it makes us feel very proud that we are in it together. a u.s. government advisory panel gives a green light to the far as a covert vaccine safety warnings coming from both the u.k. and america itself. but look none of them a book to go by they only know that by the minute you know knock on wood you've conquered don't you think that it wasn't going to calls for tougher code restrictions as germany sees a record number of deaths of the shelves in his appeal to everyone. after 15 years of comerica germany is the country that does not want to protect its borders against illegal immigration and instead imposing a curfew senate seat isn't. 15 years since it.

was going to look back through the archives from a decade of of questioning more. humane xenia and best selling author andrew tallman is the guest visionaries in just a few moments time. and our other i should say with a lot of headlines to join us again that. hello welcome to visionaries me sophie shevardnadze more than 5 years ago humanity managed to glimpse into this for this corner of our solar system pluto and the cooper about i asked dr alan stern implanter a scientist astronaut and mission what wonderful discoveries still lie ahead of us . dr alan stern planetary scientist astronaut had of nasa has

put a mission great to have you with us today alan thanks it's just great to be here so you have been the principal investigator of nasa mission to pluto and the most widespread conception of pluto in the eyes of the public is the ball of ice floating out there in the dark so can you call it scientific wonderland what makes it so special. well it really is a scientific wonderland and we really had a pretty good idea that from studies from the earth but what new horizons the nasa mission that explored pluto for the 1st time in 2015 discovered was far beyond their expectations pluto which is a planet with 5 moods an atmosphere highly active geology and evidence for water ocean and its interior and it could even be a host for biology is just far beyond our wildest imaginations and i think

yeah hold out that easily while a phone is a scientific. so if i were to set my foot on pluto what would i say that. well it depends on where you go because just like the earth pluto is a very diverse planet with mountain ranges. and great sure's and other kinds of geology so depending upon where you go you would see different terrain but one thing you would see everywhere is something that new horizons discovered which is that the atmosphere just blue in color it would look like a faint version of our sky actually has dozens of these layers stacked up all the way to orbital altitude and that's something unlike anything we had seen anywhere else in the soaps. since the new horizons fly by mission has discovered water rise some pluto and its moon charon can this point out at the possibility of some sort of some form of life in

a icy corner of our solar system. and well there are the water is an important ingredient for all biology. on the surface of the earth. but you know the ice on pluto water ice and the other ice on pluto are extremely cold temperatures this pluto is 30 times farther away from the sun the sun way 278000 times weaker when the temperatures are almost absolute 0. the biologists will tell you that they don't know how to make biology that can operate at those temperatures but as i was saying a moment ago deep inside plate is interior to meet the crust as the temperatures get warmer and warmer as you go down towards greater greater depths that water ice will flies in but combs room temperature or at least liquid. water and it's a global ocean in there it's

a shallow if you will all around the planet or more we can tell the need across the water and that. got our attention from an asteroid on top of standpoint then later one of the scientists on our team dr dale croce discovered through compositional spectroscopy basically chemical fingerprinting done by new horizons that there are places on the surface of pluto where water appears to have a rock that inflated down to the surface interestingly that water is the least with organic compounds so the story gets more interesting should do recent discoveries on pluto actually give us any hint on how life started here on earth. they don't but it could be that with future missions back to. with the orbiter and midlanders even some baby submersibles that go into an ocean we could

learn about the origin biology or where biology was stopped for some reason when pluto eliminate or reduce the end of how these processes took place long ago on our own. so you and your colleagues call pluto after and saying clue actually of how our solar system is formed if you could sum it up for our viewers who aren't like necessarily astronauts or into astrophysics what exactly does it tell us. well you know in the clipper bill which it orbits is kind of the solar system's deep free thought by. why didn't of the fact that it's so far away or to just so. therefore from the sun. the chemical properties and physical properties of these bodies are very well preserved and that's what makes it so fascinating it's kind of

in there only has to do with archaeological dig in the history of horses and this is why army national academy of sciences here in the united states plays such a high priority on going out to the point were built and making this 1st their story should that our team owner who did. so is a fly by the only realistic way to explore pluto dowie days will it ever be possible to say and i don't know a rover are let's train wild a manned mission. sure well there are there are many ways to fly mine is just the 1st baby step here in the united states and last year on nasa has funded. studies of how to conduct the next step which would be a pluto orbiter which would stay in the system rather than just fly by and very

much more sophisticated package of instruments to study pluto and satellites and one of the jobs of the head orbiter would be to scout for a landing sites for future robotic landers or rovers as you're talking about that's within our technological progress not sending people all way out there is not yet something that we can confidently do you know it's a big step just a simple it's a mars probably in the 23rd this is $100.00 times farther then mars is on at and the technical challenges for a great it's a new your eyes it's almost 10 years and it was the fastest spacecraft ever want 2 new years to travel out there if we sit people and we would have to develop a much faster propulsion system or it would be a 20 year journey just to go out and back and i'm not sure we get a lot of volunteers for that yeah much area there so pluto correct me if i'm wrong

is part of a clipper about which is a circle of objects hugging the outer solar system how many planets our planet like objects like pluto could be there inside a kuiper belt yet the quiver belt which was named for a dutch american astronomer. in the mid 20th century who postulated it would exist was discovered in $1009.00 and pluto turns out to be the brightest but also of the largest object in the. our current estimates from studies over the last 25 years show the plane has billions of comets that are objects. just a few kilometers across. and it has about a dozen small planets of which pluto is the largest and then there's an intermediate sized objects then or in between the rocky asteroidal comet like bodies in full fledged one. so how important can this study of cooper about

be to our understanding of solar system and what kind of groundbreaking surprises can the bell tolled for us. yes 3 questions in fact the pointer below has already revolutionized our knowledge of ourselves just studying. as we were saying forensic clues about the distribution of objects that are in their properties we have learned for example that when the solar system was 1st formed in the giant planets. jupiter saturn uranus and neptune underway it changes in their orbit to push here listening to outward by about a 1000000000 miles it's about 1600000000 pluggers and which may have even ejected another giant planet once we're headed with the 4 that we have now. that's a pretty important. discovery internet itself but then the paper built the slowest

and dwarf planets even though they're small include it was only about a record in diameter of the current in the united states that those small planets can be as active as g. or washington complex as they are planets like mars of the earth which really almost no one expected and yet that's where pluto is and then after we flew by flew to new horizons with all of another one and a half 1000000000 kilometers over 3 years to study a small quarter built up to one of those building blocks that may play slightly cold caught in from it we learned how these building blocks are for something that was never known before only debate. so you rise and pass to velocity to leave the solar system and go into interstellar space like would your answer will

it just fly off into space at some point or will it stay around the current position until it runs out of juice. well new horizons is traveling at a speed of about 500000000 kilometers per year outward on this escape trajectory from the solar system that you just mentioned and we can't stop it we don't want to stop it but it's close to and leaving with solar system just like the voyager so every year it travels farther and farther and farther now then should run out of power and we will be able to communicate with it in more data from it but that's probably almost 20 years away i will we're going to take a short break right now when we're back we'll continue talking dr alan stern the planetary scientist officer not head of nestle's pluto mission talking about what wonderful discoveries still lie ahead of us stay with us.

in january there may be a new american president but what won't change is washington stance towards iran is military conflict inevitable what is the value of diplomacy if one side fails to honor agreements and what are iran's. there's a saying. i think they're on the cheap. and then you went through all the countries let's get right to go to his country he said if you give them everything they do to bust. this country. this is what we don't understand how we are in such contracts.

that were sent to the mines at the same time. it was a non-governmental. similar. job that i do not. need one but i guess the because if you feel if the minutes of on board not that got. to the phone the computer with the plane. would come back to the police story you do have to see. at least in the best the. if you move. move move you. and we're back with dr alan stern planetary scientist astronaut and had of nasa

split a mission alan so let me ask you this for it for all those years of fashion on the clock here ations we've only known 9 planets in our solar system to be there for short and you're saying that there are hundreds more planets to be potentially found that you had sheaves that basically just by changing the definition of what a planet is right so it really just goes it just becomes semantics doesn't it. actually it is very important science because science is is a reductionist activity where we try to look at one of data and then boil it down to patter in one of the things that. we were limited by in till the 1990 s. was that our telescopes were powerful enough to see far out into the so was so clue look why kind of a misfit or a small plane oh by itself out there beyond the giant but since the ninety's we've

been discovering more and more small planets like this and the reason we call them planets is because they share all of the key properties worlds like the earth in mars and other planets and they don't look like asteroids they don't look like comments they don't want meteors they look like planets with as i said mountain ranges and atmospheres in systems. and active geology and so forth and so that's why planetary scientists call them when it's because they fit well in that category terms of their characteristics it's really not semantics it's out of the large in our view through collecting new data and accepting the fact that the world has changed a little bit they're just more planets than we thought they were and something very analogous to place. more than a 100 years ago when it was discovered that the number of stars was not the few

1000 stars that your eye can see how it was number of stars that meter per gallon so you know. this is a similar step for planetary science and a very important i think we finally understand the most populous planet in our solar system turns out to be the small ones like. what political knapton were discovered on paper 1st. mathematics and only later were confirmed as existing by astronomers do we need the same to happen to establish the existence of many pluto like objects in a keeper belt or will a mission like new horizons will suffice will we go search for new bodies new objects and it would have been it's been done from the earth with much bigger telescopes and it's those ground based telescopes that we've spotted these other planets out there with names like how many are. in eras. drawing and

so forth and so these are not theoretical as these are worlds that we photographed and studied with around the sun scopes all around them and. so private space flight is becoming very popular in 2022 nasa is sending you a broader virgin galactic to run experiments space x. through dragon has to sierra carried nasa astronauts to iowa says there's also jet blue origin as he did a good thing that space missions are becoming and being outsourced to private companies. well i think so because. the national space agency. why the russian space agency and nasa here in the united states jack engineered center and even the european space agency. can only do so many things with the

budgets they have and just life at sea there are many commercial activities in here that may be commercial activities may more than just what the government agency the explosion well the applications of commercial space and not just based tourism and space research but also expanded communications stay in the earth monetary. reusable rocket launch process for all the result of this commercial innovation and it's really in my view the way that we begin the journey to the star trek era in the 23rd century so i wonder is this what space exploration could be like in a future what i mean is like our space agency is sort of laying down the theory and private companies putting the theory to practice or at least bringing scientists into space to do it. i think very much so and you know there's an analogy in my country. the 1st explorations as. the united states started to

standard cross the carpets the west were government funded explorers like lewis and clark and then the military came to make forts to protect the settlers who then followed in much larger numbers in the industrial estate with the railroads in the mills and the mines and so forth and i think we'll see a similar develop that commercial space as humans proliferate into arrears spacefaring species with industry in earth orbit then on the moon and then on to the planets and when we become a multi-client species surely these days data could be collected just by robert's right it's safer possibly cheaper why is it always better send humans into space to conduct experiments and that is it really i don't know. well it's a good question and humans have many uses besides just doing research but speaking

as a research many uses in space besides doing research well just speaking as a researcher on an experiment that i'm doing you know virgin galactic in $22.00 is very likely to cost about a 3rd what it would have cost if we tried to automate. so by putting the person in the experiment to conduct it we make it much simpler much faster to carry out and much more while it is a demonstration that you know if you think automation is so great. why is it every university laboratory automated why isn't every research ship the robot ship why isn't every geological expedition done by robots it's because of all those other things they know they have in the sciences there is simpler more reliable and less expensive than automation now in spaceflight we can join the club with all the other sciences where our researchers actually goes space and do the research and

improve on it over what robots to do in the case. yeah a scope aeration like this is going to be like the actual bread and butter of commercial spacecraft i mean perhaps tourism was what virgin has in mind but realistically isn't the price tag going to be too much for space tourism to be a viable business anytime soon. and you know it's very expensive or an individual if you want to buy a ticket to the international space station. so you believe it's about $7000000.00 if you want to fly on a virgin galactic it's much less expensive to go somewhere really but it's still hundreds of thousands of dollars and and that's too sensitive for most people but it's the beginning and in the 1920 s. a century ago. it was extremely expensive. and only a few people could afford to do it but by scaly and getting economies of scale the

prices were ready to drop so were all of us can afford to try when the are you know we have a need to and i think the same will happen in space as well but we're in the very early days that i expect the prices will come down across the twenty's thirty's forty's a much lower numbers than the scene. at mission to mars let's talk about it which is right now pretty much discussed by flamboyant billionaires on earth could end up costing billions of dollars mission like new horizons is cheaper in comparison several $100000000.00 but do you think private initiative in space could result in sponsoring a probe mission like for instance i don't sending an orbiter to pluto or another probe to saturn if said are or will commercial space exploration revolve around you know headline making like send a man to our sensational ideas only so great question we know that in earth orbit. private companies are sending robotic missions in very large numbers to the space

science and study the earth. and we already have companies in the united states in europe. and china for that matter that are already beginning to offer services to fly experiments to venus and morrisons of the asteroids and i think this is just the leading edge of what will become. increasingly commercial venture. almost side of the. space and science agencies like are as a medicine so. i read that the costs of flagship missions like going to mars are actually so high they may end up underfunding other nasa projects a facilitator one breakthrough perhaps but slowing down others is pace of discovery not only basically decided by a budget i mean do you see a scenario where a person's private space enterprise steps in to help with that somehow or is it too

big of a pride to new panda dangerously like nasa no no no we're not limited just by budget because through innovation we can learn to do more with the budgets that we have a good example is that this is near a use in space since rockets that are much lower price for millions or it won't you know as a result every dollar was saved and it's actually tens or hundreds of millions of dollars per mission and save and go into making more machines in addition we have the leverage private companies are going to explore issues well so we'll get more done than we used to be able to because we we've innovated in a better future and it's very reminiscent of the computer revolution when computers were enormous machines that food rooms and they were very rare and they were very expensive and not very powerfully. certainly by today's standards and now

a generation later computers are not rare routine their prices have dropped dramatically and yet they're more powerful and we're seeing same revolution is basically and i think that most 20 cities will be living in a completely different world in terms of space flight because it is so me and you are so that america to see that thank god hopefully it alan is something great talking to you thank you very much for this wonderful insight and the best of luck to you. thank you why. daycare. join me every thursday on the alex simon show and i'll be speaking to guest on the

world of politics sports business i'm sure i'll see you then. the global free up money ponzi scheme has hit the my 1st i missed out collapsing like burning made off collapsed and now we're going back to poverty so the answer is always bad you need to actually sound money like gold but of course that doesn't work so much as a big point of this and what'll happen is they'll be hundreds of millions and billions of people in the world that will say to their central bank and they're in their nation state government they'll say you know we're not interested in money anymore we just want to have our own money have our own peace of mind and you can go away. imagine picking up a future textbook on the early years of the 21st century what are the chapters

called gun violence school shootings homelessness 1st it was my job it was my field building was my savings i have nothing i have nothing that is not going to withdraw aloof or resources i look for jobs i look for everything i can to make this. annoying the doing is. the road to the american dream paved with did refuse it's this very idealized image i want to. americans look postie the deaths that happen every single day this is a modern history of the usa and america. hey folks that stuff one dennis miller plus one the the delightful fran drescher and you know are obviously from the nanny i think they have a 6 year run there and they hit the balls hard as you can it's a sitcom for the ages though rudd's still makes you still see it all the thought

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