the vaccines have in stock divided, which is still running rampant, but they do stop most people getting studiously unwell and keep them, i suppose. indeed, the success of any chance of running vaccination compared to the tedious deficiencies of the privatised english, past and chaste system as something which side to job westminster incoming health text may wish to ponder. as he considers a massive issue of reform, of social care profession. the u. k. may be in the finishing state of beating the virus, but internationally, human kinds of bailey, i started logs last month, and the dill exception of carpet been cornwall. the g 7 liter tailed, a worldwide initiative to provide vaccines for all how ever it was immediately dismissed as a model failure by former prime minister according to merged that it would be years, not months before the developing world has access to life, saving back today on the alex salmon, shall we turn to the expertise of

a man who knows the answers. doctor, you don't care 6 to general. so based international vaccine institute buyers. this interview coming up soon. but 1st few tweaks and messes in response to i should last think big. think peter touch on the phone, hitting pizza, attached to gordon says, looking forward to seeing the movie pizza was quite clearly 3 decades ahead of his time. fascinating. interviewed by alex. thank you. carol says, thanks alex, quite a lot in there. i didn't know about peter tycho, i'm finally a country youth from young. he says todd show as a troublemaker. he was at the minor strike causing trouble. well, international vaccine institute is a thought based non profit international organization devoted to research and vaccine development and delivery for the developing world. with 160 partners worldwide, ranging from government, industry, academia,

and civil society to inter governmental organizations such as the world health organization. the i v i is uniquely pleased to judge on the state of the doing the same race between the deployment to faxing and the development of the corona by the will the vaccine be successful in suppressing the deadly virus? i will be new veins and march to defeat science, while the bulk of humanity is left unprotected. alex is in conversation with doctor to don't can secretary general or the soul based international vaccine institute. dr. jerome can give me your assessment of way of the what all does lift the, the race between the, the vaccine and the call that virus that's a great point to make. now a year and a half into this, in january of 2020, there were 3 big tasks. the 1st was to prove of axing works and safe and applications. the 2nd was to make enough about vaccine and significant quantity at sufficient quality. and then the final was to vaccinate everyone in order to have

impact, because until you vaccinate anyone, everyone, you're not going to have the right impact. so what's the, our score card or score card is? we've been able to prove that 10 or actually now 13 vaccines are safe and just by different regulatory standards by enlarge, that's the answer. so that was relatively simple. we did it in record time, starting from scratch in january 2020, getting to vaccines approved by november of 2020. great. the bigger questions though aren't around vaccine research and development. but really, around can we make enough of this vaccine in order to vaccinate 8000000000 people around the world? and then can we distribute the vaccine? do we have the logistical system in place that will be able to put jobs into the arms of those billing people? and those are going to be far more pressing questions this year and next? so let's, let's look at least 3 areas. if i then to 5, let's look at the success 1st. i mean, those know a dozen and perhaps

a few months to be 20 s a keisha's vaccines against corbett, which will be tested, the develop that is compressed, the work of a decayed and to a year. so what leave behind that remarkable success? so, you know, i think that there are a few things, you know, the world has learned at least a little bit from previous pandemic when company struggled to make vaccine, best enough large part because the, the outbreaks were over before the vaccines were developed. so a number of countries, including the u. k, got together and, and put together something called separate quotient prep, a demick preparedness innovations which is based spoken oslo and in london. but really, the point of step was to say, you know, we know that these tend to mix will happen, that they could potentially be destructive and, and far ranging. and we really need to have a better system within 3 weeks of the announcement of the sequence of the virus.

and january 2027 had already identified companies. it was going to fund to develop vaccines kind of unprecedented speed for funding. but they also made it clear to the companies that they wanted a product as quickly as possible. and so they were able to pay for the research and development costs upfront in order to get the countries to accelerate. and then in april to may of last year, the u. s. government kicked in with operation works be again, $20000000000.00 of investment. kind of the same way a country would develop a weapon for the country, develop the vaccine. so they said this is what we want. these are the characteristics. wanted to be safe and applications. we want u. s. f d, in this case to prove it. and we want 1cw2cw doses of the vaccine at the end. so we'll buy it from you and that kind of effort allows you to move very, very quickly through development. because you don't have to keep turning around and reinventing things and going back. the government said we need a backseat quickly. that's safe and applications. and the companies did it so,

so far so good lay a range of vaccine 5 different types of bucks in have been developed. is it going to be possible to produce the quantities required in the sort of came scale required for the worldwide vaccination? is the production capacity this to produce these new vaccines? so that's a complicated question, but that a really, really critical one is complicated because if we think about a vaccine in widespread use influenza vaccine made by maybe 2 dozen companies around the world in a typical year for a you know, for the typical flu season, we make 402500 1000000 doses. we're, we've already dispensed over 2000000000 doses of koby 900 vaccines. it gives you an impression of the scale. and now we're asking these companies, the companies that have developed these vaccines, manufacture not 400000000,

not 2000000000, but 16000000000 doses actually now if you add on that, you may need boosters, and there may be very vaccines coming. we're talking on a scale that we've never manufactured vaccines before, and it's not dangerous. it's just, it's something that has to be done. and so, as with any manufacturing process, you have to go from initial low rate manufacturing to much higher rate of manufacturing. and sometimes you have to stop production in order to retool to get even better production. so there are going to be fits and starts. and we've seen that for many of the vaccines. we also know that the vaccine companies made commitments when they were funded to do the research and development and those commitments have to be honored. because the countries that paid them upfront in order to do research and development wanted to vaccine as a priority. and the companies had to fulfill that. hopefully we've come up with a mechanism callbacks that will allow access to innovative action technology within

the 1st year of development. it won't be fast enough, but it's, it's a glimmer of hope, another glimmer. so it's still, i mean, proof and the argument that some people make the jealous gardening of the affectively the vaccine. payton to prevent more manufacture in more places, to get more quantities. and the faster timescale is of any truth. and that argument is more complicated though, in that because we can, we can give you and we can say this is the vaccine. unless you have the cookbook, which is hundreds of pages of documentation it unless we transferred that as well. you're stuck with having to develop the process yourself, the biotech process. now this is a report. i haven't actually seen it as 50000 steps. each step has to be controlled and quality control. and how are you going to develop that if you're starting from

scratch? so if we need billions of doses of axioms over the next 3 to 6 months, and we do simply waving pat rates is not necessarily going to get you there. the time to start thinking about what to do in a pan damay with patent rights and waivers is actually now, but it may not affect the current wave of vaccines. this may be thinking a year or 2 years, or even for the next 10 demik. it's an important thing to talk about, but for right now we just need as much vaccine as we can get of high quality as possible. so dr. kevin, let's take the thought be the you are down to 5 and let's say it becomes possible to get the manufacturer ramped up on these $2000000000.00. it's become more like 15 or $20000000000.00 is over the 6 months to year in itself. i would take a half kilian effort. is it going to be possible to deploy that quantity of vaccine to the places that really need it? another another great question. and really it gets to the issue of how we do

vaccination. so, you know, it's, it's really been a remarkable feat that since the year 2000 gabby w a jo unicef, have been able to put into place programs that vaccinate 80 to 85 percent of the world's children against the basic disease is what we call the extended program for immunization. really remarkable. and it saved millions of lives actually saves 2 and a half 1000000 lives a year. that's vaccinating the children. so in, in korea, the birth cohort, the number of children born every years between 30400000. the number of people increase 51000000 and you can imagine the difference between having to vaccinate 300000 individuals and vaccinating 51000000 visuals. but we know that they're of axioms, that we could directly give to adults that we improve the quality of life for adults. and could this, you know, building of, of infrastructure, strengthening, of houses, strengthening of reporting systems. actually create something that would give

a benefit to all countries. now that's going to require fund and the i m f estimates that it's, it's a significant amount of funding, but the return on investment could be 9 trillion dollars by 2025. so those can, given your experience and knowledge and background in terms of logistics, what is the best possible estimate of when will be able to bring, what say africa up to a level of vaccination that will prevent, bought a coven variance managing to that continent. so i don't think it will probably be 2022 before the kinds of vaccination ration you've seen in the u. k or, or in israel or united states are going to be achievable in africa. and it may very well be in the 2nd half of 2022. again, that would be a remarkable speed for a global immunization program. remember, it took us a decade for

a small box. so there are 3 potential crises. the 1st is a humanitarian. we know from modeling that if there is not equity in the distribution of the 1st 2000000000 doses of axiom global cobra, that's currently over 3 and a half 1000000 could double the epidemic. the pandemic can be per locked and no one wants that. the 2nd argument is economic, and this comes from multiple sources. and the last one is kind of interesting. the books being brookings institute, the national board of economic review. and now the u. s. white house office of national intelligence are essentially saying that if there is not, if we cannot provide equity in the distribution of vaccines, then high income countries will pay an economic cost. that economic costs are estimated this year at about $4.00 to $5.00 trillion dollars. essentially saying what the secretary general of the united nation says that no one save until everyone. but the final one is actually the potentially the most trouble. and this

is a biological crisis. we know that the variance has emerged from areas of uncontrolled from brazil and the u. k and south africa and india from the united states. the variance of concern are generated when we can control and operate using standard preventive measures in the absence of vaccination. failure to provide vaccine to the parts of the elder failure to understand that and demick in certain parts of the world. subsaharan africa, south asia, for example, and failure to understand where the variance are, could be hunting a crisis that may undermine $20000000000.00 worth of investment in the vaccines that we have now, that are safe medications. and we cannot let that join us after the break when alex continues his conversation with dr. jerome can thank you j. i know of international vaccine institute. we'll see them having and found introducing and found

to, to a family when a new mother is going through that process. there's certainly tremendous cause for great joy, but because it's an event that causes so many different changes. it's stressful at many levels. provision oh my god, i would have been under state i like obviously lucky you lucky last year. so you'll have to i lost his bus because i just got the new program. he just got a radio. we started the on monday. my cell, my daughter, put up as well. so it says, you know, but it was my pull up. i got, you know, just, i mean my, almost what i'm already whatever sped up i read me just go to me. i remember when we went up 30 he was i just didn't get time to respect the dentist visit to chantelle. but i'm one of the most over here. like obviously this

because i'm looking to go to kind of all my just part of yes it was a thing i was calling with you and your team, samantha katie. yeah. my thought a lot problem. you're quite welcome back. alex is in conversation with dr. jan ken of international vaccine institute on who is reading the deadly wraith in human science on the corner of either. does dr. kim, what's going on with us? violet, intentionally corona virus is what? a god, it all mres. send them ela via this is your slow moving slow to adapt. this one is quite different. these variance matching with surprising speed. and off these variance, which is the one you see, which one is you, most of the imagining variance gives you the real cause for concern. you know,

it's, that's an interesting question because i used to, at my previous lab used to do sequencing of h i b variance. and now, compared to h, i v current of ours variation is very small. if you imagine h, i b variation as that by hand current restoration stars coby to variation is like the tip of a pet of ballpoint pens of the variance that we have seen so far. it appears that the delta variance, which is the one circulating now, actually the most common version circulating the you k. very commonly found in south asia, appears to be much more transmissible and may cause a greater amount of disease. do the vaccines work against it? currently they do, it's very important to get to doses. and actually that data effectiveness data, actually they came out of the united kingdom that it's true that with appropriate

vaccination, we significantly decrease the things that matter severe infection, hospitalization, and that. and those are the things that actually just supposed to wouldn't have been expecting that wasn't expected. as the virus became more transmissible, it would cost less punch hasn't not been the addition of mutation of viruses. they become more infectious, but the people are infecting, suffer, less disease. again, that doesn't seem to be happening, particularly with the delta video. so in a viruses. so i think i'm actually a british nobel prize winner, one set of viruses, a piece of bad news wrapped up in protein. it's mutating in order to spread efficiently. and some of the variance spread more efficiently, like when the very early stages of pandemic, without significant increase in, in the severity of disease. the u. k variant did actually have some potential

increase in severity. the delta variant appears to have potentially be more transmissible. and, and have greater severity so we can predict how these viruses are going to mutate, their mutating on their own in order to spread part of the other series of questions we have to answer our have to do with even within good countries that are vaccinated. where, where are their pockets of and vaccinated people, or where is their heterogeneity in the vaccination? so in the united states, there are states with relatively high rates of vaccination, and significant clusters of states with low rates of expos. could those states with low rates of vaccination be in the future? the epicenter of and la, break with new variants. so again, you know, the job's not over anywhere. and i think one of the things that we have learned from this particular current of ours is that we're always, we always seem to be surprised when, in fact we, we know we need to vaccinate as many people as possible as quickly as possible. in

order to protect against viruses, we know one of the things that people don't think about, you know, they think while getting back to protecting myself you're, you're not only protecting yourself. you're protecting others because when you're vaccinated, your ability to spread the virus. if you do become intact, it appears to decrease though we don't have a formal group of that. there's a lot of certain central evans around that. but the 2nd part of this is you're beating virus because if we can't contain outbreaks, we control the generation of mute. so we're going to beat this. we all have to get back to me as quickly as possible. dr. kim, look in your own background as a condo in the, in the military, your work in the v. if the struggle between the viruses and the matching viruses and human kind, is it like a military campaign? can you think of it? and in that context is human kind engaged in the other terminal battle with

viruses. i think it's, that's a very poetic description. in fact, you know, there have been multiple infectious diseases, not only viruses that have been the result of introductions into human populations . and, you know, and some of them will seem kind of old fashion. you know, the great pox was actually syphilis, the smallpox killed, you know, up to 30 percent of, of certain populations when it was introduced. there are islands in the pacific that were wiped out by nieces when they were introduced by europeans. you know? yes it is. there, there have been a series of pandemic that occur periodically. you know, this is the co, 19 pandemic is the worst in a century. we thought in fact, that, you know, with modern medicine, with all of our ability to make new vaccines and do have to me ology and to do all this molecular biology that, you know, potentially we could reduce the impact. and i think that,

that we've seen that it is not only the science, but the politics and the social issues that also are going to drive our ability to respond to some countries. and i think you just really are in new zealand, you korea or others have been successful in, in controlling the initial outbreaks. in the absence of vaccination, other countries have been less successful and for those countries than vaccines are, are very critical because there aren't other ways to, to control outbreaks. i think it's, you know, we think of it as a campaign, but developing a vaccine in this case, a vaccine against co good is something that the army teaches you to do. and actually it's funny of the u. s. army uses same system for buying a tank as it does for developing a vaccine. it go, we go through it acquisition process that involves research and development, testing and, and then lower production, high reproduction, mean,

but it's thought of as a continuum of making a purchase of something that will work to do what you need to do. and i think that was the, that was how they did operation. what they said, this is what we want. this is what we'll pay for the end. if you're successful, you need all of the key performance indicators will buy it. and, and that was beneficial. and i think that that model helps dot kim the perspective of them to national vaccine institute based in seoul, korea and your membership countries, including of course bottles. and the w show itself got to show a rallying called to, to the international community of the things that need to be done so that we can use a military get their fosters for the most us that we can actually deploy our resources effectively. and when the struggle as quickly as possible against corporate, what would be the key things that you see as need to be done to accelerate all

efforts? so, you know, and we have to do these things in parallel. while we were developing the vaccine, we should have been developing plans to distribute the vaccine equitably putting into place the contract. those things are being worked on now. as vaccines are moving out of national regulatory approval into w h or approval into per purchases and contracts with the organization known as callbacks. it's all taken time. and so the, the number of doses promised to go back, which is significant. 30 percent of global need should be provided to this callbacks facility by the end of the year. but there have been delays. maybe they were anticipated plays many of them probably were an anticipated. but we had to have a mechanism for moving back scenes that are approved that are high quality can getting them into the facility so they can be distributed at the 2nd part of it. this is

really around our preparations for vaccination. so how are we going to ensure that when we have 1100000000 doses for subsaharan africa, how are we going to be able to ensure that, that those vaccine doses are going to be given appropriately to all the people who need it as quickly as possible, are we working now on strengthening immunization systems in those countries and strengthening logistical systems within those countries? to ensure that when we have the vaccine in hand, we can rapidly put that back scene into the arm of a person who needs it. we are often say that he don't save lives vaccination, that's the process of vaccinating each 1000000000 people with probably be to 2 doses of vaccine $16000000000.00 doses is unprecedented, but it's something that we can't fill out something that we really have to succeed in doing. so i v, i, you know, we didn't develop our own. what we had decided in february of last year was we will

help anybody who comes to us for assistance because we can interact or we can work with companies at the early stage when it's still in the laboratory. when they want to tested in animals, we can test it in a human population, but we call face one face to face free trials. we can test it in effectiveness trials so we can do math vaccinations and see whether the vaccine is actually doing what we want it to do. we can work with regulatory agencies or with a group psych, w h o that set policy and many people from i the i've been sitting on committees with w a. jo, i helping to form some of the policy around coban, 1900 vaccination. so, you know, we a for cobra view ourselves as a helper, willing to go anywhere to do anything in order to move back scenes through the process research in development. now we actually have only 4 funders, state unders that are korea, sweden, india,

and finland. no g 7 countries are part of id i most of our funding, 3 quarters of it comes from philanthropic organizations or vaccine research organizations like separate the coalition for them. i preparedness of ish, innovation or bill and melinda gates foundation. so we really are the welcome trust and we really critically depend on those projects that we have to write in order to, to do the work that we do. and we really do work on the diseases that the big companies don't want to work on. we're really committed to that and and to the populations around the world in need of vaccination. thoughts of john kim site, the general of the international vice institute. thank you so much for joining me on melick silence. sure. thank you. i've gotten, brian became the but of much humor. when once in the house of commons, i minister he 9, he was 50 saving the world when he meant to face saving the bike. how does it

difficult not to accept his cut and condemnation of the g 7 attempts to provide the world with boxing protection as an adequate to meet both the enormity and urgency of the task and hands as doctor can points out the creation on manufacture of billions of vaccines as a client of human ingenuity. but he warns that it's vaccinations, not vaccines will save people. and the number of shots needed are 20000000000, not the 2000000000 fledged by the g 7 and early court. the who gordon brian went to name p represented ker cordy. i nice have that same scottish tied kin. the genius of adam smith, the finder of economics smith develop the concept of enlightened self interest on to subject them. we should reside at the world's rich to the agency and skill required to steve the world. if this vital means undefeated any way or for any length of time, been evaded, will surely merge of africa or asia,

which will be the boxing and playing just all back into darkness. the logistics of vaccinating ever on the planets needs to be tackled right now. if everyone on the planet is to be safe for the future. but for now from alex myself and all of the sure it's good by stay safe and we'll see you all again next week. ah, me . oh, me. the news

is he is still seeing the cops right on police report in december 2020 a group of anti finishes. fill out a film crew access for 3 months people organization. it's an idea that must be a po, that channel out the gate route. they may cover their faces, but they can say what they believe in, we believe and help our community. we believe that fascism is one of the major threats to the united states as gotten driven. this is a chance to see who and teeth are really in order for me, my 1st amendment right and say that my life matter. i have to be onto the teachers that we can't trust the police. we can't trust the government. we can't trust anyone except ourselves. to protect ourselves in the

more unmarked graves of indigenous children are found in canada. on the grounds of a former catholic run school, bringing the total to over a 1000 people. it has prompted the prime minister to ask for apprentice to make amends to the community. i really hope that this time it will lead towards hope coming onto the canadian soil, an apology and apologizing directly as the highly infectious delta strain of covert plunges of russia into a new wave of pandemic. moscow makes a proof of the vaccination q r code mandatory to be able to get into restaurants, pumps and cafes are men and the capital puts the system to the test time officially inside 8 o 3. so i can get rid of the mask.