comes 1st but the terms of how the to encapsulate reproduce one another yeah so i think of language as a part of culture language is a really good way to make a part of culture very long term and universally distributed so if i make something like grammatical gender a part of the language well all speakers of that language are going to have to use that structure it's not going to be optional if you're speaking russian you can't just be christian and not use grammatical gender no one's going to recognize you as a real russian speakers and so it becomes something that's then universally distributed through the culture the languages can lose genders can add genders that process is going to have to take a very long time whereas other cultural practices can come and go much more fluidly and may only affect some portions of the motley but how. do you extrapolate from that relationship the fact that english and to some extent russian and both adding to their quick to assign blame or responsibility does it have anything to do with

the curse aeration rates in the united states and the russia being among the world's highest it's really hard to draw a straight line from language to a statistic like that because there are so many other factors that also all play and so we would have to do a very careful study trying to a lot is that even possible do you think you can design a study like this to prove that connection the reason it would be hard to do in the real world is because if we're going country by country there aren't actually that many countries in the world and so you very quickly run out of statistical power that's a technical answer to your question but you could do expect some smaller scale experiments where you ask people to make judgements about. blame and punishment when they're speaking one language or another or when they've been exposed to more intent and language or less attentive language and see if they make different judgments use the example of justin timberlake and janet jackson having a wardrobe off. at the super bowl if we say timberlake rips the costume. people are

much more likely to blame timberlake and they also want to charge him to 53 percent more in fines than if we say the costume ripped even though they're watching the same videos now you mention the ability of language to universally distribute certain practices in english clearly the lingua franca of all of our times. do we end the stand are there any indications or why it has been able to gain such a status isn't because it's relatively easy to learn compared to other languages or other perhaps other factors contributing to that. probably economic factors are the most important where english speaking countries are driving a lot of economic growth and a lot of innovation that spreads to the rest of the world a lot of places want to then speak english so they can participate in the trade or participate in the tourist industry whatever whatever it is that makes sense for

them but you know lots of other languages have held sway at other times so often we look at a particular historic moment and say oh english has taken over soon every religious speak english the amount of time that english has been dominant has actually had very tiny portion of historical time compared to say the greek empire or the roman empire obviously of all other languages english comes with its own cultural baggage and i wonder as a both a scholar and a speaker of english is there anything in it. you either don't like or perhaps find to be imposing. well you know in any language. they're going to be some things that are required and then they're going to be some things that are optional and. for example right now there's a big debate in english a badge entered pronouns right so. 3rd person. singular pronouns he and she in

english are gendered and some people are arguing that we shouldn't have or. we should introduce neutral pronouns or use that singular they. i think a nice design for a language in that situation to make gender optional so that you can mark it when it's necessary or relevant and not mark it when it's not relevant so it would be interesting to see what english would look like if you could get rid of gender marking on 3rd person printer it's the same way that english already does a mark gender on 1st person pronouns like i and we or 2nd person like you to do the same thing for a 3rd person pronouns but that make it optional to be able to market when you really want this is actually very interesting subject because. there are a lot of efforts of the we policing the language that you wish language their political correctness but actually law just waiting it for example in canada there

were there was a cup controversy a few years ago about monday being certain pronouns why do you think genders such controversial category for english speaking world because arguably this is you know a part of the world where gender equality is at its highest. well i think one reason is that we tend to believe that the structures of our language reflect reality and so if in your language there are 2 categories he and she male and female most people then believe that those are the 2 relevant categories and everyone should be divided into those. but if people come around and say hey i don't feel like i fit into either category i want to be some other category that creates a lot of conflict interpersonal conflict in the moment social conflict and if the issue is simply linguistic preference that's a very simple thing to fix you just have it a neutral neutral way to what you say it's. a simple thing to fix and yet i heard

you say that close close class words are particular difficulty is super imposed the we also i think how the similar cases within the one they're trying to introduce the the neutral pronoun. so in the swedish case that they introduce 10 as this singular 3rd person present it's neither male or female and there actually were some recent studies showing that if you remind people of the use of pen in makes it easier for them to imagine people who are not men in positions of power so for example if you give them a neutral story like this person is considering running for public office government office tell me more about this person the likelihood that they'll imagine a woman goes up if they've heard the use of the word hen recently so it's said jess that that kind of study suggests that introducing a neutral option kind of opens people opens people up to think about things that

are beyond what we can is not exactly a country where women cannot progress our big career in that letter i mean in terms of again their representative most of women in higher positions i think it's pretty good when i was a matter of degree i mean even in really good situations one can still do that i mean that leads me to kind of wonder if english is increasingly becoming a vehicle for progressive politics because when i was studying it and i was studying it as an adult than ever studying it together with turkish with turkish you just learn you know. grammar but the thing which you have to learn a lot of political concepts like gender equality sexism male hierarchy or or a male dominance whatever i mean all those ideas that i knew your endeared to you the american left his brother not necessarily universal is it even possible because they to separate english as a language of an. national communication from english the language of the american

political worldview you know languages are living things were they're always changing to reflect the needs of the people who are crafting them and so when you're in the middle of one of those changes it always feels uncomfortable because it's a negotiation and one group of people maybe pushing for one thing in the group of people are pushing for another thing but english hasn't been english in its current form for a very long so it's the most normal thing in fact in the history of any language that it should change and should continue to change in english english has been very very dynamic and so. i hope that as a new living object it continues to reflect the values that people want the things that stick around in the language and the things that people find useful but then those can still continue to change and so if a change in pronouns happens now and then in 200 years people decide actually won a different set of pronouns all together there are some new set of things we

discover and decide about types of humans you can build those into but it's one thing when it happens naturally as a matter of when with the evolution and it's another thing when you try to mandate it through a law actually i mean in this obvious history in the early soviet history we have some examples of that and it wasn't very effective do you general believe in forcing thoughtful change through manipulating or mandating changes in the language . i think it's extremely unlikely that a change would stick on less people the people who actually use the language find it useful or helpful right so lots of things can be mandated but they don't actually get used in everyday life and history is full of examples like that where there's some change that's forced from on high some decision that's made and it just doesn't stick and it doesn't actually get used by people in real conversation or people if people do use it it's only to make fun of it only ironically right and so the things that will actually. stick around. things that people. are

communicating. to professor berry this guy we have to take a very short break now but we will be back in just a few moments stay tuned. thousands of american men and women choose to serve in the country's military and the decision. every song came to a complete. the day that i was right to be instructed you know told to shut up they'd kill me and i see how it destroyed my life any screamed at me and he made me come in and he grabbed my arm and he write me just berthing here you know if you take into account that women don't report because of the extreme retaliation it's probably somewhere near about half

a 1000000 women have now been sexually assaulted in the us military rape is a very very traumatizing tat happen but i've never seen trauma like i've seen from women who are veterans who have suffered military sexual trauma reporting rape is more likely to get the victim punished and the offender and almost 10 year career which i was very invested in and i gave that up to report a sex offender who was not even going to justice or put on the registry this is simply an issue of our in violence male sexual predators for the large part of target whoever is there to prey upon whether that's a man or woman. there's a lot of areas in the economy where china has caught up or surpassed us you know the mobile payments market 50 times the size of the u.s. or over here still writing checks our banking system is not innovated 5 g. we've kind of recently woken up the last couple years and go wow we don't even have a company that can make 5 years it's been a win win for china and it's been a lose lose for the u.s. . time after time called

gratian to repeat the same mantra sustainability. it's accelerating the transition to sustainable transport sustainability. a more equitable and sustainable world. they claim their production is completely harmless. because. companies want us to feel good about buying their products while the damage is being done far away this is a you know this we don't even and i mean look. we didn't. seem to. understand that it's going in.

welcome back to worlds apart with a lot of what i did ski associate professor of science at the university of california san diego professor bird this guy know that you're very passionate advocate of linguistic and cultural diversity as well as multilingualism as a way all experiencing lie. to bouts of your ability how many languages right now for you personally to maybe got transition from what you call and i to a relative well i'm not sure that i fully made that transition and i think it's very hard to it's hard to get away from naive realism i grew up speaking russian as my native language and then i had to learn english from my family immigrated to the us and i speak some terrible french and some very poor intonation and little bits and pieces you are a very humble person as well well into the indonesians because they're very base and they say that. and that's good but french speakers are less kind so. now

speaking about your russian i heard you say during one talk. when your family moved to the united states you refused to speak russian for one year because you wanted to dust for it the 2 fit in did you have a chance to overcome the teenage rebellion and did you have a chance to appreciate or sort of bremer in russian again as you grew older i definitely learned to appreciate speaking russian later in life certainly when a immigrated i felt like i wanted to be like an american and a. it was important for myself identity to be able to communicate fluidly or even just to be able to make a joke to it feels. when you're in a new place where you can't express yourself it feels like you're trapped inside your head that there is like a person in there and no one can see that person and so the it the idea of being

able to express myself through that was very important. but then once i felt like i can do that i appreciated a whole lot having a rich they're rich freshman language and all of those references available to me for sure to a 14 year the russian like rich may sound very harsh are once heard actress mila kunis say that when she has a conversation with her dad over the phone her american friends think that they're fighting even though they may be exchanging pleasantries or speaking to each other very nicely and. i think spanish may be tallying may have the same impression is it clear why certain languages tend to appear mole emotive than others. while some languages sound harsher because they have a lot of fricative consonants like if you have a lot of sounds in your language people tend to associate that with harshness and some language just sounds very emotional because they use tone as part of the word

meaning so for example mandarin or cantonese if you hear people speaking that sometimes it sounds very emotional but it's just because you use rising and falling tones to change the meaning of the words it's not actually meant to communicate emotion so we tend to take certain sounds as needing things even though they don't that's what i think content wise russians are far more. comfortable with a good heated argument even the altercation than some of our british or german friends do you think the political tensions that russia sometimes. pass with the west may have anything to do with the fact that rio is simply enjoying a good fight much more than they do. the russians definitely. being direct in that directness can be and argument as well yeah and the question is whether that. argument becomes emotional or personal or whether it's just the joy of the argument

. certainly in an english speaking context i had to learn for example to start my answer is to even simple questions with i think or it might be and i had to learn to do that even in math class where to be more indirect to soften it so you have to hedge it so if someone says what is 2 plus 5 it's more polite to say i think it's. to say it's 7 is just to say it 7 sounds rude. and that takes a little while to learn and it seemed to me like it's not the obvious what the answer is and i don't need to say i think it's 7 it just is 7 in my personal life i have to interact with a lot of muslim people from various cultural backgrounds and they all have this common denominator of mailing so they're very non-committal in your trying to arrange them things it always makes it hard to bear that the joy and mounts or do you think it's. more a cultural denominator or is it something. langridge superimposes and

sometimes those things are flexions of the world that you live in right so if you live in a world that's very predictable then you could feel comfortable making promises about the future but if you yourself live in the world that's not predictable and people around you are not reliable and all kinds of events can occur then only a fool would be willing to promise things far in the future right so think about. the american context it's possible to go and get a loan for your house that it's 50 year alone now anyone who's willing to give you a 50 year loan believes that the economy will be stable enough in his 2 years that the money that they've loaned you now will be worth a reasonable amount and there are lots of places in the world that would be an absurd thing to do so how reliable you yourself can be has to depend on how reliable the world is around you use the use of and shall i think often is a reflection of living in

a world that isn't stable itself it's very interesting i heard you say once western cultures have a stronger buy for progress that's partially a function of how they conceptualize time time not only of moving but moving in a positive direction do you think this may be something that contributes to how they engage with the rest of the world being more certain of being perhaps more expansion is both linguistically we talked about english being so widespread but bowl also another demain sic nomic political etc it's definitely normal in english to think that you're the agent in your life and that the way that anything is going to happen is that you have to make it happen and and that's your role is to try to make things happen and to make change and to make progress and that's often how we define what is good is how much change and progress has been made as opposed to for example how much things have stayed the same or how relative. really calm things

have been for how much you preserved. so that is a set of cultural norms and it's reflected in some structure in the language it's definitely the way that we have been defining good. in cultural. time for for quite a while in the west i also heard you say that. you wanted your new acquaintances of your russian heritage fairly early in your conversation otherwise they would be suspicious has it always been the case or is it a relatively new phenomenon for your following in the elections and russia gave gumbo you know it's it's a long standing thing the way i speak english now it sounds like an american english speaker to most people have a slight accent but most people don't hear it. and so if someone has met me and known me for a couple weeks and they then later learn that i spent the 1st 12 years living and

in the soviet union the feel like they're something like secret or strange about me it's almost like i'm putting on an american accent even though this is really the only way i know how to speak english i don't have another way of doing it do you think that filling the suspicion that was there even before the 2016 election got by following. the election of the long term. i don't feel that it definitely rushes more on the minds of people now than it was before that and by. i think it's more that people very strongly associate the way that you use language with your identity so you expect very quickly it can make lots and lots of decisions social decisions about someone by the way that they talk and so we expect to be able to tell lots and lots of things about people in their identity by listening to them talk and so it's shocking when the language that someone is speaking in the way

they're using language that somehow seems at discontinuity with their identity then you feel like well what else is this person hiding how can they sound so i frantically american when in fact it's a lie now since you mentioned sophisticated kevlar let me ask you a question about donald trump as the linguistic phenomenon. this. many people would argue the work everywhere is somewhat simple even primitive i know a lot of english learners who feel proud of the own progress when they hear it's the american presence in the us that kind of the matter of speech has proved very effective with his own base how do you explain that perhaps the alec one as a prerequisite for american politicians have been overrated well i think different politicians appeal to different groups of people right so they eloquent politicians appeal to a different segment of the populace really i mean he didn't face that strong over

competition the part of the population that was very excited for example for the eloquence of barack obama are not the same people that are excited for the in the eloquence of donald trump right those are probably 2 separate groups of people so different different people and different things but. he he's a master of using very simple emotionally loaded language that is that creates very quick sound bites for people to hold on to and he's also a master of possible deniability where he can say something and claim to both mean it and not mean it at the same time so he can say we're going to build a wall and he could say well it's a metaphorical wall and really i'm just talking about border security but the next breath he'll say it'll be made of cement and it'll be 30 feet tall and it'll have do you think he's deliberate that you're causing hume of this linguistic manipulations or do you think that's just a human or being very articulate i think we expect different things from different

speakers and he has created a persona where he's allowed a lot more than lots of other people so if your identity as a speaker is that you are you have 100 percent for acidy that your or your very technical or you're going to be correct in the details then when you make a little mistakes people are going to hold you to that standard that is set for yourself but that's not the standard that he set for himself and so he has asked us to engage with him as this much more loose speaker and so that gives him an incredible latitude to say things that he then can claim he both meant and didn't mean and i think he's not alone and i think that may go beyond some because there was an interesting study by grammar only recently which followed the the use of last complex language correlated with higher poll numbers at least for the republicans and i think that's a very interesting phenomenon because we're kind of used to politicians trying to appear smarter than they are but. for the politicians to appear. linguistically sophisticated than they are in them putting it in terms is pretty unusual do you

think that's a big challenge to look. you are in reality i mean you can use simple language and say really smart things it's a simple language the idea i think is to say things that people can understand. and importantly will remember most people who are thinking about politics aren't thinking about it most of the day they're thinking about their life and the things they need to do to feed their families and do their job and all that and so those little sound bites that they get have to be both understandable an admirable and so whichever way you can achieve that either through simple language or vivid language or language that really connects with people's lives in whatever way think that's going to be affected. finally a lot of people are blaming twitter on both the success of trump the emergence of this hashtag culture when you are a geisha to compress very complex ideas into a couple of if you character is. not only stimulates your to be more eloquent but i

think it also develops a certain appetite among the public for very simplistic processing of ideas are you concerned about that or is that a natural phenomenon. but i think it's wonderful that lots of people are participating in the public square and are able to state their opinions and participate in the in the conversation i think it does change very much the nature of the conversation when it is so abbreviated and so decontextualized where you don't know who you're talking to you don't know where they're coming from and also the end in emitting a lot of the interactions leaves a lot of room for aggression aggressive behavior that you know you feel like if you can act like a jerk because people won't know who you are and they what they won't punish you so i think they're both pluses and minuses with any platform with any technology it's a matter of how we use it professor brady it's been a great pleasure talking to you thank you very much for thinking so much for having

me encourage our viewers to keep this conversation going in our social media pages and hope to see same place same time here in a while it's a part of. mother who used to leak school was lonely guarded.

and when your. mom. doesn't get a good pool soda look in the distance well most of the book called a bag. chose to squash the states about seeing new yorkers. just for a little. clouded financial survival job but it was all about money laundering 1st to posit this question just a different. oh good it's

a good start well we have our 3 banks all set up here maybe something in your something in america something overseas in the cayman islands and it will pull these banks are complicit in their tough talk or soon to suffer didn't fall it's a money to do some serious under the jail let's see how we did while. always get a nice luxury watch for max and for stacy old beautiful jewelry and house. bill again from that you know what money laundering is highly illegal here for a watch has a record. just

turned 3 in the afternoon here in moscow in the headlines a top u.n. official says the united states jailing of whistleblower chelsea manning for refusing to testify against the wiki leaks is tantamount to torture. and learning to leave hong kong sees hundreds of arrests as an estimated 1000000 for the 1st big anti beijing protest of this new year 2020. on the pushback against the droid january health initiative is french one produces and the government denounced the annual alcohol abstinence as an attack on the country's culture. hello welcome good.