they are important for other reasons. one of the reasons has to do with a term entropy. i have to explain why entropy means it's more or less randomness. and there is a thing called the 2nd law sermons in that mix, which tells you that things get more and more random as time goes on. we have to keep the entropy down. this is how we exist. that's where we get structure, structure forms and structure. can be propagated and we want to keep the entropy down all the time. now in black holes, this is where it ends up and why we have a universe which is interesting and complicated is really because poly because of the black holes. because this is where ultimately the entropy goes down the black hose and we can then live off the residue, which is the low entropy of the rest of the universe. this is a simplified picture, but in this sense, although it's indirect, black holes are absolutely central to our existence. well,

ok. at the center of a black hole lies what's called the singularity right. which density and mass become infinite and the theory of relativity which explains how gravity governs or universe breaks down in the center of a black hole. and the gravity conditions there are 2 extreme for the theory of relativity to work. as far as i understand, you know, what kind of a theory about the universe will hold its own at the heart of a black hole, where we don't know, what you would seem to need is a theory of quantum gravity. now you see, there's an interesting story here because when you, i proved my theorem and then i would that was to do with black holes. and this is to do with a single is in the future. you could fall into the singularity and it's the end. the opposite side of this picture is the beginning. we have in the big bang,

we have another singularity. and when i did my work, stephen hawking picked up on it and developed it mainly for because manji and he was more interested in the singularity in the past. and i remember i was in princeton in the united states, and we were going to a conference, and i was, we had to go and separate cars from princeton. and i noticed in one of the cars in the back seat was jim peebles. jim p was going up and i thought, oh, i'll take my chance and ask jim, why don't cosmetologist think of all these complicated kinds of singularities that you get in the future? we know many solutions of the onsite equations in a very complicated and you cause of ologist don't seem to talk about them. and he looked at me and he said, because the universe is not like that either. my gosh, which not is it? because the microwave background is, oh, very,

very irregular all over the sky toes is the big bang. was very, very smooth and regular and not like the sink of that she's in the future. they're very different. so if we are to have a theory of quantum gravity which explains the singularities, it's a very, very, very strange theory, which has to be different in the future from in the past. and that's lot like the quantum mechanics. we know all the theories, the physics apart from a statistical theory. this is the statistical phenomenon of the 2nd law summons and nomics. everything seems to be symmetrical in time, backwards or forwards. what's the difference? so i thought this is very odd. there must be some very strange theory which explains the difference. for many, many years i tried to think of a strange theory, constant mechanics. i didn't get anywhere but my student, paul todd, had

a different way of thinking about the beginning. i'm sure the bus is a little myself, but he really worked it out. but the main point is, according to polls, idea is that you could extend the universe to before the big bang. that's just to say, our big bang is the continuation of the remote future of what i call a previous eon. now, the word eon. i like to spell it a, a e. o, and that's one of the spellings. it's a word which i looked it up in the dictionary to make sure it was no, the millionaires or some length of time. it's an indefinite length of time. so i'm calling an infinite venture time. so our eon began was a big bang. and we'll continue to this remote future. there was an eon, i say, prior to ours is remote future, became our big bang. and signals can get through. and 2 types of

signals which we have explored. i and colleagues. one was when with my armenian colleague, he goes to joe and looked for signals, gravitational way of signals, from collisions between super massive black holes. the waves coming out from the previous eon. we could see that we believe reducing an a polish group also looked and they also conclude that they see them. nobody pays any attention because this is not the usual cosmos. here. you were in a book where you're quite skeptical about the current application of quantum mechanics in physics, which is to be quite invoke right now. and you say that in the real world, quantum mechanics doesn't make much sense. hans schrodinger's cat being a paradox. but even it's hard to grasp with, you know, paradoxical nature, all the, it was non locality, superposition and other mind blowing aspects this met. does that mean? it's necessarily wrong. i think you're talking about my book,

the fashion faith and fantasy, the physics of the universe. yes, i do press express 6 skepticism, but let me talk about the face that is the quantum mechanics. and what i'm trying to say, as you mentioned, misreading or cat. and schroeder and self was trying to say that there is a problem with quantum mechanics. people tend to interpret is a little differently from showing himself struggling or saying ok. according to his own equation. he was saying where according to my equation as mentioned, trading talking, you could have a catch, which is dead and alive at the same time. and he's really saying, using this example, this is ridiculous and did you couldn't have a dead and alive cash at the same time. the consequence of his own equation is that you have a cat which is dead and alive at the same time. quantum mechanics is inconsistent

with itself. this is somehow people say quantum mechanics is the best theory physics we have ever had. the sound why they say this. but if there is inconsistent with itself, and i don't think a theory that good should be self inconsistent. now you see, since quantum mechanics work so well, people don't like to use the word inconsistent. they like to say, oh it's, it's amazing horace, incomprehensible, mysterious, see? but i say it can't be quite right. and this is what direct says, this is what i've done and much schroedinger says it's not quite right. ok, so i get your point is approval and ampro will and you're saying the same thing about this ring theory, which is also quite popular nowadays offers a very from past to go parallel universe latin world view. but for you, it doesn't hold up because of lack of hard experimental evidence. so is it just our

current limitations in our experiments? or is this string theory completely improved? will g, i think there's a big difference between things here and in quantum mechanics. string theory has no evidence supported. quantum mechanics has an enormous amount of evidence is supported. so there is no comparison. she, i don't strict like string theory very much you. when i 1st heard about string theory, i did like it. it was explained to me by linda susskind and i thought it was a very beautiful idea. and i was quite taken but. but when i learnt it had to have a space time that was 26. i mentioned, i said okay, know when they got down to 10 dimensions. so no, that's wrong. this is 4 dimensions. one time through space. and if you tie up the other ones into a little ball because too small to see, that doesn't help. it's not, doesn't work very well. i don't think it works. so i formed the idea quite early that that theory is not correct. whereas quantum theory is certainly correct to

a large level. it's, it's, it's a lot, it's, it may not be completely correct. but at one end of the scale, it is very, very close to be correct. you have to say, what is it that makes it not quite correct? where that is where gravity comes in. so what i say is the union between general relativity economy, linux is not that you bring the machinery of quantum mechanics to bring it into the phone call. can you know, it's an even handed marriage that has to be give on one side and on the other side . sure. i'm son theory. when you look at tiny little spaces sent minus 33 sentiments. ok. maybe you chapter quantum gravity plays a role. there may be in the singularities, yes, you both, it's sort of problem comes in that the main place where quantum mechanics and gravity have an effect on each other is the effect of gravity on quantum mechanics

. it's the other way around. and this is to explain the collapse of away function. so i think sure we need to study how they into play with each other, but don't have a view that quantum mechanics must be left in tex, you must say, take the view the cause of mechanics, but in the circumstances of the collapse of the wave function to gravity, we're going to take a short break right now when we're back or continuing talking to 2020 nobel prize winner in physics. sir roger penrose. ah, ah, me one. i make no, certainly no borders under my number is

emerge. we don't have authority. we go to the back, the whole world leads to take action and be ready. people are judge, you know, governors crisis, we can do better, we should be better. everyone is contributing each in their own way. but we also know that this crisis will not go on forever. the challenge is paid for the response has been massive. so many good people are helping us. it makes us feel very proud that we are together now. ah

oh the me, an entire village in alaska has had to move if another country threaten to wipe out an american we do everything in our part a project in water escaping climate change poses the same threat. right now, alaska has seen some of the fastest coastal erosion in the world. we lost about 3535 feet of ground in just about 3 months while we were measuring it is bad. and that means the river is 35 pounds. then learning was year before,

i think we're part of america. there's for america for worse. the, i don't know, i mean there's some steps in there were rescuing the food they were scavenging or, or were rescuing resources that are still good. this is best buy march 21st, which is in 2 days. all these potatoes, pianos, onions, all of these came from waste round sources. the. this is great for me because i'm always looking for a way to give things away. doctor, because the tax laws, you know, definitely do benefit the wealthier people and our society. so it makes sense for them to throw it out right off rather than give it to somebody who could use it because then that person is not going to buy it.

ah ah ah ah, i will, the ah ah,

and we're back with twine twine nobel prize winner in physics, sir roger penrose. you have a rather daring theory of your own about human consciousness, which is rooted in quantum mechanics. and one of your points is that human thinking is not a series of executed algorithms, which means that any attempts to actually create a truly functional artificial intelligence using current computing powers are doomed. so in your view, artificial intelligence that is equal to a human brain is an impossible thing, right? do i get it correctly? you have it right here if you have it, right? i mean, i don't know what artificial tells reduce and you know, they can play just very well played grow very well after my ideas about nevermind. but it's, it's sure it can do computations. we know that. i mean, they can do arithmetic much better. i mean, my father's brother is bigger machine where you try the house and it did arithmetic . that can do arithmetic much better than i can. that is not. that's not the point

. what does you see this dates back to when i was a graduate student in cambridge graduate student? yes. now undergraduate, i think many when i was an undergraduate. yes. you see i was just pure mathematics . i was doing algebra geometry that i, when i was a graduate student i got interested in physics and in mathematical logic, those were 2 subjects. and i went to lectures by herman bonnie ungenerous activity . that was not my subject, but yeah, interesting, very good lectures. wonderful expositions, he made another course on quantum mechanics, 5 pulled iraq, beautiful, completely different style, beautiful. and i got my understanding of quantum mechanics from iraq. the 3rd course was a course by man christine, and mathematical logic. and i'd be very puzzled by girls theorem. you see,

girls them seems to prove that there are things in mathematics that you cannot prove. i thought this is not very pleasant. i don't like the idea. i went to the course of the scene. i learned about turing machines. i learned about computability . i knew what that meant. i then learned about girls, sir. he described the theorem. he says, if you have a system of logic where you have rules of procedure, axioms, the rules of procedure provided you believe that message of proof within that system always gives you the truth. so that say you follow the rules and the rules sell your true. is it, do you believe it's true? your believe is true if you believe the axioms. genuine. if you believe the rules of procedure only give you choose from own truth. ok. so if it proves it's true,

i believe it. now, if you have that point of view, what does girl do? is shows a statement which says, in certain sense, i'm not provable. now you see, go through the procedures and you see yes, if you trust the rules, this statement is true. yet you cannot prove it by those. now those rose, you could put on the machine i knew about turing machines. algorithm existence show you. there are the same as computers. that means that this computational system, if you believe that what it says is true, if you believe all the statements, then you must believe the thing beyond its scope is true. how does it do that? it does that by understanding it understands what the rules mean. i mean it doesn't because it doesn't have understanding. that's what i regard as the difference. what does your consciousness do? that is not done by the algorithm exist and understand what it's doing. now what

is understanding? i don't know what understanding is, but whatever it is, it is something which is not following an algorithm. so it's not a computational procedure. then i started to say, what can it be? how does it it's something in the world. is it some mistake mrc or use that comes in from who knows where that gives us some serious. so that enables us to understand things as a competition. computational device cannot do. i didn't believe that. i thought, okay, was going in our brains is material. it's just like the materials my computer is lack of material. this lamp is like everything else is organized differently perhaps. but it's still the same physical stuff. ok. how do we see non computable things in the world? now we know we can compute not. we are not us, but some people good people can compute what's lack,

o is going around each other smaller each other. the signal is produced and gravitational ways if you build lago detector. now the nobel prize, you can see the signals which follow what the calculations tell you that black hole spiraling and which other do sure, you can do general egyptian with a on a computer. what about quantum mechanics? yeah, you can put shutting this equation on the computer. then i go back to direct 1st lecture. what was his 1st lecture? he gave a talk where he talked about the superposition principle. he said, ok, an electron can be here, or an electron can be here, or it can have a state which here and here at the same time, he takes this piece of chalk. it breaks it into, i think he defects it. he says that base at your 1st met him. i taught can be here or to what kind of big picture to here and here and the same time my mind wanders,

i look out of the window. i'm thinking about something else. then he finished his explanation. he comes back, i have a vague memory, he's saying something about energy. i have no idea what he said. he goes on and talks about quantum mechanics. so i'm left with his puzzle. one of the faces that makes a big piece of chalk behave differently from an electron. the massive explained it to me, but i didn't understand. so i go on thinking that must be where the problem lies. something about the collapse of away function which makes small things when they get too big, they can somehow exist in 2 places at once. the wave function collapse under the weights of gravity in some sense. so that was kind of a vague thought, but i'd nevertheless saw that the consciousness to tens that thing there has to be in the brain somewhere where the collapse of the wave function, whatever that physics is, is harnessed by the brain. now it's the opposite of what many people used to think

. many people such as digna and i believe and the women, you're still believe that least possible that it's conscious being observing the system, the collapse is away function. so it's our conscious consciousness which collapses . what we look at, you see, my view is the opposite. it's not that it's what makes the consciousness is the collapse. there's the other way around. i have no idea. now i had a sort of writing a book. now it took me a long time, actually to galvanize myself to write the book. this is the emperor's new mind. eventually i did decide to write a book, partly because i heard some of the, i think it was marvin midstream, minsky and edward fred can talking about what computers could do in the future. and you have these 2 computers talking to each other. and as you walk up and to the computer, they already communicated more ideas with each other than the entire human race.

and i thought, well, i know where you're coming from, but i don't have that view. i think understanding is something else, not the computer. and so i thought, well, i will try to explain my point of view and then i realize i have to learn about neuro physiology. so i have a section where i learned about the physics. i learned about the hodge can actually theory of no propagation. and i think can i get enough coherence, you have to have the quantum system to preserve itself up to a sufficient level that it actually does something in the brain nerves. well, the signal propagation it's electric field all over the brain says no, no, no, i go to the engine book. i had to finish it. i did something i didn't really believe in. and that was the end of the book. other, you know, rather disappointment at the end. nevertheless, the few people read my book as shooting,

including still hammer off. still hammer off. was an anesthesiologist, anesthesiologists rest away because in the united states, i did an interview with him that we were talking about. oh, did you interesting this? no, he told me about microtubules. you see them, you see stories that ok, the little juice. this is probably the thought solution to your problem. gosh, is this another crack because i get crazy lessons from people that will look it up to the microtubule real? yeah, it's real. so i thought this is very interesting. so i got to talk to him. he came during linda and we had long discussions, and then we had many other discussions. not only are they more promising than, than because it's small structures, but they're very symmetrical structures. so i was very impressed by the symmetry that you get in these little microtubules. and i thought there was

a much better chance. so we then got together reformulated, our orchestrated objective reaction, open orchestration reduction, objective reduction theory which do it. i mean he does the biology and the neuro physics and all that stuff. i don't understand that stuff. and i do the physics, he doesn't understand the physics very well. so we get together and compliment each other. well, professor, i mean sir roger, it's fascinating listening to i had millions of questions prepared for you, but instead we, we had the brilliant lecture on your behalf on all existing theories and which of them stand around and it was not. and i thought this is much more interesting than me asking you silly question. so thank you so much for this wonderful insight into martin into how our world functions beyond this dimension. so thank you very much.

and if possible, maybe we can do this one more time. my pleasure to enjoy this and say so mike, was there? roger, thank you. take care of yourself. thank you. thank you. the ah, ah, join me every 1st day on the alex simon show. when i was speaking to guess in the world, the politics sport. business. i'm show business, i'll see you then me the, we're segregated all along. all right. social class, a lot of people also covered by 1st. if you're born in to a 4 family,

you're born into minority family. if you're born into a family that only has a single parent that really constrains your lives, chances people die on average. 15 years old, born as a generational poverty. it's a, it's a fight every day to meet your needs and the needs of your family. me. i met my local bank and wanted to know me and johnny gave me the gotta go through the the up in the kitchen. the glass on the beach is

evil out tomorrow. i gotta get my don't get a get. we'll put it on the show that the lady told me be bringing home lucky vendors. me up and everybody who bought all my now and then because you guys name my last man. why or why not what i mean when i was wrong. when all just don't hold the world yet to shape out the thing because the after an engagement

equals the trail. when so many find themselves, well, the part we choose to look for common ground in this is you'll need the a reflection of reality. the in a world transformed what will make you feel safer. tyson lation, whole community. you going the right way for you being that somewhere? which direction? what is truth is faith in the world corrupted. you need to defend the join us in the depths. will remain in the shallows,

use the brushes how level economic forum in st. petersburg hits talk here with president launching the country, pushing ahead with infrastructure for vaccines tourism industry. when you're doing, we are just covering our own needs. we can also provide foreign citizens with the child to come to russia and get vaccinated here. i would like off the government to analyze all aspects of this issue. by the end of the month, there is called centers out the event that widespread back to nation is the only way to get the world economy back on a piece with austria, chancellor showing his support for the russian job. as part of the global pushback toward his cabinet, it doesn't matter where the back seat come from from russia.