one amazing property. when the temperature drops below minus $55.00 it becomes a dry frozen sand if a plane lands on it friction instantly heats its skis which then refreeze solidly onto the runway. that's why planes can only fly between mid december and early february just 2 months in every year for the rest of the time that people are completely cut off from the outside while. stocks water supply is drawn from the snow. the station sits more than 3500 meters above sea level that met altitude even the

fittest of people time have very quickly due to the low oxygen levels. were there. you were working. there with them. but the. conditions here are truly unique human the average temperature in december and january falls below minus 30 and in winter minus 80 is par for the course. atmospheric pressure is 40 percent lower than on the mainland and there's less oxygen in the headaches joint pain and nosebleeds all symptoms of a climate as ation it can take a whole months for a body to adapt. you

know what would be. better suited you because it was the father sed place from the coast from anywhere in the guy it was the most challenging place and in a way the soviet union wanted to show how good they where hunting very extreme conditions so the felt was more important the gore won than scientific one now is different this iteration is very much driven by science. all of antarctica risk covered by an ice sheet that can be up to 4 kilometers think that's enough to cover the entire planet in a 50 meter thing clarifies. the weight for you all when you push it to go against going to go because i want to. go with the nation i don't know that the up and even as i do with

a board of credibility because usenet animal will be going to think i'm a little bit wealthy and. that they were and then they were they were the so interesting upper good example new coke and then when the core of. the core. was one of the biggest geographical discoveries in the 2nd half of the 20th century scientists had long suspected that there was a link the size of europe subglacial lake vostok contains water that is millions of years old. but to reach it you have to drill through the so-called atmospheric ice formed by the snow that has fallen in antarctica for millennia.

one theory is that the lake formed because the ice sheet above it melted under the pressure of its own weight another is that the one you can't always existed even before antarctica froze over and that the ice sheets simply sealed it in. a different attitude the state is at the certain end of the can to do with a bit of a. sort of tour that could do for the birth of the british it's all good for them because debian is a short lived in the social and delicious to of the. late 20th century saw the 1st attempts to reach the lake by drilling through the kilometers of ice that concealed this unique body of water. down to a stock that it will certainly look i'm sure it's a little bit more through this should keep it so that it's to us and of.

the borehole was dubbed 5 g. one and drilling began in 1809 serviette french and american members of the joint expedition at the 1st uk station all took part. in my work as are they did 2 studies of the pastrana in the antarctic their ice cores being drilled they're about 10 centimeters in diameter and up towards 3 kilometers known. researches from various countries drill through the antarctic more using their unique mess. but only at the russian station have drillers managed to reach the ice boundary. and then make water where they stopped. apparently there's no way to take water samples from the lake without introducing contaminating microorganisms.

so far we have no way of knowing whether there is life in the most ancient water on earth but paleoclimatologists have found material that is just as valuable for their research. is the only archive where you can have similar tain as least stored that temperature history of the earth and similar tain is lead to the same times also the composition of the atmosphere of these times so we can directly go into the ice and find ot the contents of this atmosphere is specially sealed to. and from this c o 2 measurements we know form from the last 800000 years.

with the only. person that that isn't what do. or. you want to do with. studies of this engine dice have yielded serious scientific results we can extract data about the earth's climate hundreds of thousands or even millions of years ago now from tiny bubbles trapped in the ice for millions of years. this new property with all their them sort of in this been put there so the short folks the job is to get a share it's a look from obama we've got with the amounts of the police we had with it you was the reporter covering those who didn't because they could we both wish they were the new pair of those immigrants but are sort of political 1st because the push for them at their word used in a bridge with their new. from these studies research is now know that greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane have occasionally built up in the atmosphere

leading to a warmer climate then hundreds of thousands of years later levels decrease again resulting in ice ages. is to get access to a major change which took place about 1000000 years ago and it's a kind of an enigma we don't really know what happened we expect that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is responsible for these change and this is what we want to check how much carbon dioxide was a get a fair a 1000000 year before. so perhaps the global warming we see today is just a period in the planet's climatic history and people have nothing to do with it for are we excess arista climatic calamity after all these are the questions paleontologists are trying to answer here in antarctica. your book. who is going. to look for cool mckillop.

in the pool. what's a perfectly well thought. to believe that in the. 30 didn't go through the will you still talk to. you today with the. researchers from every country in. presented in antarctica purely scientific objectives politicians have another goal it's what they call presence. the quality of presence on the polar continent is a symbol of a nation's capability and strength. the extent to which a country can influence antarctica's future depends on it. the usa australia france and germany china japan india chile and other countries have

stations in antarctica. more than 50 countries have a presence and they're signatories to the antarctic treaty. so now it is for him. to have. a moment of truth is coming soon the 959 treaty expires in less than 30 years. where that is the beauty the absolute beauty that these tensions do not matter in the scientific community in trouble maybe because of a medical emergency or because the weather just closes opportunities for science in one area then the cooperation is there to look how can we best help each other attentions do not come into it at all on the grassroots level of doing antarctic research and it is a wonderful example how the international community can come together and how we

can overcome. polar explorers abide by the rules agreed 60 years ago the only legal activity in respect of antarctica and its inhabitants his research. into. the people. in truth the. tension.

is your media a reflection of reality. in a world transformed. what will make you feel safe. isolation or community. are you going the right way or are you being led so. direct. what is true what is faith.

in the world corrupted you need to descend. to join us in the depths. or remain in the shallows. right now there are 1000000 people who are overweight or obese it's profitable to self. and sugary and salty and addictive it's not at the individual level it's not individual well power and if we go on believing that would never change this obesity epidemic that industry has been influencing very deeply the medical and scientific establishment. so what's driving the obesity epidemic.

in 2040 you know bloody revolution of you tube clip the demonstrations going to be relatively peaceful political protests to be creasing the violent revolution is always spontaneous or is it just a lawyer here but i mean your list put video through me in the new bill is that i new split needle the former ukrainian president recalls the events of 2014. of those who took part in it invested over 5. 1000000000 dollars to assist ukraine in these and other goals that will ensure a secure and prosperous and democratic. led welcome to max kaiser financial survival guide. yanks this is what happens to pensions in britain. you watch kaiser report.

thank you. 2 for both the beautiful look awfully good as you look to be dealing with him on whose money kill bill is for. you would much of. this goes on. to tell you. that. i.

mean the others would be able to. give them. a long. shot but. i mean up on. your show. yeah by the house and i have a copy and you still. get this book yeah but themselves. yes seems because open you up. to you have done with. yeah you will stop him give him a little party pure or. silly and. sway

my family mean that mean i grew it still here with us i'm a. warship no more the i should push the with a little way to go with going through then the given was low because the roof of his leather bed made the. book a woman. for the fuel was we'll good with a about the issue which should fold. but i wanted to go with this thought it. fit with. what you should. do with which the wounded will live at one time t. do with the above but to be here. i mean is it is an amazing

amazing place and i think you should be prepared to go and go there and feel your place in the invest the 70 feel very small. how do you cope with such an enormous overload politicians come to the rescue. when we're going to. need to do. one of these. mid-winter probably brings the biggest holiday to antarctica. everyone

celebrates the. no matter which country they're from. the mid winter celebrations mean that half of the season has passed and every day takes you closer to going out . the americans have a reputation for coming up with fun ideas and they've decided that everyone must celebrate mid winter to get the autumn area. in target take when tour film festival or the. film festival is drawing near. for the 1st weekend of august at the american mcmurdo station mcmurdo is the largest station in antarctica it's a small town with a population of almost $1500.00. the

festival consists of 2 parts 1st the open category entrance upload damage to films of any genre about any topic the only restriction is on duration it can be no longer than 5 minutes 6 why just 5 because a common antarctic problem has a low speed connection. the 2nd category is for films made in just 48 hours on friday festival organizers announced the rules on monday all participants upload their entries which are shown to the entire population of mcmurdo and the jury delivers its verdict the winners are announced in several nominations just like all good movie festivals best film best actor best writer best camera work and there's an audience. so ward.

all of antarctica's inhabitants abide by laws some of the feathered and aquatic varieties abide by the antarctic laws of nature others by the provisions of the antarctic treaty. under the antarctic treaty. by mental pressure. adopted in the early 1900 and part of that the whole protocol is about how we under the treaty are going to manage the environment better things about mineral exploitation. special interest.

the rules governing antarctic life specifically states that any country exploring the continent must leave only pristine land behind them that's what explorers do every year when a large ship arrives and they prepare for a shift change the burn water can be burned and all glass and scrap metal is collected to be shipped out to the mainland.

it was. later the scrap metal and glass is loaded into a container and taken to the ship by tractor and helicopter. 6 weeks. ago and more those that. are loaded with us.

work. so. it will be much more. piece of the science that. people wanted to show this. for instance it would be 14025 kilometer. for. every antarctic station every country has similar mile markers it's a symbol a reminder of home and a subtle sign of the state's identity. the

militia just want to. thank you all with the choice you judge but critics try to tell you that you don't need to get what you teach. you for now the harsh climate hinders colonization in antarctica but in the future if it warms this southernmost continent really could be settled. it cannot turn to political interests to have stations and i think this economic interest to have tourists. i think it's important to set some limit. but it turns out that signing me and talk to treaty doesn't mean that the countries that ratified it have withdrawn their territorial claims over the continent to

nearby areas. some of the claims are enormous. the beauty of the antarctic treaty is the nations who have made those territorial claims put them aside completely and as you know some of the territorial claims are overlapping but all of that is put aside entirely because the continent is dedicated to scientific research. it will be a real shame if the antarctic values imbedded in that treaty of a perfect community of free citizens in gauged solian research and scientific progress should ever sink into oblivion this should be a place for true freedom equality and human brotherhood on this fragile world of ours.

join me every thursday on the alex i'm unsure and i'll be speaking to guest in the world of politics sports this list i'm showbusiness i'll see you then. i wouldn't quit says a supporter of sort of the banning of trauma per se i think long before we reached this point there should have been enough and there should have been

a set of guidelines and rules. technology platforms followed around specific kinds of cases by which people might be maybe even not the platforms into steps they're on the way to there if they are stealing information that is going viral that is obviously false and or hateful. by these algorithms they're influencing the visibility of content that is heat fall and viral in those cases we need to consider. those of us who watch carefully the russia gate hoax oh yes worried that it would eventually become the foundation for policy the biden ministration has done things i mean this is what you do with strong supporters are american liberals in praising

the so you. don't like the image of the muslim on muslim forum to your fans to a photo. op i. am. sure you. don't. oh my god. i mean. if you.

listen to. me. in the stories that shaped the week you're an arch international frustration mounts in countries that opted for the vaccine supply problems within europe and north america some people in the us are having to travel to neighboring states just to get an ocular. meanwhile a mass vaccination campaign kicks off in russia with its big job as an increasing number of other countries also choose to use it. serbian film director gave us his take on the vaccine.