[000:00:00;00] ah, [000:00:00;00] me welcome to the alex, i mean sure. where in the run up to the, to kill lympics, we focus on the creature space of all the context between the vaccines undivided and were better to introduce the subject than i said. the london science museum currently pressed into service as a national health service vaccination center. a demonstration of the practical application of scientific achievement at night seems reasonably clear that in the country for the u. k. science has the upper hand entirely signed to the any vaccination program. the vaccines have insult divided,

which is still running rampant, but they do start most people getting seriously unwell and keep them out of hospital. indeed, the success of any chance of running vaccination compared to the see the deficiencies of the privatized english test and trace system. as something which side to job westman to incoming hel 60 may wish to ponder, as he considers the massive issue of re form of social care profession. the u. k. may be in the finishing state of beating the violence, but internationally human kinds of bailey. i started logs last month and the i didn't accessing of carpets, been cornwall, the g 7 liter tailed, a worldwide initiative to provide vaccines for all. however, it was immediately dismissed as a model failure by former prime minister gordon tried to merge that it would be years, not months before the developing world has access to life. saving back today on the

alex salmon, shall we turn to the expertise of mine. who knows the answers don't digital camera 6 to geno. so base international vaccine institute buyers. this key interview coming up soon, but 1st few tweaks and messes in response to i show last week. big think peter tag on the phone. hitting pizza attached to gordon says, looking forward to seeing the movie pizza was quite clearly 3 decades ahead of his time. fascinating. interviewed by alex. thank you. carol says, thanks alex, quite a lot in there. i didn't know about peter tycho, i'm finally a country youth from young. he says, todd joe ever troublemaker, he was at the miners strike causing shovel. well, international vaccine institute is a thought based non profits international organization devoted to research and vaccine development and delivery for the developing world. with 160 partners worldwide, ranging from government to industry,

academia and civil society to enter governmental organizations such as the world's health organization. the i v. i is uniquely pleased to judge on the state of the duma c race between the deployment. so that things on the development of the corona, by the will of axioms, be successful in suppressing the deadly vidas will be new v as in march to defeat the science, while the bulk of humanity is left unprotected, alex is in conversation with doctor to don't. kim secretary general of the soul based international vaccine institute. dr. jerome can give me your assessment of where the, what elders lift the, the race between the vaccine and the coal. that virus, that's a great point to make. now a year and a half into this, in january of 2020, there were 3 big tasks. the 1st was to proof of axing works and safe and applications. the 2nd was to make enough about vaccine and significant quantity at sufficient quality. and then the final was to vaccinate everyone in order to have

impact, because until you vaccinate anyone, everyone, you're not going to have the right impact. so what's the, our score card or score card is? we've been able to prove that 10 or actually now 13 vaccines are safe and just by different regulatory standards by enlarge, that's the answer. so that was relatively simple. we did it in record time, starting from scratch in january 2020, getting to vaccines approved by november of 2020. great. the bigger questions though aren't around vaccine research and development. but really around can we make enough of this vaccine in order to vaccinate 8000000000 people around the world? and then can we distribute the action? do we have the logistical system in place that will be able to put jobs into the arms of those a 1000000000 people? and those are going to be far more pressing questions this year and next? so let's, let's look at least 3 areas of identified. let's look at the success 1st. i mean,

there's a dozen and perhaps a few months to be 20 s. keisha's vaccines against coven, which will be tested and develop that is compressed the work of the caden to a year. so what leave behind that remarkable success? so, you know, i think that there are a few things, you know, the world has learned at least a little bit from previous pandemic when company struggled to make vaccine, best enough large part because the, the outbreaks were over before the vaccines were developed. so a number of countries including the u. k, got together and, and put together something called separate quotient prep, a demick preparedness innovations which is based both and oslo and in london. but really, the point of step was to say, you know, we know that these tend to mix will happen, that they could potentially be destructive and, and far ranging. and we really need to have a better system within 3 weeks of the announcement of the sequence of the virus. and january 2020 savvy had already identified companies. it was going to fund to

develop vaccines, kind of unprecedented speed for funding. but they also made it clear to the companies that they wanted a product as quickly as possible. and so they were able to pay for the research and development costs upfront in order to get the countries to accelerate. and then in april to may of last year, the u. s. government kicked in with operation works again, $20000000000.00 of investment. kind of the same way a country would develop a weapon for the country, develop the vaccine. so they said this is what we want. these are the characteristics. wanted to be safe and applications. we want u. s. f d, in this case to prove it. and we want 1cw2cw doses of the vaccine at the end. so we'll buy it from you, and that kind of effort allows you to move very, very quickly through development. because you don't have to keep turning around and reinventing things and going back. the government said we need

a vaccine quickly. that's safe and applications. and the companies did it so, so far, so good, lay a range of vaccine 5 different types of back seen have been developed. is it going to be possible to produce the quantities required in the sort of time scale required for the world wide vaccination? is the production capacity there to produce these new vaccines? so that's a complicated question, but that a really, really critical, it's complicated because if we think about a vaccine in widespread use influenza vaccine made by maybe 2 dozen companies around the world in a typical year for a you know, for the typical flu season, we make 402500 1000000 doses. we are. we've already dispensed over 2000000000 doses of cobra, 1900 vaccines. it gives you an impression of the scale. and now we're asking these companies, the companies that have developed vaccines, a manufacturer,

not 400000000, not 2000000000, but 16000000000 doses actually now if you add on that, you may need boosters and there may be buried vaccines coming. we're talking on a scale that we've never manufactured vaccines before, and it's not dangerous. it's just, it's something that has to be done. and so, as with any manufacturing process, you have to go from initial low rate manufacturing to much higher rate of manufacturing. and sometimes you have to stop production in order to re tool to get even better production. so there are going to be fits and starts. and we've seen that for many of the vaccines. we also know that the vaccine companies made commitments when they were funded to do the research and development and those commitments have to be honored because the countries that paid them upfront in order to do research and development. a wanted to vaccine as a priority, and the companies had to fulfill that hopefully would come up with

a mechanism callbacks that will allow access to innovative action technology within the 1st year of development. it won't be fast enough, but it's, it's a glimmer of hope. another glimmer. so instead, i mean personally argument that some people make the jealous gardening of the, effectively the vaccine, payton, to prevent more manufacture in more places, to get more quantities. and the faster timescale is of any truth. and that is more complicated though, in that because we can, we can give you the we can say this is the vaccine unless you have the cook book, which is hundreds of pages of documentation it unless we transferred that as well. you're stuck with having to develop the process yourself, the bio entech process. now this is a report i haven't actually seen. it has $50000.00 steps. each step has to be controlled and quality control. and how are you going to develop that? if you're starting from scratch,

so if we need billions of doses of axioms over the next 3 to 6 months, and we do, simply waving pat rates is not necessarily going to get to there. the time to start thinking about what to do in a pan damage with that and rates and waivers is actually now, but it may not affect the current wave of vaccines. this may be thinking a year or 2 years or even for the next 10 demik. it's an important thing to talk about, but for right now we just need as much vaccine as we can get of high quality as possible. so dr. kevin, let's take the thought, david, you down to 5, let's say it becomes possible to get the manufacturer ramped up. and these $2000000000.00 is become more like 15 or $20000000000.00 is over the next 6 months to year in itself would take half kilian effort is going to be possible to deploy that quantity of vaccine to the places that really need it another another

great question, and really it gets to the issue of how we do vaccination. so, you know, it's, it's really been a remarkable feat that since the year 2000 gabby w h o units have been able to put into place programs that vaccinate 80 to 85 percent of the world's children against the basic disease is what we call the extended program for immunization. really remarkable and save millions of lives actually saves 2 and a half 1000000 lives a year. that's fascinating. the children. so in korea, the birth cohort, the number of children born every year is between 30400000. the number of people increase 51000000 and you can imagine the difference between having to vaccinate 300000 individuals and that's in, in 51000000 visuals. but we know that there are of axioms that we could directly give to adults that we improve the quality of life for adults. and could this, you know, building of, of infrastructure, strengthening of health is strengthening of reporting systems. actually create

something that would give a benefit to all countries. now that's going to require fund and the i m f estimates that it's, it's a significant amount of funding, but the return on investment could be 9 trillion dollars by 2025. so those can, given your experience and knowledge and background in terms of logistics, what is the best possible estimate of when will be able to bring, what say africa up to a level of vaccination that will prevent, bought a coven variance emerging out to that continent. so i don't think it will probably be 2022 before the kinds of vaccination rates you've seen in the u. k or, or in israel or united states are going to be achievable in africa. and it may very well be in the 2nd half of 2022. again, that would be a remarkable speed for a global immunization program. remember, it took us a decade for

a small box. so there are 3 potential crises. the 1st is a humanitarian. we know from modeling that if there is not equity in the distribution of the 1st 2000000000 doses of axiom global cobit that's currently over 3 and a half 1000000, could double the epidemic. the pandemic can be prolonged and no one wants that. the 2nd argument is economic, and this comes from multiple sources. and the last one is kind of interesting. the birth of the brookings institute, the national board of economic review, and now the u. s. white house office of national intelligence are essentially saying that if there is not, if we cannot provide equity in the distribution of vaccines, then high income countries will pay an economic cost. that economic costs are estimated this year at about $4.00 to $5.00 trillion dollars. essentially saying what the secretary general of the united nation says that no one save until everyone. but the final one is actually the potentially the most trouble. and this

is a biological crisis. we know that the variance has emerged from areas of uncontrolled from brazil and the u. k. and south africa, i'm india from the united states. the barrier of concern are generated when we can control and outweigh, using standard preventive measures in the absence of ex nation. failure to provide vaccine to the parts of the elder failure to understand and demick in certain parts of the world. subsaharan africa, south asia, for example, and failure to understand where the variance are, could be hunting a crisis that may undermine $20000000000.00 worth of investment in the vaccines that we have now, that are safe medications. and we can join us after the break. when alex continues his conversation with dr. jerome can sec today, i know of international vaccine institute. we'll see them you know, probably you know,

my back on it. i was like i was one. okay. your trucking license, but you'll have a lost his boss because i just got to the bottom. you just got to be i'm on my cell . my don't put up as soon as i mentioned earlier. so i said, you know what it was you are not. so my pull up, i got your month almost. what did i'm already whatever set up already just got me. i mean it was a lot think we went up and i mean really here so i just don't get it until then it's fitted to chantelle. noticed that i'm one of this, but i'm like honestly this is what it is i'm looking to possibly go to kind of home . i just want that. yes. in the thing i was calling with you and your team, samantha katie. yeah. my thought

a lot of problem. yes. gotta go welcome back. alex is in conversation with dr. jones ken of international vaccine institute on who is reading the deadly wraith in human science on the current divide. it does not can what's going on with his violence and intentionally corona virus is, will to god it almost as cinderella virus is slow moving slow to adapt. this one is quite different. these variants are matching with surprising speed. and all these variance, which is the one you seen, which one is you, most of the imagining variance gives you the real cause for concern. and, you know, it's, that's an interesting question because i used to, at my previous lab, used to do sequencing of h. i b variance and now compared to h, i v current of ours variation is very small. if you imagine h i v variation is that by hand. corona restoration,

sorry. coby to variation is like the tip of a pat ballpoint pen of the variance that we have seen so far. it appears that the delta variance, which is the one circulating now how actually the most common version circulating the you k. very commonly found in south asia appears to be much more transmissible and may cause a greater amount of disease. do the vaccines work against it? currently they do. it's very important to get 2 doses. and actually that data effectiveness data, actually they came out of the united kingdom that it's true that with appropriate vaccination, we significantly decrease the things that matters. severe infection, hospitalization and, and those are the things that actually just posted. you wouldn't have been expected and wasn't expected. as the virus became more transmissible, it would cost less punch hasn't not been the addition of mutation of viruses. they

become more infectious that the people are infecting, suffer less disease. again, that doesn't seem to be happening, particularly with the delta period. so you know, viruses. so i think i'm actually a british nobel prize winner. one set of iris is a piece of bad news wrapped up in protein. it's mutating in order to spread officially and some of the variance spend more efficiently, like when the very early stages of pandemic, without significant increase in, in the severity of disease. the u. k. variance did actually have some potential increase in severity. the delta variance appears to have potentially be more transmissible and, and have greater severity. so we can predict how these viruses are going to mutate, their mutating on their own in order to spread part of the other series of questions that we have to answer are have to do with even within good countries

that are vaccinated. where, where are their pockets of unvaccinated people, or where's their heterogeneity in the vaccination? so in the united states, there are states with relatively high rates of vaccination and significant clusters of states with low rates of excellence. could those states with low rates of vaccination be in the future? the epicenter of and la, break with new variants. so again, you know, the job's not over anywhere. and i think one of the things that we have learned from this particular current of ours is that we're always, we always seem to be surprised when, in fact, we know we need to vaccinate as many people as possible as quickly as possible in order to protect against viruses, you know, one of the things that people don't think about, you know, they think, well, i'm getting back to me. i'm protecting myself or you're, you're not only protecting yourself, you're protecting others because when you're vaccinated, your ability to spread the virus. if you do become intact, it appears to decrease, we don't have a formal group of that. there's

a lot of circumstantial evidence around that. but the 2nd part of this is you're beating virus because if we can't contain outbreaks, we control the generation of mutants. so we're going to beat this, we all have to get back to me as quickly as possible. dr. kim, looking your own background as a condo in the, in the military. your work in the v is the struggle between the viruses and the matching viruses and human kind. is it like a military campaign can, can you think of it? and in that context is human kind engaged in the other tablo battle with viruses? i think it's, that's a very poetic description. in fact, you know, there have been multiple infectious diseases, not only viruses that have been the result of introductions into human populations and, you know, and some of them will seem kind of old fashion. you know, the great pox was actually syphilis, the smallpox killed, you know,

up to 30 percent of a certain populations. when it was introduced. there are islands in the pacific that were wiped up. i knew when they were introduced by europeans. yes, it is. there, there have been a series of pandemic that occur periodically. you know, this is the co, 19 pandemic is the worst in a century. we thought in fact that with modern medicine, with all of our ability to make new vaccines and do have me ology and to do all this molecular biology that, you know, potentially we could reduce the impact. and i think that, that we've seen that it is not only the science, but the politics and the social issues that also are going to drive our ability to respond to some countries. and you just really are in new zealand, korea or others have been successful in, in controlling the initial outbreaks. in the absence of vaccination. other

countries have been less successful and for those countries than vaccines are, are very critical because there aren't other ways to, to control outbreaks. i think it's, you know, we think of it as a campaign, but developing a vaccine in this case, a vaccine against co good is something that the army teaches you to do. and actually it's funny of the u. s. army uses same system for buying a tank as it does for developing a vaccine. it go, we go through an acquisition process that involves research and development, testing and, and then lower production. hi, reproduction in, but it's thought of as a continuum of making a purchase of something that will work to do what you need to do. and i think that was the, that was how they did operation. what they said, this is what we want. this is what we'll pay for the end. if you're successful, you need all of the key performance indicators will buy it. and,

and that was beneficial. and i think that that model helps not came from the perspective of them to national vaccine institute based in seoul, korea and your membership countries, including of course, bottles in the w and show itself. it's got to show a rallying called to, to the international community of the things that need to be done so that we can to use a military get their fosters for the most us that we can actually deploy our resources effectively. and when they struggle as quickly as possible against coven, what would be the key things that you see as need to be done to accelerate all efforts? so, you know, and we have to do these things in parallel. while we were developing the vaccine, we should have been developing plans to distribute the vaccine equitably, putting into place the contract. those things are being worked on now. as vaccines

are moving out of national regulatory approval into w h or approval into per purchases and contracts with the organization known as callbacks. it's all taken time. and so the number of doses promised to go back, which is significant. 30 percent of global need should be provided to this callbacks facility by the end of the year. but there have been delays. maybe there were anticipated delays, many of them probably were an anticipated. but we had to have a mechanism for moving vaccines that are approved that are high quality, can getting them into the facility so they can be distributed at the 2nd part of it . this is really around preparations for vaccination. so how are we going to ensure that when we have 1100000000 doses for subs her and africa? how are we going to be able to ensure that, that those vaccine doses are going to be given appropriately to all the people who need it as quickly as possible? are we working now on strengthening immunization systems in those countries and

strengthening logistical systems within those countries? to ensure that when we have the vaccine in hand, we can rapidly put that vaccine into the arm. a person who needs we are often say that things don't save lives. vaccination does. the process of vaccinating each 1000000000 people with probably be to 2 doses of vaccine $16000000000.00 doses is unprecedented. but it's something that we can't fill up something that we really have to succeed in doing. so i v, i, you know, we didn't develop our own actually, what we had decided in february of last year was we will help anybody who comes to us for assistance because we can interact or we can work with companies at the early stage when it's still in the laboratory one, when they want to tested in animals, we can test it in a human population, but we call this one face to face 3 trials. we can test it in effectiveness trials

so we can do mass vaccinations and see whether the vaccine is actually doing what we want it to do. we can work with regulatory agencies or with a groups like w, h o, that set policy and many people, or maybe i've been sitting on committees with w a show i helping to form some of the policy around coban, 1900 vaccination. so, you know, we for kogan view ourselves as a helper, willing to go anywhere to do anything in order to move back seems through the process research to develop. and now we actually have only 4 funders, state unders that, that are korea, sweden, india, and didn't know g 7 countries are part of idea. most of our funding, 3 quarters of it comes from philanthropic organizations or actually research organizations like separate the coalition for potomac preparedness of h innovation or billing melinda gates foundation. so we really are the welcome. and

we really critically depend on those projects that we have to write in order to, to do the work that we do. and we really do work on the diseases that the big companies don't want to work on. we're really committed to that and into the populations around the world in need of vaccination. thought of john kim center general of the international vice institute. thank you so much for joining me on melick silence. sure. thank you. i've gotten, brian became the but of much humor. when once in the house of commons, i minister, he united, he was busy saving the world when he meant to face saving the bank. how that's right. it's difficult not to accept his cut and condemnation of the g 7 attempts to provide the world with vaccine protection as an adequate to meet both the enormity and urgency of the task and hands. as dr. kim points out the creation and manufactured of billions of vaccines at the triumph of human ingenuity. but he

warned that it's vaccinations, not vaccine was safe people. and the number of shots needed are 20000000000. not the 2000000000 fledged by the g 7 and early court. the who gordon bryan went to name p represented cra, cordy, i nice of that same scottish tide kid, the genius of adam smith, the founder of economics. smith developed the concept of enlightened self interest on a side we should reside at the world's, which to the i just seen scale required to save the world. if this biter should means undefeated anyway, or for any length of time, been available will surely merge of africa asia, which will be the boxing and playing just all back into darkness. the logistics of vaccinating ever on the planet needs to be tackled right now. if everyone on the planet is to be safe for the future, but for now knowledge myself and all of the shows is good by safe. and we'll see

you all again next week. ah, me ah, and he can on my cell moral hazard. and that is that if you constantly bail out the worst factors in the economy, they will act with morality. and so the fact is they've got moral hazard on steroids. they're rewarding the worst factors who are doing things like info and stealing hundreds of $1000000000.00. some people in destroying their own country in a trees, in the fact, argue with me, go ahead,

try the . the news. the headlines it says they more unmarked graves. have indigenous children are found in canada on the grounds of a former catholic run school, bringing the total to over 1000. this problem to the prime minister of pope france is to make amends to the community. i really hope that this time it will lead towards hope coming onto the canadian soil. an apology apologizing directly by the headlines to brief you on today, i thought highly infectious delta strain of coven plunges, rush into a new wave of the panoramic. moscow makes proof of vaccination q,