business the state of california alone makes $6000000000.00 a year of prison complex and you get some point in your life where. you don't care anymore now why you're so you'll hear mine anything. i'm going to fulfill repeated promises oh probably through the people i've come on you know we've all bots the. most beautiful really pretty. much. you want to work. on no.

all. you can be sure is nice of you. as a colleague 19 pandemic cripples or carlson health care issues wildlife scientists are saying you know i was raised for a big scene and no. sub isn't joining rant. no need.

any knowledge. so she brings in red and yellow. her biology and in the knowledge economy. there is a great happy with this reservation tayseer service seems he's not all for it since the policy 6 years work was takes a long. while the key is you have to make a wreck scene that's not only safe but works and that takes many years to figure that out you can't give people especially healthy people who are into targets of the vaccine you can't give them something it's going to make them sick and it's not going to work and so you have to test it 1st in the laboratory in animals and you have to test for safety and then finally you have tested to see if it prevents the disease that carrier looking for and years is not bad it took 50 years to make a polio vaccine so we're doing much better than we used to the signs are promising

to have seen against this current virus by age of 21. how do we know that it will be there perhaps. well there are no there are no guarantees in beck's analogy but it would seem really encouraging is that i think there are over 60 kompany is working on to a vaccine using all different technologies so we have all sorts of approaches that we can use to develop vaccines these days we're not limited to just one or 2 kinds and so i think that really improves the likelihood that one of them at least or maybe 2 are going to work so i have pretty good confidence that out of those 60 different approaches and i was looking at the list last night it's amazing how many different kinds of vaccine approaches are being taken one of those should work since we have people who have contracted the virus and recovered wait here which is right there on to the reasonable at cells or something and give that everywhere. we

can in fact that is one of the approaches that's being tried we can in a very fast approach we can take antibodies or serum from those people who are recovered we can give them to other people to try and resolve the infection but that's not a long term solution other companies are isolating the cells from those patients that make antibodies and propecia weighting them in cells so we can have wong or term solutions but none of that is permanent immunity it's only temporary and we want a vaccine to give you permanent community but you contracted colleagues can you get a game do you have permanently to to call it if you have it once. no that's a really good question and it we don't know yet because we don't have much experience with this virus but if we look at other coronaviruses and there are a number of them out there that infect people immunity after infection lasts about

a year and then you can get reinfected but disease is much much milder so i've cinc you will be similar for sars kovi 2 you will be immune for about a year and then maybe you will be reinjected but you may not even notice it or would just be a mild common cold type of instruction i think that is most likely the outcome so many experts say that the current great house says the summer of the 2nd wave may be karelia not on. more than joiners excited people have officially. salut no symptoms those who didn't even register is sick and that means all students who are already somewhat i mean just the virus and their number is constantly rising will this will be enough to build the still hold her he. can wait. so i think my from my calculations we need somewhere between 50 and 70 percent of the population to be mewed to prevent spread of providers to achieve the

herd immunity that you are saying there and i don't think that we're going to achieve that in this 1st wave of infections i think we do have more people infected then we know because throughout the world the testing is not uniform and it's not extensive enough so i think more people are being attacked but it's not going to reach 50 and 70 percent and so unfortunately there will be a 2nd wave most likely in the winter for example when when it gets cold again. will we have to go on another lockdown in winter or well are ready to just follow the current definitely until atlantic city i hope we don't prolong her current one i think that would be difficult for the world to take i think that the current lockdown will probably end around june or sorrow and then maybe it at least here in the in the temperate climates northern hemisphere probably around november there

will be another wave of infection i think it will be much milder because they'll be a lot of population immunity and i don't think we will have to go into another lockdown and perhaps by then we will have some virals or our sera to help treat people as well 35 were very slow why are currently working on an exceedingly games currently 19 some have already started clinical testing even word sabbat 100 books and who's going to be the 1st well i'm sure which you anna. i would bet on the world because that's the way i'm looking at this i'm not betting on a country i would really like all scientists globally to look at this as a global problem and not one for their country can solve and i hope that any company were university that makes a vaccine we'll share it with everyone else because we're all in this together world dying and getting sick together no matter of what nation we are in so that's the way i view it well i pretty sure that whoever gets it 1st will share with us

the world but i'm out late in terms of advance. research returns and you think 1st come up with that statement i understand i just don't know because i'm a most familiar with what is going on here in the us but you're observing eckstein approach isn't it in your country as well so you know just having than the greatest number of laboratories working on it doesn't guarantee success so it's really hard to predict or couldn't do that now who are going back to we're all in this together and i feel the same way sadly people have put all their differences aside in that it will include and there how they come together while why the east and went about vaccine comes out how where exactly how do you minister it shocks me at all in the world who has it personal he is saying that. medical stuff get it 1st or

how do you make sure everyone gets it yeah that is a wonderful question and i hope that people who are in charge are thinking about that right now because you think about all the doses we're going to need so 1st i'm hoping there's more than one of exene so that we don't have to just take one only and make so much of it but obviously we're going to need multiple nations producing this vaccine so in a way it's reduced has to be shared less mean produced at home large quantity in multiple countries. and in each country there has to be a coordinated effort to distribute it at multiple places obviously you can't just have it at one place within a country you need it throughout the country there are a number of approaches being used and some of them require injection others require what we call a skin needle catch which doesn't require a needle and it would be great if we can use that that way you don't need trained personnel who have to inject the vaccine but there's no doubt it's going to be a logistical nightmare because you really really have to scale up the number of

places where people are are immunized otherwise you're not going to cover everyone it would be good to be able to start this in the summer of 2021 for example for the the whole arrives when the next circulation began. to read have any idea how let's step that scene could cost. i'm just thinking once again in terms of accessibility to everyone. well i am hoping with the governments will pay for it i'm not sure how much it's going to cost some companies have already said they would donate so many doses of the vaccine which is great i think every country should pay for it and help circulate it and that will get rid of this this year whether rich people get it 1st which is completely unacceptable right everyone should get in line to get it and that depends on government's paying for no questions about it no questions policy clearly denying he is a great will answer and we're all equal. why people who is east of the

passage for the sake of public safety is using it with force. i've been thinking about that a lot also you know because right i think if we had a vaccine today probably everyone would take it quick maybe next year the year after year as you say they'll be people who don't want to be vaccinated right now we don't force people to take vaccines we tell them they can't send their kids to school for example and they have to homeschool them so i would think the same would apply to this virus i think we can vaccinate enough people even with those extreme deniers there i think we can vaccinate enough people to give herd immunity so that it's not a problem. there is the complete sentence that suggests a conscious which has a mandatory vaccination against certain who you know assistant who some of the countries portugal ireland some other as well are less a path to the current damage and those that. seek what should.

be c e that scene provide protection from holland i think when i look at the numbers and has chosen portugal and. ireland and there are definitely much less than well whatever realities you are america and in terms of mortality that there are much less nasty interests. so yeah i think we have to be careful when we in turn. those data are 1st of all the testing is not the same in every country globally and that can influence the results plus if you just simply look at the number of quoted $1000.00 cases with the end in countries with b.c.g. vaccination there may be other factors that are making a difference that we don't know about so in any event the numbers are very small the difference caused by b.c.g. is little and i'm not sure that that would be a useful approach for the entire world to take. kali 98 south windows that

mutates into other flu like seasonal thanked me or like many of them are just 3 days out is there any point in this is that seeing what celebrities. so we look at all the coronavirus that we know about the poor seasonal coronaviruses that in fact the severino year sars one and mers coronavirus none of them change in that way to ease a immunity or what we call antigenic we stable so i would say this one is no different and we are going to use one vaccine and it will be affecting us for years to come there will be a need to change it every year like we do sure influenza virus. you know the educational break right now when we're back we'll continue talking to dr vincent racaniello a haystack master of the knowledge of columbia university. how soon are we going to have the courage you're n.t.s.c. with us. to.

join me every thursday on the alex salmond show and i'll be speaking to guests of the world of politics sports business i'm showbusiness i'll see that. this is a story of women and women with troubled histories and complex cold cases you know some of those deadly leaves off who lives out there. where not. the person that bears the cheesiness and b. they are considered the most dangerous of criminals she's in a still. falling off 23 hours of the day tell me that it's not enough punishment

it will give women on death row. the swarms of them so mine. who was before. much of those who heard it's a preview are. slim we will. we will. move . move. move show you the smooth beautiful little. look or a good. movie muslim also his goals will give you films for go go go. go go to shows look i do the same you belong here to show the story should go. to starbucks to. get to meet until it was

a little missed don't say look it is it's. from stash them understand just leave them mashed on truck stop. is it at least interim that might. be of interest at all in this room to snoop on what's on your because there's the girls are rooting for his supporters to your question as they should or shouldn't be you should cut off what was deliberate on.

and we're mad chris dr who says i can yell he's professor of biology i'm an old shit commie give. us your hand. every little something not nice is past 2 or 3 months are insistent actually is a mystery what defines a strong he insists is an age absence of chronic disease babbitt some say why is it well that's a great question and immunologists the people who study the immune system would really like to know why as we age our immune systems get weaker that's one question and why and some people our immune system is actually detrimental it over acts and makes us actually secure in a number of these patients with sars kovi to infection you know the immune system is actually causing some of their pathology and we have no idea why some people

have that and others react quite normally it's a big mystery in the immune system but obviously figuring it out is is going to help us in the future to treat these infections in the moment we can use their appease that blunt the immune system in certain patients so for example there's an antibody to a receptor for a cytokine that's being used and seems to have good promise in some patients so we're learning slowly added blunt that overexuberant immune response. you really have any idea why some people have to restrict coronavirus emergence succumb to it is there are rules that no we have no idea if we did we would be able to treat those individuals who have a problem and that you know that explaining that difference you know it's partially about your immune system about it being in control and not overreacting but it's

also about controlling the virus right so in some people the virus seems to be able to be controlled well in other people it's not. and this is not just unique to coronaviruses this happens with all viruses whenever you uncheck the population of people with any virus you get a whole range of outcomes you get people who don't even get sick and at the other and you get people who die and this is this is precisely one more time to have a new sentence a holiday get the virus that they really mean that they don't have this is very nice of the stronger and others know it's part it's probably that their immune system is not overreacting because a lot of our symptoms of an infection by a virus are caused by our immune system so if you have a virus and you're shown no symptoms the virus is there but you're not overreacting would you say dash it losing maybe sicilian cruise it strips have muscle from the corner virus or should they just little i think you have to leave it alone because

we really don't know enough to say yeah you should be boosting it i mean we do know that there are certain things you shouldn't be doing for example you should be smoking because we know that suppresses your immune response especially in the launch pad so those kind of things are obvious but in terms of boosting we really don't know enough to be able to recommend that that will lend general late we just say make that maybe are you mean systems haven't we can buy a relying on pills to combat the regular seasonal flu lehrer's because every time a flu season. everyone is selling you know lucy olsen. is sort of the story nice. i don't think that influenza virus. antidotes have anything to do with it what i think is a big factor in regulating your response is the virus infections or the bacteria that are colonizing you know the micro biome in your aspirants or retract in your

intestines you know we acquire those at a young age and i think they're very important for modulating the effects of a virus infection and i suspect that when kids are raised in a kind of a sterile clean environment they don't get these the right bacteria the good bacteria and again this is another area of study that is cirrhosis lee underway and people are trying to figure out what's going on i think that's more important than anything you could take for influenza virus so you mentioned that not the. family of coronaviruses being around forever so there's this group. known to humanity why haven't really got universal mass against them all right. that is a great question and we actually should i would say we could have prevented this can damage but we weren't ready for a number of reasons because you know the problem is that companies that are making

vaccines an anti-virus they want to make a profit and so they don't make them if there is no virus to make them against and so after sars wanted this appeared very quickly there was no incentive we should have been working on anti-virals broadly acting coronavirus and there are rules and even vaccines i think it's an indictment of the way we make our advantage of medicines in the world and i hope that changes after this outbreak well the genome will clearly 19 a saturday almost 80 percent serious you the sars that we had great so we created that scene again sars back then. we have a cold 1000 days no problem not ready i think we could have designed a vaccine based on sars wonder what would have prevented this current virus yes i do think it was absolutely preventable and it's an indictment of the way companies work that it wasn't. certainly maxiell aka cyrus was not because there was there

were financial sort of let's say he was too small anyway she musts is a commonly held to regularly by a loss an economic fight well no i don't think so i think it's a big mistake and now we see the outcome we have this pandemic that could have been prevented and i think it slowly changes there are some nonprofit organizations that raise money to fund the development of anti-virals and vaccines for what we consider rare diseases and those kinds of non-profits are going to be the future in vaccine development to be able to develop a vaccine for a rare disease and bring it to the point where if the disease becomes more common with vaccine will be ready to test missionaries and kind of i don't know how a vaccine research center that will just work here is for everything we rate our lead no matter the sales potential future growth i think that's one approach and you know in the u.s. we have the n.o.a.a. track scene research center which was founded with that idea but that's not big

enough so it's not big enough to do all this you're suggesting but i think every country that can do this that has the research capability should yes establish a vaccine research institute and fund it well and have experimental vaccines develop and brought to the point even through safety trials and people where if there is an outbreak they could be deployed very quickly in loxley research and coming up with let's see now a days depends on artificial intelligence dana i mean is it smart enough to actually do. i don't think we're there yet i think the you know ai needs to have some information in order to make programming decisions i don't think we're there i think they can make suggestions but in the end you know it's a biological problem you still have to make a drug or a vaccine that works on an animal and so i was getting good at suggesting what to

try but it's not there it's hitting at the 1st time early 19 wading about version of it being artificially sorry. i think these are all crazy theories and you know people like to engage in to spirit these queries and blame other people for the world's problems but you know if you look at the genome of this virus it's very clear that no human could have made it it just has some very interesting features that are so clever that only nature could have come up with them so i i think any of these theories conspiracy theories got out of a lab accidental outbreak accidental release of deliberate released have 0 faith in them they don't make any sense to me and i think people who are promulgating them should really use their time in a better way when not a larger serves the question i ask all of my guests here actually come on tonight sheryl because a lot of people feel that you know this is something

a great session center acts react revalue it we really mean a lot of people have sat this virus could have had any other sewer he could be i don't know have a flower for instance as a system of wiring the way it happens that you're sitting at home and you're home and you can't breathe and that's not our planet is our past 20 years no reason when you hear it being something somalia or the form of the virus or do you think there's like maybe gray hair or bigger and via this. and now to us humans to think why would change this will what we do. what you know humans can interpret things that happen any way they want. this is a biological planet and it's all driven by nature and natural selection and evolution there's there's no consciousness behind something like a virus viruses emerge because they can from the days of the 1st cells on earth

billions of years ago there were viruses there are parasites and they've been here ever since they don't care what they in fact they just infect automatically and this disease could have been much worse it could have been much milder but i think the lesson is that viruses are always going to be with us we'll never be able to get rid of them they're always going to be emerging there will be a sars 3 and 4 and other viruses coming not just from bats from other animals and we need to be ready for there weren't ready for this one and i'm hoping this lesson teaches people that we really need to be more prepared for the next 100 banks the rest was wonderful. stay healthy stay safe a little. better thank you good talking with you. to. the.

bigger. with the coronavirus now officially declared a pandemic the world faces the additional burden of an oil market collapse this comes at a time when demand for crude was already flown some are calling this the ultimate perfect storm how this all ends fights against. humanity is on the edge of a precipice thanks to a continuing destruction of the natural wild. region seem laid out a lot of gives us a clue you could lose an election from native people using.

the people who make. less than nothing you can hold up. of the earth and who thinks. that all the war. or the. only dealing in the muslim world as a full book you. can stuff it and ship them so that disables the movement. of human activity has brought us to the brink of the world's 6th major extinction of it and the people in this film just come take it anymore.

the coronavirus takes a devastating toll on care homes across europe with residents dying with no treatment and no families alag to see them we speak to a director of a retirement home in italy. and i would describe what's happening as a tsunami losing so many people at the same time is terrible. meanwhile new york starts to dig mass graves after morgues in this city are overwhelmed by the huge numbers of dead that is the health crisis there spins out of control major oil producer is finally reach agreement which will see production slashed in the bid to stabilize the global market mexico had been against a move that is now come on already.