owner agreements what are iran's. join me every thursday on the all excitement show and i'll be speaking to guest of the world of politics sport business i'm showbusiness i'll see you that. problem drugs has come from unscrupulous dealers but from pharmacies to in every state in the united states we see me very sharp increase in the number of people seeking treatment for addiction to prescription opioids invited to america under the banner of medicine persisted with the pain but instead of trying to wean him off though she just goes after dose after dose after dose and really became his drug dealer so who's to blame patients don't do this manufacturer's.

hello welcome to so think of visionaries me sophie shevardnadze and more than 5 years ago humanity managed to glimpse into the farthest corner of our solar system pluto and the cooper about i asked dr alan stern planetary scientist astronaut and pluto mission what wonderful discoveries still lie ahead of us. dr alan stern planetary scientist astronaut had of nasa has put a mission great to have you with us today alan. you've been the principal investigator of nasa mission to pluto and the most widespread conception of pluto in the eyes of the public is the ball of ice floating out there in the dark so can

you call it scientific wonderland what makes it so special. well it really is a scientific wonderland and we really had a pretty good idea that from studies from the earth but what new horizons the nasa mission that explored pluto for the 1st time in 2015 discovered was far beyond their expectations pluto which is a planet with 5 moods an atmosphere highly active geology and evidence for water ocean and its interior and it could even be a host for biology is just far beyond our wildest imaginations and i think you know now that easily well of on this is a scientific. so if i were to set my foot on pluto what would i say that. well it depends on where you go because just like the earth pluto is

a very diverse 20 with mountain ranges. and great sure's and other kinds of geology so depending upon where you go you would see different trades but one thing you would see everywhere is something that new horizons discovered which is that the atmosphere just blue in color it would look like a version of our sky actually has dozens of these layers stacked up all the way to orbital altitudes and that's something unlike anything we had seen anywhere else in the soaps. what something new will rise and fly by mission has discovered water rise some pluto and its moon charon can this point out at the possibility of some sort of some form of life in a ice a corner of our solar system. well there are there water is an important ingredient for all biology. on the surface of the earth. but you know the

ice on pluto water ice and the other ice on pluto are extremely cold temperatures as pluto is 30 times farther away from the sun the sun way to 7 a 1000 times weaker than the temperatures are almost absolute 0. the biologists will tell you that they don't know how to make biology that can operate at those temperatures but as i was saying a moment ago deep inside plato's interior meet the crust as the temperatures get warmer and warmer as you go down towards greater greater depths that water ice will flies in both combs room temperature or at least liquid. water and it's a global ocean in there it's a shallow if you will all around the planet from what we can tell the need across water and that. got our attention from an astrological standpoint then

later one of the scientists on our team dr dale croce discovered through compositional spectroscopy basically chemical fingerprinting done by new horizons that there are places on the surface of pluto where water appears to have a rock that in sliding down to the surface and interestingly that water is the least with organic compounds so the story gets more interesting for sure to recent discoveries on pluto actually give us any hint on how life started here on earth. they don't but it could be there was a future missions back to. with the orbiter and midlanders even some day submersibles that go into the ocean we could learn about the origin biology or where biology was stopped for some reason when pluto. stay in the.

how these processes took place long ago on our own. so you and your colleagues call pluto at friends in clue actually of how our solar system is formed if you could sum it up for our viewers who aren't like necessarily astronauts or into astrophysics what exactly does it tell us. well you know in the quiver below which it orbits us kind of the solar system's deep freeze up by. why didn't of the fact that it's so far away or temperatures go out there for from the sun. the chemical properties and physical properties of these bodies are very well preserved and that's what makes it so fascinating it's kind of analogous to an archaeological dig into the history of horses and this is why army national academy of sciences here in the united states plays such

a high priority on going out to the point were built and making this 1st this or asian that our team own new horizons did. so it's a fly by the only realistic way to explore pluto doua days will it ever be possible to send out a no i rover arlette stream wild and manned mission. sure well there are there are many ways to explore pluto if lima is just the 1st baby step here in the united states and last year on nasa has funded studies of how to conduct the next step which would be a pluto orbiter which would stay in the system rather than just fly by and very much more sophisticated achatz of instruments to study pluto and satellites and one of the jobs of the head orbiter would be to scout for a landing sites for future robotic landers or rovers as you're talking about and

that's within our technological progress not sending people all way out there is not yet something that we can confidently do you know it's a big step just to simply put some mars probably in the 23rd this is 100 times farther then mars is on to have and the technical challenges for a great it's a new you're right. since almost 10 years it was the fastest they spent there want to years to travel out there if we sit people. we would have to develop a much faster propulsion system or it would be a 20 year journey just to go out and back and i'm not sure we get a lot of volunteers for that yeah i'm not sure either so pluto correct me if i'm wrong is part of a group or about which is a circle of objects hugging the outer solar system how many planets our planet like objects like pluto could be there inside a kuiper belt yeah the quiver belt which was named for

a dutch american astronomer. in the mid 20th century who postulated it would exist was discovered in $1009.00 and pluto turns out to be the brightest but also the largest object in the. our current estimates from studies over the last 25 years showed the plane has billions of comets that are objects. just a few kilometers across. and it has about a dozen small planets which pluto is the largest and then there's an intermediate sized objects that are in between little rocky asteroidal comet like bodies in full fledged it's. so how important can the study of cooper about be to our understanding of solar system and what kind of ground breaking surprises can the belt tell taurus. yes 3 questions in fact the pointer below has already

revolutionized our knowledge of ourselves just studying. as we were saying forensic clues about the distribution of objects that are in their properties we have learned for example that when the solar system was 1st formed the giant planets. jupiter saturn uranus and neptune underway it changes in their orbit that push here listening to outward by about a 1000000000 miles about 1600000000 pluggers and which may have even ejected no other giant planet once we're headed with the 4 that we have now. that's a pretty important. discovery internet itself why didn't the paper built the slowest into work planets even though they're small include it was only about a rocket in diameter of a cup in the united states that those small planets can be as active as gere

washington complex as they are planets like mars of the earth which really almost no one expected and yet that's what pluto is and then after we flew by flew to new horizons with all another one and a half 1000000000 kilometers over 3 years to study a small quarter built up to one of those building blocks that may play slightly cold caught in from it we learned how these building blocks are for something that was never known before only debate. so you rise and cast a velocity to leave the solar system and go into interstellar space like would your answer will it just fly off into space at some point or will it stay around the current position until it runs out of juice. well new horizons is traveling at a speed of about 500000000 kilometers per year outward on this escape trajectory

from the solar system that you just mentioned and we can't stop it we don't want to stop it but it's close to and leaving with solar system just like the voyager so every year it travels farther and farther and farther now then should run out of power and we won't be able to communicate with it any more data from it though that's probably almost 20 years away well we're going to take a short break right now when we're back we'll continue talking dr alan stern planetary scientist officer not head of nessa's clinton mission talking about what wonderful discoveries still lie ahead of us stay with us.

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and we're back with dr alan stern planetary scientist austin art and had of nasa as pluto mission alan so let me ask you this for for all those ears astronomical observations we've only known 9 planets in our solar system to be there for sure and you're saying that there are hundreds more planets to be potentially found. you had sheaves that basically just by changing the definition of what a planet is right so it really just goes it just becomes semantics doesn't it. actually it is very important science because science is is a reduction is the activity where we try to will look at a one of data and then boil it down to patter and one of the things that did we were limited by in till the 1990 s. was that our telescopes were powerful enough to see far out into the so was so clue

looked like kind of a misfit or oddball a small plane it all by itself out there beyond the giant that but since the ninety's we've been discovering more and more small planets like this and the reason we call them planets is because they share all of the key properties that worlds like the earth and mars and other planets have and they don't look like asteroids they don't look like comets they don't want light meteors they look like planets with as i said mountain ranges and atmospheres in systems. and active geology and so forth and so that's why planetary scientists call the planets because they fit well in that category in terms of their characteristics it's really not semantics it's out of the large ng our view through collecting new data and accepting the fact that the world has changed a little bit they're just more planets than we thought they were and something very

analogous to place more than a 100 years ago when it was discovered that the number of stars was not the few 1000 stars that your eye can see how it was number of stars that make up our galaxy and all of the galaxies beyond and this is a similar step for planetary science and a very important i think we finally understand the most populous planet in our solar system it turns out to be the small ones like you know. what pip put on a napkin were discovered on paper 1st it is like mathematics can only lay. later were confirmed as existing by astronomers do we need the same to happen to establish the existence of many pluto like objects in a cube or a belt or will a mission like new horizons will suffice when we go search for new bodies new objects and that would have been. it's been done from the earth with much bigger

telescopes and it's those ground based telescopes that we've spotted these other planets out there means like how many are. in serious. trouble. and so these are not theoretical as these are worlds that we photographed and studied with. all around them and. so private space flight is becoming very popular in 2022 nasa is sending you a broader virgin galactic to run experiments space x. through dragon has disappeared carried nasa astronauts to iowa says there's also jeff bezos blue origin as he did a good thing that space missions are becoming and being outsourced to private companies. well i think so because. the national space agency. why the russian space agency and nasa here in the united states in jackson

engineered center and even the european space agency. can only do so many things with the budgets they have and just like at sea there are many commercial activities in here that many commercial activities mean more than just what the government agency the explosion with applications of commercial space and not just race tourism and space research but also it's the edge of communications in the earth monetary. reusable rocket launch process for all the result that this commercial innovation and it's really in my view the way that we begin the journey to the star trek era in the 23rd century so i wonder is this what space exploration could be like in a future what i mean is a space agency sort of laying down the theory and private companies putting the theory to practice or at least bringing scientists into space to do it. i think

very much so and you know there's an analogy in my country. the 1st explorations as . the united states started to standard cross the carpets the west were government funded explorers like lewis and clark and then the military came to make forts to protect the settlers who then followed in much larger numbers in the industrial estate with the railroads in the mills and mines and so forth and i think we'll see a similar develop a commercial space as humans proliferate into arrears spacefaring species with industry in earth orbit and then on the moon and then on to the planets and when we become a multiplayer species surely these days data could be collected just by robert's right it's safer possibly cheaper why is it always better send humans into space to conduct experiments and that is it really i don't know. well it's

a good question and humans have many uses besides just doing research but speaking as a research many uses in space besides doing research well just speaking as a researcher an experiment that i'm doing you know virgin galactic in $22.00 is very likely to cost about a 3rd what it would have cost if we tried to automate. so by putting the person in the experiment to conduct it we make it much simpler much faster to carry out and much more while it is a demonstration that you know if you think automation is so great. why is it every university laboratory automated why isn't every research ship the robot ship why isn't every geological expedition done by robots it's because of all those other things they know they have in the sciences there is simpler more reliable and less expensive than automation now in spaceflight we can join the club with all the

other science where our researchers actually goes space and do the research improve on it over what robots to do the case. yeah a scope aeration like this is going to be like the actual bread and butter of commercial spacecraft i mean perhaps tourism was what virgin has in mind but realistically isn't the price tag going to be too much for space tourism to be a viable business anytime soon. and you know it's very expensive for an individual if you want to buy a ticket to the international space station. so you believe it's about $7000000.00 if you want to fly on a virgin galactic it's much less expensive to go somewhere but it's still hundreds of thousands. and and that's too sensitive for most people but it's the beginning and in the 1920 s. a century ago. air travel was extremely expensive. and only

a few people could afford to do it but by scaly and getting economies of scale the prices were going to drop so were all of us can afford to try when the are you know we have a need to and i think the same will happen in space as well but we're in the very early days that i expect the prices will come down across the twenty's thirty's forty's a much lower numbers than the scene. at mission to mars let's talk about it which is right now pretty much discussed by flamboyant billionaires on earth could end up costing billions of dollars mission like new horizons is cheaper in comparison several $100000000.00 but do you think private initiative in space could result in sponsoring a probe mission like for instance i don't sending an orbiter to pluto or another probe to saturn etc or will commercial space exploration revolve around you know headline making like send a man to our sensational ideas only so great question we know that in earth orbit.

private companies are sending robotic missions in very large numbers to do space science and study the earth. and we already have companies in the united states in europe. and in china for that matter that are already beginning to offer services to fly experiments to venus and morrisons of the asteroids and i think this is just the leading edge of what will become. increasingly commercial venture. almost side of the. space and science agencies like are as a medicine so. i read that the costs of flagship missions like going to mars are actually so high they may end up underfunding other nasa projects a facilitator one breakthrough perhaps but slowing down others is pace of discovery not only basically decided by a budget i mean do you use see a scenario where

a person's private space enterprise steps in to help with that somehow or is it too big of a pride to independent agency like nasa no no we're not limited just by budget because through innovation we can learn to do more with the budgets that we have a good example is that this is near user space and it's rockets that are much lower price for many of their launches you know as a result every dollar saved and it's actually tens or hundreds of millions of dollars per mission and save and go into making more machines in addition we have the leverage that private companies are going to explore issues well so we will get more done than we used to be able to because we we've innovated in a better future and it's very reminiscent of the computer revolution when computers were enormous machines that food rooms and they were very rare and they were very

expensive and not very powerfully. certainly by today's standards and now a generation later computers are not rare routine their prices have dropped dramatically and yet they're more powerful and we're seeing the same revolution gracefully and i think that most 2050 s will be living in a completely different world in terms of space flight because it is so me and you are so that america to see that thank god hopefully it alan is something great talking to you thank you very much for this wonderful insight and the best of luck to you. thank you. daycare.

claiming this mom told him. it didn't look good so. it's a digital not just one of my kids' lives it isn't mobile though i. modeled it. even gives. his famous person would appear to. believe in this film.

so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have it's crazy even for him to let it be an arms race off and spearing dramatic development only mostly i'm going to resist i don't see how that strategy will be successful very critical time to sit down and talk. imagine picking up a future textbook on the early years of the twins. first century what are the chapters called gun violence school shootings homelessness 1st it was my job then it was my field building was my savings i have nothing i have nothing it is no wonder to withdraw aloof or resources i look for jobs i look for everything i can to make this house. in the eye in the doing is. the road to the american dream

paved with did refuse it's this very idealized image of this i want to america makes americans look hostile the deaths that happen every single day this is a history of the usa and america. el look forward to talking to you all that technology should work for people. a robot must obey the orders given by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the 1st law show your identification for should be very careful about artificial intelligence and the point obesity is too great to trust our government here. only on theories johnson with artificial intelligence will summon the demon. the obama must protect its own existence as existence.

in the day's headlines british drug giant astra zeneca agrees to cooperate with the makers of brushless but make me jab to study the fact that this of combining the respective crown of our sex scene with. the international criminal court dropped the probe and alleged war crimes by u.k. forces and iraqi despite having quote reasonable basis to believe that the atrocities actually took place. also this hour good bye russia gates hello china gave us intel chips and branding beijing to the greatest threat to washington today and scandal unfolds. and as the u.s. struggles with the pandemic and its economic consequences donations.