happen is that you have to make a agent in your life and that the way that anything is going to happen is that you have to make it happen and and that's your role is to try to make things happen and to make changes happen and and that's your role is to try to make things happen and to make change and to make progress and that's often how we define what is good is how much to make progress and that's often how we define what is good is how much change and progress has been made as opposed to for example how much things have stayed the same or how engine progress has been made as opposed to for example how much things have stayed the same or how relatively calm things have been or how

much you personally relative. really calm things have been for how much you preserved. so that is a set of cultural norms and reflected that or. so that is a set of cultural norms and it's reflected in some structure in the language it's definitely the way that we have been defining some structure in the language it's definitely the way that we have been defining good. in cultural. time good and in cultural. the time for for quite a while in the west i also heard you say that for for quite a while in the west i also heard you say that. you wanted your new acquaintances of your russian heritage fairly early you wanted your new acquaintances of your russian heritage fairly early in your conversation otherwise they would be

suspicious has it always been believed in your conversation otherwise they would be suspicious has it always been the case or is it a relatively new phenomenon for your following 2016 election the case or is it a relatively new phenomenon for your following 2016 elections and russia gave gumbo now it's a it's a long standing thing the way i see the russia gave gumbo now it's a it's a long standing thing the way i speak english now it sounds like an american english speaker to most people i have a slight i think english now it sounds like an american english speaker to most people i have a slight accent that most people don't hear it. and so if someone has met me and said that most people don't hear it. and so if someone has met me and known me for a couple weeks and they then later learn that i spent the 1st last known me for a couple weeks and they then later learn that i spent the 1st 12 years living in

the soviet union they feel like they're some of here is living and in the soviet union they feel like they're something like secret who are strange about me it's almost like i'm putting on an american thing like secret who are strange about me it's almost like i'm putting on an american accent even though this is really the only way i know how to speak english i don't have another an accent even though this is really the only way i know how to speak english i don't have another way of doing it do you think that filling the suspicion that was there if they were doing it do you think that filling that suspicion that was there. even before the 2016 election got up with 5 following before the 2016 election got up with by following. the election of donald trump. i don't feel that definitely russia is more on the minds of the election of the long term. i don't feel that definitely

russia has more on the minds of people now than it was before that and by. i think it's more people now than it was before that and by. i think it's more that people very strongly associate the way that you use language or that people very strongly associate the way that you use language with your identity so you expect very quickly it can make with your identity so you expect very quickly it can make lots and lots of decisions social decisions about someone by the way that they talk and so weak spots in lots of decision social decisions about someone by the way that they talk and so we expect to be able to tell lots and lots of things about people in their identity by listening to them talk to be able to tell lots and lots of things about people and their identity by listening to them talk and so it's shocking when the language that someone is speaking mock and so it's shocking when

the language that someone is speaking in the way they're using language that somehow seems at discontinuity with their and the way they're using language that somehow seems at discontinuity with their identity then you feel like well what else is this person hiding how can they sounds dennet and you feel like well what else is this person hiding how can they sound so i frantically american when in fact it's a lie now since you mentioned sophistic so i frantically american when in fact it's a lie now since you mentioned sophisticated kettler let me ask your question about donald trump as the linguistic phenomenon because. they were let me ask your question about donald trump as the linguistic phenomenon. because. many people would argue the work every layer is some what. many people would argue the work everywhere is somewhat simple even primitive i know a lot of english learners who feel proud of them all even primitive i know a lot of english learners who feel proud of the all progress when they hear it's

the american presence of the us that's kind of the all progress when they hear it's the american presence of the us that kind of the matter of speech has proved very effective with his own up matter of speech has proved very effective with his own base how do you explain that perhaps the alec one as a base how do you explain that perhaps the alec once as a prerequisite for american politicians have been overrated well i think differently requisite for american politicians have been overrated well i think different politicians appeal to different groups of people right so they eloquent politicians appeal to a different from politicians appeal to different groups of people right so they eloquent politicians appeal to a different segment of the populace really i mean he didn't face that ignorant of the popular really i mean he didn't face the strong over competition the part of

the population that was very excited for example for the eloquent strong over competition the part of the population that was very excited for example for the eloquence of iraq obama are not the same people that are excited for the ineloquent some donald trump for rock obama are not the same people that are excited for the ineloquent some donald trump right those are probably 2 separate groups of people some different different people and different things those are probably 2 separate groups of people some different different people and different things but. he he's a master of but. he he's a master of using very simple emotionally loaded language that is using very simple emotionally loaded language that is that creates very quick sound bites for people to hold on to and he's also a map that creates very quick sound bites for people to hold on to and he's also

a master of possible deniability where he can say something and claim to both mr possible deniability where he can say something and claim to both mean it and not mean it at the same time so he can say we're going to build a wall and he in it and not mean it at the same time so he can say we're going to build a wall and he could say well it's a metaphorical wall and really i'm just talking about border security but the next breath could say well it's a metaphorical wall and really i'm just talking about border security but the next breath he'll say it'll be made of cement and it will be 30 feet tall and it'll have do you think he's delusional say it'll be made of cement and it will be 30 feet tall and it'll have do you think he's deliberate that you're causing hume of this linguistic manipulations or do you think that's just a human or being a bridge that you're accusing him of these linguistic manipulations or do you think that's just the human or being very articulate i think we expect different things from very articulate i think we expect different things from different speakers and

he has created a persona where he's allowed a lot more and different speakers and he has created a persona where he's allowed a lot more than lots of other people so if your identity as a speaker is that you are you have 100 are there lots of other people so if your identity as a speaker is that you are you have 100 percent for acidy that you're in or you're very technical or you're going to be correct in the details percent for acidy that you're in or you're very technical or you're going to be correct in the details then when you make a little mistakes people are going to hold you to that standard that you set for yourself then when you make a little mistake. people are going to hold you to that standard that you set for yourself but that's not the standard that he set for himself and so he has asked us to engage with him but that's not the standard that he set for himself and so he has asked us to engage with him as this much more loose speaker and so that gives him an incredible latitude as this much more loose speaker and so that gives him an

incredible latitude to say things that he then can claim he both meant and didn't mean and i think he's not alone i think of him to say things that he then can claim he both meant and didn't mean and i think he's not alone i think of it that may go beyond some because there was an interesting study by grammar only recently which found that the use of that may go beyond some because there was an interesting study by grammar only recently which found that the use of the last complex language correlated with higher poll numbers the last complex language correlated with higher poll numbers at least for the republicans and i think that's a very interesting phenomenon because we're kind of used to police for the republicans and i think that's a very interesting phenomenon because we're kind of used to politicians trying to appear smarter than they are but. for the politicians trying to appear smarter than they are but. for the politicians to appear. linguistically sophisticated than they are in them putting it in a period. linguistically sophisticated than they are and then putting it in terms

is pretty unusual do you think that's a big challenge to grams is pretty unusual do you think that's a big challenge to get dumber than you are in reality i mean you can use simple language dumber than you are in reality and you can use simple language and say really smart things it's a simple language the idea i think is to say that it's a really smart thing it's a simple language the idea i think is to say things that people can understand and importantly will remember most people who are thinking about puns that people can understand. and importantly will remember most people who are thinking about politics aren't thinking about it most of the day they're thinking about their life and things they need to do politics aren't thinking about it most of the day they're thinking about their life and things they need to do to feed their families and do their job and all that and so those little sound bites that they get to feed their families and do their job and all that and so those little sound bites that

they get have to be both understandable and that we're all and so whichever way you can it just have to be both understandable and that we're all and so whichever way you can achieve that that easy there are such simple people and language and visited language or language which that really really connects with people's lives in whatever way i think that's going to be affected. with people's lives in whatever way i think that's going to be affected. finally a lot of people are blaming twitter on both the success of trump finally a lot of people are blaming twitter on both the success of trump and the emergence of this hashtag culture when you are under obligation to compress very the emergence of this hashtag culture when you are under obligation to compress very complex ideas into a couple of if you characterize them that. not only complex ideas into a couple of if you characterize them that. not only stimulus here to be more

eloquent but i think it also develops a certain appetite i used to have here to be more eloquent but i think it also develops a certain appetite among the public for very simplistic processing of ideas are you among the public for very simplistic processing of ideas are you concerned about that or is it a natural phenomenon. i think concerned about that or is it a natural phenomenon. well i think it's wonderful that lots of people are participating in the public square and are able to it's wonderful that lots of people are pretty. dissipating in the public square and are able to state their opinions and participate in. the conversation and state their opinions and participate in. in the conversation i think it does change very much the nature of the conversation when it is so i think it does change very much the nature of the conversation when it is so abbreviated and so decontextualized where you don't know

who you're talking to you don't know abbreviated and so decontextualized where you don't know who you're talking to you don't know where they're coming from also the engine in the a lot of the interactions where they're coming from also the engine emitting a lot of the interactions leaves a lot of room for aggression aggressive behavior that you know you feel like it's a lot of room for aggression aggressive behavior that you know you feel like if you can act like a jerk because people won't know who you are and that they won't punish you so i think you can act like a jerk because people won't know who you are and that they won't punish you so i think they're both pluses and minuses with any platform with any technology it's a matter of how we get there are both pluses and minuses with any platform with any technology it's a matter of how we use it because somebody it's been a great pleasure talking to you thank you very much for thinking so much for having to use it professor bird it's been a great pleasure talking to you thank you very much for you so much for having me

encourage our viewers to keep this conversation going in our social media pages and hope to encourage our viewers to keep this conversation going in our social media pages and hope to see you again same place same time here in the wilds of part of. syria same place same time here in the wilds a part of. and

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it's rational. desire for a lot of needless. desire for a lot of needy thief. thief. zimmer yeah full body of. them. is full. of them. watch an indignant. phone watch an indignity your.

fortune for the outnumbered a lot about your good. fortune for the outnumbered a lot about this morning after so much financially. more than enough to spend naturally. today there are good. today there are good terrorists and bad at it it's the bad news in yemen this would be enough and mad at us the bad news in yemen the united states deems to be

a threat the good to those who are in syria decide to stay as deems to be a threat the looked at those who are in syria the cia and the us military were engaged in covert actions really throughout the world and cia and the us military were engaged in covert actions really throughout the world. where they were assassinating populist leaders they were backing up right where they were assassinating populist leaders they were backing up the right way military juntas funding an army just was there's no way military juntas funding an army just was. there's no phones anymore because there's always a small. or really good this anymore because there's always a small. or a really good this one for profit. and for profit.

he died like a dog he died like. he died like a dog he died like you coward and the stories that shape this week. revels you coward and the stories that shape this week. revels in the clearing the death of the leader in syria we come pair their raid against doesn't the. leader in syria we compare their raid against. obama and the. only. thing they. break that gets delayed again the british prime minister finally gets his way it gets delayed again the prime minister finally gets his way for

a general election which for most will be seen as another referendum on leaving for a general election which for most will be seen as another referendum on leaving the . american journalist the. american journalist claims political persecution after his arrest for on the ledge the assault he tells political persecution after his arrest for on the ledge the assault. paid for reporting. it's paid for reporting venice.