from language to a statistic like that because there are so many other factors that also will play and so we would have to do a very careful study trying to a lot is that even possible do you think you can design a study like to prove that connection the reason it would be hard to do in the real world is big if we're going country by country there aren't actually that many countries in the world and so you very quickly run out of statistical power that's a technical answer to your question but you could do expect some smaller scale experiments where you ask people to make judgements about. blame and punishment when they're speaking one language or another or when they've been exposed to more attentive language or less attentive language and see if they make different judgments we use the example of justin timberlake and janet jackson having a wardrobe malfunction at the super bowl if we say timberlake rips the costume. people are much more likely to blame timberlake and they also want to charge him 53

percent more in fines than if we say the costume ripped even though they're watching the same video now you mention. language to universally distribute certain practices in english clearly is the lingo all. times. do we end this the are there any indications of why it has been able to gain such a status isn't because it's relatively easy to learn compared to other languages are other perhaps alba cracked or contributing to that probably economic factors are the most important where english speaking countries are driving a lot of economic growth and a lot of innovation that spreads to the rest of the world a lot of places want to then speak english so they can participate in the trade or participate in the tourist industry whatever whatever it is that makes sense for them but you know lots of other languages have held sway at other times. when

we look at a particular historic moment and say oh english has taken over soon everyone in which i speak english the amount of time that english has been dominant is actually a very tiny portion of historical time compared to say the greek empire or the roman empire obviously of all other languages english comes with its own cultural baggage and i wonder as a both escolar speaker of english is there anything in it. you either don't like or perhaps find to imposing. well you know in any language. there are going to be some things that are required and then they're going to be some things that are optional and. for example right now there is a big debate in english a badge interpreting our right so. 3rd person singular pronouns he and she shared gendered and some people are arguing that we shouldn't have or. we

should introduce neutral pronouns or use that singular they. i think that a nice design for a language in that situation would be to make gender optional so that you can mark it when it's necessary or relevant and not mark it when it's not relevant so it would be interesting to see what english would look like if you could get rid of gender marking on 3rd person printer it's the same way that english already does it mark gender on 1st person pronouns like i and we or 2nd person like you to do the same thing for a 3rd person pronouns but that make it optional to be able to market when you want this is actually a very interesting subject because. there are a lot of efforts of the we policing the language that english language their political correctness but actually law just lading it for example in canada there where there was a controversy a few years ago about monday being so why do you think gender.

controversial category for english speaking world because arguably this is you know a part of the world where gender equality is at its highest. well i think one reason is that we tend to believe that the structures of our language reflect reality and so if in your language there are 2 categories he and she male and female most people then believe that those are the 2 relevant categories and everyone should be divided into those. but if people come around and say hey i don't feel like i fit into either category or i want to be some other category that creates a lot of conflict interpersonal conflict in the moment social conflict and if the issue is simply linguistic preference that's a very simple thing to fix you just have it a neutral neutral way to what you say it's a simple thing to fix and yes i heard you say that pronounced close close words are particular difficulties super imposed we also i think similar cases within the one

they're trying to introduce the the neutral pronoun. so in the swedish case that they introduce 10 as this singular 3rd person it's neither male or female and there actually were some recent studies showing that if you remind people of the use of pen in makes it easier for them to imagine people who are not men in positions of power so for example if you give them a neutral story like this person is considering running for public office government office tell me more about this person the likelihood that they'll imagine a woman goes up if they've heard the use of the word hen recently so it's said jess that that kind of study suggests that introducing a neutral option kind of opens people opens people up to think about things that are beyond what we can is not exactly a country where women cannot progress the career in that letter i mean in terms of the. representative most of women the positions i think it's pretty good when

i was a matter of degree i mean even in really good situations one can still do that i mean that leads me to kind of wonder if english is increasingly becoming a vehicle for progressive politics because when i was studying it and i was studying it as an adult than ever studying it together with turkish with turkish you just learn a cabbie lariam grammar but the thing which you have to learn a lot of political concepts like gender equality sexism male hierarchy or or a male dominance whatever i mean all those ideas that i near and dear to you the american left is not necessarily universal is it even possible these days to separate english as a language of international communication from english the language of the american political worldview you know languages are living things were there always changing to reflect the needs of the people who are crafting them and so when you're in the

middle of one of those changes it always feels uncomfortable because it's a negotiation and one group of people may be pushing for one thing in the group of people are pushing for another thing but english hasn't been english in its current form for a very long so it's the most normal thing in fact in the history of any language that it should change and should continue to change in english english has been very very dynamic and so. i hope that as any living object it continues to reflect the values that people want and things that stick around in the language and the things that people find useful but then those can still continue to change and so if a change in pronouns happens now and then in 200 years people decide actually won a different set of pronouns all together there are some new set of things we discover and decide about types of humans you can build those into but it's one thing when it happens naturally as a. better than with evolution and it's another thing when you try to mandate it's

the law actually i'm going to solve it history in the early history we have some examples of that and it wasn't very effective do you general believe in forcing thoughtful change through when you peel a thing or mandating changes in the language. i think it's extremely unlikely that a change would stick on less people the people who actually use the language find it useful or helpful right so lots of things can be mandated but they don't actually get used everyday life and history is full of examples like that where there are some change that's forced from on high some decision that's made and it just doesn't stick and it doesn't actually get used by people in real conversation or people if you do use it it's all into a fun of it only ironically right and so the things that will actually stick around language ultimately are things that people filed and useful for communicating things that they want to communicate to professor brady is going to have to take a very short break now but we will be back in just

a few moments stay tuned. during the great depression which you must remember it was. looking good there wasn't it was bad you know much worse subjectively today but there was an expectation that things were going to get better. there was a real sense of. there isn't a day to do you see america where shade my the turn principles of concentration of wealth and power. reduced democracy attack solo duo engineer election manufacture consent and other principles according to no on. one. that's what happened when you put

her into the. roof we'll switch is dedicated to improving our virtual. one of the most influential intellectuals of our time speaks about the modern civilization of america. we were told there was no such thing as the deep state now we're told to adore it also arms control is dying we should all be worried and concerned and why samantha power is a hypocrite. thousands of american men and women choose to serve in the country's military and the decision lotos sheltered lives every song came to a complete. the day that i was raped. you know told to shut up what they'd

kill me and i see how it destroyed well on any screamed at me and he made me come in and he grabbed my arm and he write me with his birthing area if you take into account that women don't report because of the extreme retaliation and it's probably somewhere near about half a 1000000 women have now been sexually assaulted in the us military rape is a very very traumatizing have happened but i've never seen trauma like i've seen women who are veterans who have suffered military sexual trauma reporting rape is more likely to get the victim punished than the offender and almost 10 year career or chose very invested in and i gave a sex offender who was not even put to justice or put on the registry this is simply an hour in violence male sexual predators for the large part of target whoever is there to prey upon whether that's a man or woman. welcome

back to worlds apart with a lot of what i did ski associate professor of called media science at the university of california san diego professor byrd this guy know that you're very passionate advocate of linguistic and cultural diversity as well as multilingual is mezzeh way all experiencing it live. to bouts of your ability how many languages were enough for you personally to maybe got transition from what you call and i release them to a relative to one that's where the definitely made that transition and i think it's very hard to it's hard to get away from name frail isn't a group speaking russian is my native language and then i had to learn english from my family immigrated to the us and i speak some terrible french and some very poor indonesian and little bits and pieces you are a very humble person as well well into the indonesians because they're very kind to

so they say they say that my intonation and that's good but french speakers are less kind so. i'm speaking about your russian i heard you say during one talk. when your family moved to the united states you refused to speak russian for one year because you want to dust for it the 2 fit in. did you have a chance to overcome the teenage rebellion and did you have a chance to appreciate or sort of. russian again you grew older i definitely learned to appreciate speaking russian later in life certainly when a immigrated i felt like i wanted to be like an american and in a way. it was important for myself identity to be able to communicate fluidly or even just to be able to make a joke to it feels. when you're in a new place where you can't express yourself it feels like you're trapped inside

your head that there is like a person in there and no one can see that person and so the it the idea of being able to express myself through that was very important. but then once i felt like i can do that i appreciated the whole while having their rich their rich fresh language and all of those references available to me for sure to a 14 year the russian like rich may sound very harsh are once heard actress mila kunis say that when she has a conversation with her dad over the phone her american friends think that they're fighting even though they may be exchanging pleasantries or speaking to each other very nicely and. i think spanish maybe talian maybe have the same impression is it clear why certain languages tend to appear mole emotive than others. while some languages sound harsher because they have a lot of fricative consonants like if you have a lot of sounds in your language people tend to associate that with harshness and

some language just sounds very emotional because they use tone as part of the word meaning so for example mandarin or cantonese if you hear people speaking that sometimes it sounds very emotional but it's just because you use rising and falling tones to change the meaning of the words it's not actually meant to communicate emotion so we tend to take certain sounds as meaning things even though they don't that's what i think content wise russians are far more. comfortable with a good heated argument even the altercation than some of our british or german friends do you think the political tension that russia sometimes. passive with the west may have anything to do with the fact that rio is simply enjoying a good fight much more than they do. the russians definitely. being direct in that directness can be and argument as well yeah and the question is whether that.

argument becomes emotional or personal or whether it's just the joy of the argument . certainly in an english speaking context i had to learn for example to start my answer is to even simple questions with i think or it might be and i had to learn to do that even in math class where to be more indirect to soften it so you have to hedge it so if someone says what is 2 plus 5 it's more polite to say i think it said. then to say it's 7 is just to say it 7 sounds rude. and that takes a little while to learn that it seemed to me like it's not the obvious what the answer is and i don't need to say i think it's 7 it just is 7 in my personal life i have to interact with a lot of muslim people from various cultural backgrounds and they all have this common denominator of inshallah logwood willing so they are very non-committal in. trying to arrange them things it always makes it hard to bear that the drawer and

outs are do you think it's. more a cultural denominator or is it something. langridge superimposes on them sometimes those things are flexions of the world that you live in right so if you live in a world that's very predictable then you could feel comfortable making promises about the future but if you yourself live in the world that's not predictable and people around you are not reliable and all kinds of events can occur then only a fool would be willing to promise things far in the future right so think about. the american context it's possible to go and get a loan for your house that it's a 50 year loan now anyone who's willing to give you a 50 year loan believes that the economy will be stable enough in the 50 years that the money that they've loaned you now will be worth a reasonable amount and there are lots of places in the world that would be an absurd thing to do so how reliable you yourself can be has to depend on how

reliable the world is around you and so the use of and shall i think often is a reflection of living in a world that isn't stable itself it's very interesting i heard you say once the western cultures have a stronger buy for progress that's partially a function of how they conceptualize time time not only of moving but moving in a positive direction do you think this may be something that contributes to how they engage with the rest of the world being more certain of being perhaps more expansion is both linguistically we talked about english being so widespread but bowl also another demain that can all make political etc it's definitely normal in english to think that you're the agent in your life and that the way that anything is going to happen is that you have to make it happen and and that's your role is to try to make things happen and to make change and to make progress and that's

often how we define what is good is how much change and progress has been made as opposed to for example how much things have stayed the same or how relative. really calm things have been for how much you preserved. so that is a set of cultural norms and it's reflected in some structure in the language it's definitely the way that we have been defining good. in cultural. time for for quite a while in the west i also heard you say that. you wanted your new acquaintances of your russian heritage fairly early in your conversation otherwise they would be suspicious has it always been the case or is it a relatively new phenomenon for your following 2016 elections and russia gave gumbo you know it's it's a long standing thing the way i speak english now it sounds like an american english speaker to most people have a slight accent but most people don't hear it. and so if someone has met me and

known me for a couple weeks and they then later learn that i spent the 1st 12 years living in the soviet union they feel like they're something like secretive or strange about me it's almost like i'm putting on an american accent even though this is really the only way i know how to speak english i don't have another way of doing it do you think that filling the suspicion that was there even before the 2016 election got with by following. the election of donald trump. i don't feel that definitely russia has more on the minds of people now than it was before that and. i think it's more that people very strongly associate the way that you use language with your identity so you expect you very quickly can make lots and lots of decisions social decisions about someone by the way that they talk and so we expect to be able to tell lots and lots of things about people in their identity by listening to

them talk and so it's shocking when the language that someone is speaking in the way they're using language that somehow seems at discontinuity with their identity and then you feel like well what else is this person hiding how can they sound so i frantically american when in fact it's a lie now since you mention sophisticated vocabulary let me ask you a question about donald trump as the linguistic phenomenon. because. many people would argue the work everywhere is somewhat simple even primitive i know a lot of english learners who feel proud of the all progress when they hear to the american present that the that kind of the matter of speech has proved very effective with with his own base how do you explain that perhaps the alec ones as a prerequisite for american politicians have been overrated well i think different politicians appeal to different groups of people so the eloquent politicians appeal

to a different segment of the populace really i mean he didn't face the strong overt competition the part of the population that was very excited for example for the eloquence of barack obama are not the same people that are excited for the in the eloquence of donald trump right those are probably 2 separate groups of people so different different people and different things but. he he's a master of using very simple emotionally loaded language that is creates very quick sound bites for people to hold onto and he's also a master was above deniability where we can say something and claim to both mean it and not mean it at the same time so he can say we're going to build a wall and he could say well it's a metaphorical wall and really i'm just talking about border security but the next press will say it'll be made of cement and it'll be 30 feet tall and it'll have do you think he's deliberately you're teasing him of these linguistic manipulations

and do you think that's just the humor not being very articulate i think we expect different things from different speakers and he has created a persona where he's allowed a lot more than lots of other people so if your identity as a speaker is that you are you have 100 percent for acidy that your or your very technical or you're going to be correct in the details then when you make little mistakes people are going to hold you to that standard that you say. for yourself but that's not the standard that he set for himself and so he has asked us to engage with him as this much more loose speaker and so that gives him an incredible latitude to say things that he then can claim he both meant and didn't mean and i think he's not alone and i think that may go beyond some because there was an interesting study by grammar only recently which found the the use of the last complex language correlated with higher poll numbers at least for the republicans and i think that's a very interesting phenomenon because we're kind of used to politicians trying to appear smarter than they are but. for the politicians to appear less linguistically

sophisticated than they are in them putting it in terms is pretty unusual do you think that's a big challenge to look dumb or that you are in reality i mean you can use simple language and say really smart things it's a simple language the idea i think is to say things that people can understand and importantly will remember most people who are thinking about politics aren't thinking about it most of the day they're thinking about their life and the things they need to do to feed their families and do their job and all that and so those little sound bites that they get have to be both understandable and never will and so whichever way you can achieve that either through simple language or invented language or language that really connects with people's lives in whatever way i think that's going to be affected. finally a lot of people are blaming twitter on both the success of trump and the emergence of this hashtag culture when you are on the obligation to compress very complex

ideas into a couple of if you characters and that. not only steam with your to be more eloquent but i think it also develops a certain appetite among the public for very simplistic processing of ideas are you concerned about that or is that a natural phenomenon. but i think it's wonderful that lots of people are participating in the public square and are able to. to state their opinions and participate in. the conversation i think it does change very much the nature of the conversation when it is so everybody hated and so decontextualized where you don't know who you're talking to you don't know where they're coming from and also the end emitting a lot of the interactions leaves a lot of room for aggression aggressive behavior that you know you feel like you can act like an shark because people won't know who you are and they were they won't punish you so i think they're both pluses and minuses with any platform of

any technology it's a matter of how we use it professor but it's been great pleasure talking to you thank you very much for thank you so much for having me encourage our viewers to keep this conversation going in our social media pages and hope to see same place same time here in a while it's a part of. the

union so. it's. a. result of the. my piece on the zimmer. is a small fortune in the begin to. fortune for the automobile out of both this morning and.

you mentioned 635 and you have a career and career involves using your i phone in your computer it seems that the being in an office. perhaps you sort of getting is going to circulate for t.v. you could have to stop doing all of this i mean this is how you lose the minutes must be from my world became smaller and smaller and smaller until i ended up winning it and the box. around it a very strong magnetic field on the field in my head. it's like a real hard shirt my skin burned and that wireless access point here is just continues on saying with our students in the schools. we are just continually baking our citizens in this microwave radiation it is certainly electoral small and it's getting worse.

the people who are printing the money don't rely on taxes to get wealthy they're not part of a real economy that's a that's the same thing as saying the rulers of saudi arabia rely on the wages of the people living in saudi arabia to get rich they they don't they just print more or pump more oil in the america the princes that run our economy just print more money they don't need the workers they don't need their taxes. that's why they don't have wage growth there's. because there are needed. as middlemen to do. it we. will. move to look around the home look at a few. people. died

like a dog he died like a coward in the stories and shave to the we've done a trump announces of the death of the islamic state leader in syria we compare the raid against baghdad to the operation that killed bin ladin. reg's it is delayed yet again and the u.k. is heading for an early general election widely seen as another referendum on leaving the e.u. . an american journalist claims a political persecution after his arrest for an alleged assault blumenthal tells the party he is being targeted for reporting on venezuelan opposition via. we have been at the forefront of exposing the us against venezuela.