and international affairs at princeton university as well as author and editor of a number of books including when the wall came down reactions to german unification and in cork we cross to geoffrey roberts he is emeritus professor of history at university college cork and a member of the royal irish academy all right gentlemen cross-like rules in effect that means you can jump in anytime you want and i always appreciated let me go to john in paris for 30 it's been 30 years now believe it or not because i remember it so vividly when it happened a few months before i had been living in poland for a number of years and an avid student of eastern european communist affairs at the time john 30 years on what is its meaning because i look at cursory reviews of you know that and commenting on it it is the people's power the rise of the spring of nations in eastern europe but that's a kind of a narrative that is very western i suppose but i lived there it was it i don't have that same kind of feel for it ok though having said that i'm very glad those

communist regimes are gone and the wall go ahead john. you know well like you peter i lived through those events very directly like you i was studying eastern european studies at oxford at that point i spent that summer in 1909 in romania and hungry and indeed in september 89 i was in west berlin and was there when the 1st east berlin is arrived in west berlin having driven through czechoslovakia hungry austria and the whole of germany so i have a very strong memory of it as well i would make 2 points the 1st is that none of it would have happened without gorbachev decision to pull the rug on the eastern european communist regimes that was decision he took in june and which he announced to the german chancellor helmut kohl at the time and all the events that we remember now the jangling of keys in wenceslas square in prague the torch is the candlelight the songs and so on all that was nothing but operetta it was political operetta it was froth. on the on the on the tidal wave of history but it was not

the cause of the tidal wave of history the cause i'm afraid was much more basic and much more realistic it was the decision as i say of the soviet union no longer to support. those regimes and once the support of moscow had been withdrawn they collapsed so it was not the triumph of people in the streets of berlin the whatever it was instead of the jew political decision taken by moscow which had the inevitable consequences that we know about ok like you i had lighted on his and fell yeah ok i did so i did notice that harold was disagreeing with you go ahead harold in washington you know i really do think it has much deeper roots it has roots that go back into the 1950 s. and 1960 s. but for me that really transformational story was the papacy of john paul the 2nd and the mobilization you saw of the demonstration of millions of pows yet.

people really united against the against the regime and from that moment on the regime lacked any legitimacy in addition to the systematic economic failure and it's not that gorbachev is dealing with stuff that gorbachev has to respond to but the basic sentiment is there in the streets of was or it's there in the streets of prague it's very very clear i think i'm ok i think it's completely wrong i think that as well here or operator ok but harold i agree i spent a lot of time in poland and one thing on jan on hang on one thing is that i would tend to agree that maybe kind of split the difference with john here is that i think i know that there was a lot of people were disgruntled with the political and economic system they had in poland many were that is true ok but with the purpose the of john paul the 2nd united people and what they didn't like it wasn't where they wanted to go that was very unclear that there wasn't even a glimmer in anyones. where they should go they just didn't know what they did they

didn't know what they didn't like jeff uncorked jumpin a lot well i would be a lot of different set of data and again. thank you we've got to go we had a time delay go ahead jack i like to maybe maybe yes go ahead well i agree to agree to a certain extent with both john and with highroad yes i agree i agree with joe on that goal which i hope was a k. factor 98 on when the goal which of there's no there's not people's revolution in 1009 in the center of i don't agree with you on that goal which will pull the rug from under the east coast european congress route regimes or at least that was the intention ghost of the intention was to save the comic book to save communism to revitalize it and what he was trying to do was to encourage the stripping congress leaders to actually to do the necessary reforms on the other hand it's not just about gold which of the dead was a kind of mask and a popular uprising in various countries in eastern europe and that mass uprising

that people's revolution was critical in pushing events in the in a particular direction such that extent i agree. with highroads yes i was 2 factors is to go which is the revolution from above is led by coal which of and is the revolution from below that comes from the street ok and you. had. thanks i mean obviously it's difficult to discuss such big issues in the short term needed for television the reason why i said what i said is that on the 13th of june 1909 gorbachev effectively told helmut kohl that he the soviet union would not oppose german reunification that the communication of that information to coal in the gardens of the federal chancellery says it all because once the soviet union let it be known to west germany that it would not oppose east german rain if occasion then the entire house of cards had only collapse of course they were popular discontent i would never dream of suggesting otherwise and i certainly didn't suggest

otherwise what i would say though to harold james is that those previous expressions of popular discontent including in poland was suppressed by force they were suppressed by force in berlin in 1953 in prague in 1968 in budapest 956 and in poland in 1901 we all know that the decision was taken by gorbachev to stop that policy to abandon the doctrine and once he did that the whole thing unraveled and that seems to me to be the cause of everything harold you want to respond to there go ahead. yes i mean i do think that is right there was a moment we know now when the east german regime was considering using force and they had after all the example of tiananmen square behind them and they were explicitly prohibited from doing by the by the soviet union by gorbachev and so that is indeed important but i do think you really have to think that by that stage

it's really too late there is an enormous amount that's just going on on the street and actually i wanted to disagree a little bit peter with what you said before that there wasn't a plan for what to do in the middle of the 1980 s. and 185 solidarity office in brussels the summit office in brussels. a route to the international monetary fund they want to turn for the reconstruction of programs along the lines proposed by the shrimp boats rovers so the discussion of the reform there's been well documented after $990.00 it was already being discussed well ok well let me very important about harold with all due respect i mean solidarity wasn't a monolithic thing even in the 1980 s. there were a lot of different solidarity's for sure are ok absolutely ok absolutely of course i mean any political party any political movement is a coalition of different things and you know there was a catholic element to it a very very strong effort at an absolutely liberal and i'm into it ok with this

kind of easily dovetail so my question for jeff uncork i mean if given. a mindset in 1909 i think all of us probably at the time thought there would be some kind of reform communism because that's what got to chop was talking about for the soviet union itself and i think that's what really caught all of us every single one of us off guard because you can't have a little bit of this a little bit of bad and it's either one or the other jeff. yeah it was very much that was shot intention was reform congress and also it was the intention that a lot of the activists who were leading these mr mass demonstrations in the g.d.r. in prague and other places that's the way they saw the future as well and it's where a lot of outside observers saw the future now we know what happened that you did there was no reform comes and communism collapsed but because that happened to me to say that it was inevitable at the time there were lots of all kinds of different

possible political futures and so on and i don't accept that you know once you want to resolve the same motion once gorbachev did what he did the only outcome was the outcome of that happened which is a complete collapse and the introduction of this new look at. i don't believe that all of it or all kinds of possibilities that what happened was a matter of political choices lots of different political choices including choices were made by gorbachev by western leaders but you know the people on the ground in central europe as well ok well johnny made but then again the actual existing socialism our going back to graduate school here i mean it was very totalistic it's either one thing or another it's not like how do we you know it's like the further perfecting of communism all that kind of. language which has really make any sense ok and i didn't believe in breaking it through a reformed reforming actual existing socialism was possible if you can't you can't reform it it has to go down. yes i think that's right i think you can be any more

half communist than you can be half pregnant and the subsequent history of the soviet union itself of course showed this because as we know the forces which gorbachev unleashed ended up destroying the soviet the communist party of the soviet union in the soviet union itself so i agree with that i also think that today just as in a comment about russia in the today common to present day russia western common. his focus only on the liberal opposition they never focus on the nationalist opposition or of the communist opposition so they have a totally liberal interpretation of the coming down of the berlin wall the coming down of the berlin wall was of course the physical barrier which divided the german capital and therefore the german nation and so it did have an important national content and the same applied to some extent for the other countries of eastern europe although of course as we know the iron curtain itself came in june john really john crash down to the wall john d.

told me in its hold that thought we're going to go to a short break and after that short break we'll continue our discussion on the fall of the berlin wall stay with. you know world of big. logs and conspiracy it's time. to dig deeper to hit the stories that mainstream media refuses to tell more than ever we need to be smarter we need to stop slamming the door on the shouting past each other it's time for critical thinking it's time to fight for the middle for the troops the time is now we're watching closely watching the hawks. nobody wants to look at the wildfires and say the obvious number one the taxes are

being misused and they're not being adequately distributed to where they are needed on the infrastructure side because there's a government failure number 2 climate change regardless of whether you believe it's happening or not the damage that is going to be applied to your pocketbook that you will pay for climate change whether you believe it or not you know it's still the price is still there. to my hardest to a dash or sticker but if that's. the name of the bin. laden are we keep.

the same country because he must tell a feeling like us tell. us son can one thing my mother 100 neighbors who. saw. him on the hook in the movie the whole thing was a bozo haha funny thing with the quote this is the guy said come see. ya so you don't know many of the young is there. i see so much smoke the soup. is still so not to sing on. me something good.

welcome back to crossfire for all things are considered i'm peter lavelle to remind you we're discussing the fall of the berlin wall 30 years ago. ok john i had to go to a hard break there are you more back and would you like to finish your point go ahead so what i was saying was that the fall of the berlin wall obviously physically symbolized the reunification of germany and the liberation of the nations of central europe but what it really was if you like even more so than the collapse of a physical barrier was the collapse of communism itself as a governing ideology and as i said earlier we know that the collapse of that ideology ended up in golf in the soviet union itself what this collapse allowed

western liberals to do is to do what trotsky originally did back in the in 1920 s. which was to prevent soviet communism as purely an expression of russian imperialism and nothing else and to make an obstruction if you like of the whole communist ideology the whole marxist ideology which they the today's liberals the intellectuals who in the in the cold war in western europe in the united states had supported let's never forget that marxism was extremely alive and well in western universities throughout the entire period of the cold war still with a sort of revisionist leisure demo it's now presented it still is it's now the berlin wall of the collapse of the berlin wall is now presented as nothing but the collapse of a russian empire when in fact it was the collapse of a marxist ideological empire and that to me is the is the most important thing that we must remember i think the critical years later errol do our reflect upon that that's very interesting. i'd like to say i mean i go ahead

i agree. john i agree that it was the collapse of the communist idea and that's absolutely right i remember these discussions in east berlin in 199991 people discuss the 3rd way and whether there were alternatives of of there were a formal tentative and then there was a very powerful line that the 3rd way is just a way into the 3rd world it's a way to backwardness and you had a moderate of yugoslavia which was obviously not soviet style of communism and in some ways it was held up as an example of how you can do reform but yugoslavia failed us miserably as the soviet experiment failed but then it also was i think you have to think of that also historically that this is the result of 945 and so if you think of what happens in poland what happens in hungary what happens in czechoslovakia it's the result of soviet power and the story of communism in poland

or hungary is not simply a nature of movement versus taken over. because of the military presence of the soviet union jeff jeff we have a time delay i'm sorry for that let me let's go to jeff now we have to go to jeff. yes. peter i'm a bit surprised the extent to which he buy into the west a little trump this narrative here i'm not i'm a plus plus i'm not you still there is no no no there's actually a succession of well let me finish my but don't actually see such isn't it's either one thing or the other then you actually can't explain what happened 99 because the reform the impetus for john h. kind from weaving companies missiles. from from from something. you know he talked about you know the end of the communist idea well people said that in relation to china i mean what they will society in 1990 was that china will be next chinese commies muffle was not the case we still have a clue. even showing that don't we we have

a situation where the people are talking about china becoming the most powerful actor in the little so how does that fit in with this kind of like trying to trump the place where they listen and you have to let you come and i think ok i really i would like i would love to add to that just hearing on hang on here i'd love to answer that but i want to hear my guests 1st because i have a bone to pick with you jeff but i'm going to go to harold 1st go ahead. so i mean i think if you think of what to what happened in china of course it's it's a communist party in china but what's happened is a completely different kind of evolution than the evolution of the soviet union and an adoption since the early 1980 s. of market principles. and so the really the creation of a tremendous dynamism that comes from the. liberation of people in the economic sphere so there's a lot of economic freedom obviously on the political side as

a one party state but in in terms of economic dynamism that's where it comes from it doesn't come from old style central planning and in the soviet model ok well let me go to john here and i kind of want to address what jeff had to say here because i hate to take you back to just a good very quick just get here very quickly can i just get it very quickly peter one quick point one quick point yes what i'm trying to get away from here is just kind of what i can essentially it's kind of feel of history what happened was a matter of contingency more than me so all kinds of different outcomes are possible and we can see that not because of the time everyone's saying of strength of the west trying to liberalism democracy would we say that's the case now we are not i am not i say me and i just i am not i didn't put democrat you know what he was i saying history into the year ok let me go to john here and i think it'll answer jabs concerns with my questions now with look at 30 years later in eastern

europe and you have a lot of people in these former communist countries that are not very happy with neo liberalism you can look in poland you can look at hungry you can look elsewhere all through the former eastern bloc i'm directing this question to jaf but i want john chancellor it. jeff i think you're slightly tilting at windmills because certain other peter ryan also the herald defenders of western liberalism or western liberal fairytales now what i was trying to say earlier is that the collapse of the berlin wall is of course a physical event but what it and what it showed was the liberation of east 1st east berlin as east germans eastern europeans are but it was also the liberation of russians and of soviet citizens from the same communist dictatorship which had by then collapsed or was in the process of collapsing and the revisionism that i was referring to in my earlier answer is the revisionism to say that the communist

regime in eastern europe which is how james of course rightly says was imposed through soviet force that that regime was somehow the domination of russians over czechs and germans and poles and so on it was not that it was an ideology minister ideology over all those people equally and so the liberty if it came came just as much to the russians as it did to the east germans and everyone else liberty which like all the party comes with a price and risk that's what liberty is and of course yes not least because of the abuses of western power the abuses of neo liberalism yes of course plenty of people in particular i would say in hungary actually more so than poland i don't know perhaps you know better than i do of course they're disappointed with it but i don't think that those disappointment should cause us to forget the very real tyranny under which people lived both in the soviet union and in eastern europe as a result of marxism i did oh i agree with that heraldry reflected by now because we do have a. major differences apparently on this program go ahead harold yes. i

mean i think if you just look at the results. you do when you look back over the 30 years you can see really substantial increases in well being. objective indicate. life expectancy. but the health of the population life is just simply got better for people in central and eastern europe . dramatic improvement they've got to why direct sr health care. if it's really very very minute ok but harold there's something that's happening i think you should there's something more than economic indicators ok so how would you do explain the rise of populism and nationalism in eastern europe i think it is the region it is a reaction in many ways

a rejection of neo liberalism ok because the communist period put a put into deep freeze a lot of ideas in eastern europe and probably ideas that should have been frozen ok but now with the end of communist rule in eastern europe you're seeing it come up again and and the e.u. and neil liberalism is not answering all those needs. economic indicators isn't enough i mean we live more we need more than just bread ok that was the whole point of the question. were there but people do need a basic. measure of existence and. that was really problematic if you look in the 1980 s. the life expectancy was very low there were more deaths because of cancer more deaths because of heart attacks more deaths because of violence and that all changed in the 1990 s. so it does seem to me to indicate not just the kind of as you ok well. but it doesn't need to really really but it can prove that it doesn't answer my question

though why is there why is there the rise of these populist movements nationalist movements and rejection of the neil liberal model imposed upon them from brussels jeff the u.k. you are a perfect person to answer this one it's absolutely not imposed by brussels. well how will this how but they still will just have to disagree on russell's as it's about. something completely different what the plan is you know how do you think we'll have to disagree on that ok we have to disagree and i'll get jeff jump in but peter to put the plan the plan i would like to make is this is the liberal western capitalism is not just been challenged by nationalists and populists it's also been challenge from the left as well you know there's actually been a revolt point of socialism and socialist thinking and socialist movement yes so we have what with. this idea that we go with 989 the whole communist socialist project and then that was

a history of sullivan and the future was all liberal and couplets in the west and that's turned out not not not to be true in the future is very much open at the moment and you know one of the put the possibilities of science very likely but more realistic and that is you know something some kind of you know you know a revisiting of different forms of socialist such as developing the such as the approaches to the resolution of the economic problem so you know i don't think you know 19 i don't remember well represented the end of so she's ok maybe i'll case that well it's certainly what you made certainly it certainly wasn't the end of history we were as we were told last 30 seconds go to you john go ahead yeah i don't think the sense of national identity was put in the deep freeze under communism in hungary and poland and elsewhere i think on the contrary it was i would say almost reinforced by communism reaction against it that's where that's how the hunger in the polls to 5 and so when the. communist regime disappeared

that's what was left it was such a deep freeze it was probably a fascinating point say almost hell i have run out of time we have ended on a fascinating note from john but we've run out of time many thanks to my guests in paris washington and in court and thanks to our viewers for watching us here are to see you next time and remember. live. play. play. play. play. play

play. play. play live. live. live. play. live. lift.

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