unless there was a secret war. and for years the american people did not know. every bad country per capita. human history millions of unexploded bombs still in danger lives in this small agricultural country. tap that there even today kids in laos fall victim to bombs dropped decades ago is the us making amends for that tragedy in laos what help do the people need in that little land on . these researches will cover almost 3000 kilometers in trans polar aircraft and they'll stay here until the antarctic summer returns.

snow in the very heart of antarctica has one amazing property. when the temperature drops below minus $55.00 it becomes a drive frozen sand if a plane lands on it friction instantly cheats its skis which then refreeze solidly onto the runway. that's why planes can only fly out of us stuck between mid december and early february just 2 months in every year for the rest of the time the people are completely cut off from the outside world.

water supply is drawn from the snow. the station sits more than 3500 meters above sea level that that altitude even the fittest of people time very quickly due to the low oxygen levels. there sort of put us. through. the door will put up with the mood what is a breeze hopes that opus will. but the. conditions here are truly unique human the average temperature in december and january falls below minus 30 and in winter minus 80 is par for the course. atmospheric pressure is 40 percent lower than on the mainland and there's less oxygen in the.

joint pain and nose bleeds all symptoms of a climate as ation it can take a whole months for a body to adapt. through due to the way. it was was approved if. you remember to be. better suited to move. to the soviet union at that time went to what station because it was no further the farthest place from the coast from anywhere in the guy it was the most challenging place i mean the way the soviet union wanted to show how good they wear the hunting very extreme conditions so the thought was more important the gore won the scientific one now is different this iteration is very much driven by science. all of antarctica risk covered by an ice sheet that can be up to 4 kilometers thing . that's enough to cover the entire planet in

a 50 meter think lair of ice. cube person. if. you could. think of with a good. stock was one of the biggest geographical discoveries in the 2nd half of the 20th century scientists had long suspected that there was a lake the size of europe subglacial lake vostok contains water that is millions of years old. but to reach it you have to drill through the so-called atmospheric ice

formed by the snow that has fallen in antarctica. one theory is that the lake formed because the ice sheet above it melted under the pressure of its own weight another is that you can't always existed even before antarctica froze over and that the ice sheets simply sealed it in. that state is a. good thing or the group of the british it's a look for them to be in the as a short of the social and delicious to of. the late 20th century saw the 1st attempts to reach the lake by drilling through the kilometers of ice that concealed this unique body of water. if that's what was said look i'm sure it's

a little bit weird that this should ship it so that it's to us and. the borehole was dubbed 5 g. one and drilling began in 1809 soviet french and american members of the joint expedition at the bus dock station all took part. in my work as are they did truest studies of the past try met in the antarctic their ice cores been drilled they're about 10 centimeters in diameter and up to the 3 kilometers known. researches from various countries drilled through the antarctic all using their unique methods but

only at the russian station have drillers managed to reach the ice boundary. and then make water where they stopped. apparently there's no way to take water samples from the lake without introducing contaminating microorganisms. soufan we have no way of knowing whether there is life in the most ancient water on earth but paleoclimatologists have found material that is just as valuable for their research. yes it's the only archive where you can have simmered 10 years lee stored that temperature history of the earth and a similar 10 years lead to the same times or saw the composition of the atmosphere of these times so we can directly go into the ice and find odd the contents of this atmosphere is special lucille to.

and from this c o 2 measurements we know all form from the last 800000 years. with the only. person that isn't what do. you want to do with. studies of this engine dice have yielded serious scientific results we can extract data about the earth's climate hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago our from tiny bubbles trapped in the ice for millions of years. this new group of people by their them sort him and put their heads as a short folks the job is to put out a shirt so we look from obama we've got with the amounts of the police we had with you was the snowboarder got that image too because they can both wish they were the new pair of those immigrants but it was sort of political 1st because the position

put them at the word used in a breath of their new. from these studies researches now know that greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane have a change in lead built up in the atmosphere leading to a warmer climate then hundreds of thousands of years later levels decrease again resulting in ice ages. is to get access to a major change which took place about 1000000 years ago and it's a kind of an enigma we don't really know what happened we expect that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is responsible for these change and this is what we want to check how much carbon dioxide was a get a fair a 1000000 years before. so perhaps the global warming we see today is just a period in the planet's climatic history and people have nothing to do with it for all we access sarees to climatic calamity after all these are the questions

paleontologists are trying to answer here in antarctica. your pocket. book couple mckillop. in the pool. what's apparently it was thought. to be anything to. go through. would you still talk to. you today with the. researchers from every country in. presented in antarctica purely scientific objectives politicians have another goal it's what they call presence. the quality of presence on the polar continent as a symbol of a nation's capability and strength. the

extent to which a country can influence antarctica's future depends on it. the usa australia france and germany china japan india chile and other countries have stations in antarctica. more than 50 countries have a presence and they're signatories to the antarctic treaty. that is for him. to have. a moment of truth is coming soon the 959 treaty expires in less than 30 years. where that is the beauty the absolute beauty that these tensions do not matter in the scientific community in trouble maybe because. because the weather just

closes opportunities for science in one area then the cooperation is there to look how can we best help each other attentions do not come into it at all on the grassroots level of doing antarctic research and it is a wonderful example how the international community can come together and how we can overcome. polar explorers abide by the rules agreed 60 years ago the only legal activity in respect of antarctica and its inhabitants his research. when loquacious old who are a little singing hold their breath why quit when the time in to good one piece was work under going to 32 is walkable 50 people. in truth the native

inhabitants aren't always happy about the attention. ah no team no crowd. no shots no. action. when the well struck know 1st. points your thirst for action. the world is driven by a dream shaped by phone personally those great.

military thinks. we dare to ask. time after time called parisian to repeat the same mantra sustainability it's very important it's accelerating transitions to sustainable transport sustainability stay number man at a more equitable and sustainable well. they claim their production is complete the hamas. has no models and it does not the companies want us to feel good about buying. products while the damage is being done far away this is again i'll just keep. looking to some loops and news to me doing demon i'm. going in.

on my youngins mit i'm not. on the side of the police. about what it was it was a bit. more about. what with more than this i double the money. seen the following to him but i'm will settle for the card out of him by the. by now embody i'm not madonna. lead.

2 2 vocal beautiful good if you look to be dealing with him or her molecule be sure. you want your coke with the. water you wish to. disclose i'm. going to tell you so you for talking with the. thought of. my papers. yes one of the things i'm not those would be the worst for you were all looking at the affair even use me other f.b.i. . to be nice to me is give them. with.

us along with deal when you. should write a special that. i mean. you're sure just by muggle yeah i'd yells and i had a call and you still don't know what the mere thought of pettis or spoke. but can really stick themselves. in your seams because open you up. people you have on with. the comforting like when you. go out. you know you will stop him give him a little body pure all. much of the way my family mean they mean a gruet still yeah with us i'm a. little more yeah i should push them but the show a little way to go with going to then have been given. the.

sort of see always will with us about the issue which just slowly. but i wanted to go with this thought it. fit with. what you. believe one time t. do with. i mean it is it is an amazing amazing place and i think you could be paid to go there and feel your place in the invest the 70 feel very small. how do you

cope with such an enormous overload holidays come to the risk you. were going through. with this. super. midwinter probably brings the biggest holiday to antarctica. everyone celebrates no matter which country they're from. the midwinter celebrations mean that half of the season has passed and every day takes you closer to going.

the americans have a reputation for coming up with fun ideas and they've decided that everyone must celebrate mid winter to get up the autumn area. in target dik winter film festival or the way. they antarctic film festival is drawing near its shuttle for the 1st weekend of august at the american mcmurdo station mcmurdo is the largest station in antarctica it's a small town with a population of almost 1500. the festival consists of 2 parts 1st the open category entrance upload their amateur films of any genre about any topic the only restriction is on duration it can be no

longer than 5 minutes 6. why just 5 because a common antarctic problem has a low speed connection. back in the 2nd category is for films made in just 48 hours a day on friday festival organizers announced the rules and on monday all participants upload their entries which are shown to the entire population of mcmurdo and the jury delivers its verdict the winners are announced in several nominations just like all good movie festivals best film best actor best writer list camerawork and there's an audience award.

all of antarctica's inhabitants abide by laws some of the feathered and aquatic varieties abide by the antarctic laws of nature others by the provisions of the antarctic treaty. under the antarctic treaty. 1900 and part of that whole part is about how we manage the environment better so things about. or exploitation. if.

you say it which. the rules governing antarctic life specifically states that any country exploring the continent must leave only pristine land behind them that's what explorers do every year. for a shift change. can be burned and all glass and scrap metal is collected to be shipped out to the mainland. it's. 5th. it was. later the

scrap metal and glass is loaded into a container and taken to the ship by tractor and helicopter. 6 weeks. ago and more those that. are loaded with us. work. so. it will be much more.

piece of the science that. people want to push all this. to go home for instance it would be 14025 kilometer. every antarctic station every country has similar mile markers it's a symbol a reminder of home and a subtle sign of the state's identity. you may wish to destroy

a good. job with the choice you judge but critics want to try to tell you that you don't need to get what you teach. for now the harsh climate hinders colonization in antarctica but in the future if it warms this southernmost continent really could be settled. it cannot turn. political interests to have stations and i think this economic interest to have tourism and. i think it's important to set some limit. but it turns out that signing the antarctic treaty doesn't mean that the countries that ratified it have withdrawn their territorial claims over the continent to nearby areas. some of the claims are enormous. the beauty of the antarctic treaty is the nations who have made those territorial

claims put them aside completely and as you know some of the territorial claims are overlapping but all of that is put aside entirely because the continent is dedicated to scientific research. it will be a real shame if the antarctic values imbedded in that treaty a perfect community of free citizens in gauged solian research and scientific progress should ever sink into oblivion this should be a place for true freedom equality and human brotherhood on this fragile world of ours.

so we have inherited a brain that was constantly comparing itself to others. for a monkey reaches for a bit of food it compares itself to others and if it seems that it's weaker then it doesn't reach for the banana because it's afraid of getting bitten if it sees that it's stronger sir tone and is released and it goes forth and it feels good so we build patterns when we were young of comparing ourselves to others and making decisions about when we feel one are any when we feel one down and it's easy to feel one down all the time if you're in dr needed to think that way and then you end up with these chords all the time and that's the root of depression.

ah. no prob. no shots. actually. drug no person to. point your thirst for action. so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have it's crazy confrontation let it be an arms race is on often very dramatic development only personally i'm going to resist i don't see how that strategy will be successful very critical time to sit down and talk.

the 5th day of violent protests over the government's decision to re-impose a covert curfew. shows delays to counter treatment in the view pages of the corona virus could cause an extra $6000.00 deaths we speak to a man who only discovered he had a volatile concept when he finally got so much delayed scout. says more familiar new words always few. new words to describe. the.