center of expertise professor pete smith. me, thanks so much for coming on to as a, as a lead author in the past for the i p c. c will. what do you expect for the 50 votes session? what do you expect for all these meetings running up to november's big conference call per $26.00 is? yeah. so cop 26 in glasgow. that's right. so. so what i expect from this one, this is working group one, which is reported working group, one of my pcc is the working group that looks at the physical science and the climate ology. so that basically reporting what's happened with emissions, what's likely to happen with the climate in the future, and what a physical science basis with that is there going to be 2 other meetings. follow the following comp 26, which look at the impacts meditation. so that's what impacts the climate change will happen that we adapt and working good through years. the great the i may be work for, we look at the mitigation. so what can we do in the way we change our lives? what to governments need to do to prevent climate change from happening and ever

since cope 20 got one. when there was was in scope one c o 2 emissions of increased every time. there's been a cop conference year on year on. yeah, yeah, absolutely inexorable rise. that's what we need. we need to plateau that we need to peak peak c o 2 as soon as possible, and then start to decline that very rapidly. otherwise, we're in trouble. i mean, you've been in this for decades now, and obviously the news media is probably catching up. they don't do the 2 sides ism any more. how do you reflect on the way that big multinational companies have lobbied against the kind of research work that you have done over so many decades? yeah, i understand it from their commercial point of view is in their best interest may be to try and delay action for some industries to do like action on climate change . but the science is always being clear that we need to act. we need to reduce emissions immediate and aggressively. and now, since the paris plan agreement,

when beholder, or the global governments of the world to sign up, we now have commitment. at least we need to convert that into action. obviously though we have commitments to, to address that issue to keep global warming below 2 degrees celsius, about the pre industrial levels with all, all attempts to, to, to limit that to 1.5 degrees celsius. i mean, i'm not even sure if commercial decisions because there's no way to sell it to everyone's dead. clearly, i don't know whether you heard about. one of the review is still to be the cost or expert i species he review saying $1.00 would be disastrous to degrees would be a catastrophe and impossible world will lose food production. yeah, so they're all gonna be we're already experiencing climate change. climate change is not something that's happening in the future off that 1.5 degree warming we've,

we've measured that i guess pre industrial baseline. and we've already increased global temperatures average by 1.2 degrees celsius. so of that 1.5, you know, we've already got 1.1.2 degrees of warming. so we've only got point 3 degrees left . so we really need to turn this round quickly. this is the decade or action, and we need to take a media aggressive action to reduce our fossil fuel emissions. i mean, i'm no climate change dinner, but it does not annoy you even the, when the news says that this summer there's been loads of flooding in germany. the wildfires and the u. s. you just said pre industrial rate. the idea of a 4 and a half 1000000000 year old planet being judged on what a couple of 100 years of data. that's not, that's not me looking and saying, it's hot for the last 10 seconds. it's going to be home forever. why do they? why does the news on tv use these figures at all? and do they help climate change deniers? when of course the ice code a 3 is the one to use. why? why did they do this?

why does she see do this week? we could look at the school day to the reason we look at the pre industrial industrial areas because that's when we've done the damage. all the damage that we've done to climate change, all the emissions of c o 2 and may say nitrous oxide occurred since the industrial revolution. so that's why we're talking about the pre industrial era. everything up to them was fairly stable. you look at the 10000 years leading up to the industrial revolution round about 181850 the c o 2 concentrations, and the concentrations may thank concentrations were relatively stable as the fluctuation, but the long term, 10000, the trend was stable during the industrial revolution, when we started to exploit fossil fuels, to make, to make everybody richer and happier we, we've emitted those see i meet those greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and that is what has pushed. okay. i understand that contact with the data is pointless and useless in effects. i mean,

it doesn't make any sense in terms of statistical significance. oh, really does. yeah. so we've increased the c o 2 concentration massively in the, in the past in, since i started working in this, you know, we've gone up from 360 cos per 1000000 to 400 over 400 parts per 1000000. and we, we're not going to edit it below that unless we address the climate change issue very quickly and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. so it is, is absolutely still statistically significant. and we can see the data, and we have the causal link between the greenhouse gases and the, and the temperature increase. and the climate change in all the extra. yeah. it's that it's that correlation. i mean, the lots of big multinational companies that have in the past deliberately and it's been exposed again and again, deliberately tried to destroy the kind of work you and many other scientists have been doing over decades. i mean, that was really just this month, shells biggest political lobby donation was to the american petroleum institute,

their ceo mike summers as a rush transition to electric vehicles as part of a government action to limit americas transportation choice. i mean, shell, it's supposed to be all green now it says it can do stuff while being on committees at the a p. i and it's a great positive impact from within. what do you make of the powerful forces ranged against the conclusions of the kind of work you've been doing? well, i think i think the narrative is changed. i can't comment on individual companies what i doing. but the narrative changed. i think that they're no longer trying to deny that it's happening. they're no longer trying to deny the link between human activity. but they're now trying to say that he's going to go to the sauce has got people out of business. regardless jobs. we must slow down, we can't, we can't rush this transition because if we rush this transition out, companies will be in trouble, and industry will be in trouble. and all that pension funds,

which are tied up with these things, will be in trouble. but it's a bullet we've got to buy, we have to buy hard and we have to buy it quickly. well, shells as ever a bust environmental policies. i don't know how much modeling you've done using microsoft software. but bill gates, when it comes to mitigation, was favoring this alliance for a green revolution. encouraging. mano cultures, large scale commercial monoculture is what it would effect is that on the soil, is that going to save countries that it was effected? i think a better solution would be to use major base solutions. the 1st thing we must, we much reduce our emissions. so we have to missions aggressively immediately. i've only said that a couple of times on top of that there's gonna be, there's gonna be some emissions in the mix by 2050. if we still want to fly, it's all, unless we can transition to hydrogen and sustainable fields. and we're still going to be in some fossil fuels to the ocean industry. and we need to respond to things

like 10000000 people on the planet 2050. and that admits greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide, everything. so we're still going to have some greenhouse gases causing climate change. so what we need to do is to to remove the answer from the atmosphere using something called nature bi solutions and planning native trees is one example restoring lenses. another example manager actually else is another example of how we can work with nature to benefit by benefit the climate. by sucking up some of that call, the carbon dioxide is currently in the atmosphere stored in biological pools. and you can be using big industrial companies, big agribusiness, big pharmaceutical companies, producing fertilizers, they're all, they're all with you now that we've got to cope 20 x. i wouldn't say that the we're with us because we need to, we need to reduce the amount of nitrogen batch allies of applied to asteroids

because nitrogen wiser is one of the main was microsoft side machines. so there are gonna be some are all going to be some winners and losers in this transition. but we have to find a way of transitioning to up to a lower carbon future. and that means taking some of these businesses. we have to take these businesses with us. that means that we have to, they have to develop the same time back to be nimble, and develop new business models with their responsibilities to their shareholders in terms of assure not their shareholders, children about their children. does that mean? does that mean they're not going to come on board? i mean, it's capitalism even compatible with the world, your envisaging, which, which would mean that our children and grandchildren survive. it has to be so, so there are some people to argue that we have to do. we can climate

change. i think that as a much more difficult thing to do, i think that chuckling climate change is difficult enough already. so we have relatively work gang, some of the incumbents. we have to wisdom. let me give you an example. the oil and gas industry currently extracts fossil fuels, rosters, run our cars. and so what we may need to do in the future is because the, we have an interest in climate change quickly enough. we may have to remove some c o 2 from the atmosphere and storing geological storage on the ground. so that's the oil and gas wells and the gas tanks and the oil and gas industry have all the skills available, the technology to put back on the ground. so we paid them and reduced to extract fossil fuels. it may be that in the future, we need to pay them to pump c o $2.00 to ground worse. so they have to transition from a business model, whereas extracted from which i boyland fossil fuel down the ground oil and gas to

another one, where they are storing c o 2 underground. so there are different ways in which industries can be brought along and can still work within a market economy to get up with our shareholders and those the refuse to transition . i think there's, there's going to come a time very soon when they fossil fuel companies are gonna lose that. i should license to, to, to extract fossil fuels, take a look and say enough is enough. we don't want this digital technology we've on renewables. and last year costs, as again assemble and they're gonna get started with assets. and i have a bunch of struggles on there and they know this and they have to transition. i'm not sure what they say when they're loving the politicians. i mean, just finally, if we did stop using fossil fuels for our cars, if everyone in the world did, i know the huge revolution in the transportation being strategized by the chinese communist party, there's still be the pentagon and people say the pentagon and emit as many is more

than as many as 140 countries when it comes to c o 2. and you know about the wars in recent years being waged is the u. s. military compatible with any of this modeling of degrees centigrade? is it compatible or can, can the pentagon continue the way it does emitting c o 2 on that scale? i think we don't need to single out for us in this case. i think all military operations will be us of a large military on earth is, is the largest ministry on us. and we don't know the exact extent of the emissions, the, those emissions military emissions from any country on report and national greenhouse gas adventures. so we don't know how much they admit, so that was, it could be worse when it's cold, $26.00 going to be talking about if they don't know, some of the biggest emitters, maybe somebody does, but they're not reported they're not, they're not, they're not openly available i can't access those professor p to thank you. thank

you. now after the break, we examine the global themes of the back to winning bay to film about gentrification in england that takes aim at the wealthier lead. who like you gave us devoris johnson, arguably use the country as their personal playground. all the more coming up part of going on the graph the we are witnessing a significant and irreversible shift in the international system. is undeniable. we live in multiple the world to example survives the bike administration is inability to hold the north stream to the recent china us meeting great power politic back me. a new gold rush is underway,

and gunner thousands of ill equipped workers are flocking to the goldfields, hoping to strike it. rich children are torn between gold and education. my family was very poor. i thought i was doing my best to get back to school, which still it will have the strongest appeal. the welcome back. when you get prime minister barak johnson traveled to cornwall for the g 7 in june, he promised 65000000 in funding to create a fitting legacy for the summit. arguably, the other g 7 legacy was a corona virus spike. but in johnson's promise of money too little too late for a county blighted by decades of austerity, neoliberalism and justification of after winning film bates looks at the people affected by those universal issues through the lens of class conflict between the rich and the poor. in a cornish fishing village, going on the ground deputy charley cook caught up with the films director mark

jenkins in in black and white, 16 millimeter process film about a small village in comb or a fishing village which is at the center of a bit of a civil war, i suppose it at some public under the surface as it transitions from being a place of industry increasingly into a place of simple trade. and did you expect it to become such a big room? it's difficult to, to, to distance to have any distance on it. really, i don't, i don't see it as a, as a massive hit. i get told all the time that it is. and, you know, i mean, relatively speaking, it was, it was

a big success. we never saw it was going to be bigger than a think. i never think you know, stand never thing to the audience. i never think of the commercial value of anything i suppose deep down or something. you saw me to saw that at least somebody would like to sell my house. i wouldn't bother making it and pushing it for pushing to get it made for so long. how did you come to kind of write the phone with how much of it is based on your personal experience or how much of it is kind of invented otherwise? i mean, mostly it's based in, in truth. maybe not necessarily factual, but there's a truth to it. and i mean, where we live in through and comb with at the moment the amount of messages i'm getting on social media and links to new stories about what's going on in como. where people are jokingly saying is pay a document to you because all of these things are happening at the moment and they start to say that the film was prophetic in any way. you know, a lot of these, i'm talking there was a lot of the quite awkward bedfellows that the hearing comb or

those relationships. so i've always been problem. i think there's always been incidents like the ones in bay in that rear and i had the moment, so it's an ongoing thing. it's pretty time the story ready. i'm going to have to ask you again. not that it is private parking. people might, don't worry about that. she's pretty sturdy. me trust that loved can i? it's known to tomorrow. the keenest been. so now moving, i'm going oh now anyways, when you are making the phone, do you think about the kind of push pull between it being very specific to como and it also being a more universal story of, of something that's happening all over the country and all wilder voice heard

people say, you've got to make something very specific in order for it to be universal and i probably spell it out myself in the past. but it wasn't until making bait. i realized that that was true. the 1st draft of when it was different then as the same film but a different screen playing a different form. it was called the holiday pop, much more literal title and it was about very specific comb with and i was worried at that point when i was writing that draft that other people in coma wouldn't relate to it because it was so specific to a specific car coleman, and went from thinking that way to then being in place, being in new york or sample or wherever it was with the film and, and people coming up to me and saying, you know, this film could be about us. so yeah, you do have to go very specific to say i'm going to say the case to be universe. and i think the reason is that if you go specific you write about what you understand and people can recognize some commonality. i read

a interview with you when you said that the enemy of the film is that you can, you can make system, can you expand on that idea? some people, so this balance now is fast. so everybody and other people accuse me of stereotyping . the, the income of the time is within the community that i was portraying. and i think the prison people see whatever they want to see and what they're watching and that will come from a very subjective point of view. they're probably mine. i doubt it. i've lost a novel, i bought them online, didn't like a battery that needed my nice nice, paul, rama. very nautical. you

didn't have to sell. this is half then my, what i wanted to kind of highlight was the fact that the, everybody's kind of being promised the world within out, you know, and my cousin is the cornish, a cornish coastal community where you can, that's this. and as you know, you can come and you can buy up, or you can stand a proxy or you can, you can buy a little bit of community and then you've got, you know, you can sit there and you can eat, you can eat crush class on on your white linen and drink pressure, orange juice and look out the window and, and see that quite a fisherman coming in and all this kind of stuff. and it's all a lie because i see the reality of that is what the films trying to and what i'm trying to express in the film is, you know, i did, it is industrial. you're going into a place is only that because of industry and also and just be clings on then it's going to be noisy. it's going to be smelly. you're going to be inconvenienced that bear paradise you've been promised is a lie and somebody's making money out of it. and everybody we're in that situation

to greater or lesser extent is a victim. so for example, the most be able to come up with a baby. you come down and stay in the old fisherman net last am. it's quite easy to demonize them any comes out and start showing the fishermen telling them that breaking the law or in making noise before cocoa is kind of stuff is quite simplistic in a way. and they are kind of stereotypes. but you asked before about which fits the film a real and which fits and made out the end. not so much word for word. an exchange freshman friend of mine told me about just down the hill here and, but i didn't want to demonize those people because i have been sold a lot. so i think what i was trying to express is the idea that somebody's making a lot of money out of out out of these kind of situations and those, you know how to play, the game will always succeed. and you love all these other people who are disenfranchised by your fail power less who would end up reacting in

ways that will harm them and how many of a community and that's kind of where the lead character and bait collins himself. i think the way he way he goes oh see on the beach and other kind of what might be being a balancing act is how much politics you over leon jackson to the song because you here politics. i may say it's kind of dispassionately played over the radio within tim and sandra's house to the wealthier couple how, how much of a kind of balancing act was it to make the film again, as you said, it kind of time the story but also link it to the very specific political moment

that they were living, 3 aspects of the with brack, that fishing industry that he's part of the obviously with as a kind of cloth for aspect about around the time when the film came out. first, a few of the 1st reviews points out the fact that the film might be to the 1st british bricks it film. and i think people's way into that was the radio, the, the discussion, the radio forced our discussion that was going on in the background of the 2nd homeowners house, which was really just, there is sonic fila. course it was bricks, it, you know, but to me it was white noise because that was all we were here and there was a discussion i was going know i was, it's viewpoints that were entrenched. we can round and round and round. so i never saw about it, but i think when people came to the film fresh, the critics, you wrote the 1st, the 1st reviews they, they heard the words on the fisheries cohen question. you can come and patient policy and whatnot. and then so this is just about breakfast and then was able to

look at the film a guy. yeah. this is you know, if it, whether it's al, agree or, or this is a trust in breakfast. and i and i home, i thought, well, it's not because this film was written 20 years before, but then i started thinking about it. but then i still breaks. it happened 20 years ago. really what we, what we were seeing 5 years ago with regard to the vo and everything that was, that was the result of what happened the generation ago. so it can help but be in it's no, it's not over. of course, it's going to be in the field if you may, if you're writing. so i'm going to say in a contemporary british community, then it's always going to be political. there's always going to be a political element. and if there isn't a political element in that, then more interested cuz it's not anything. yeah, i just want to ask you about something because your phone was being billed as one

of the top items on this who we are now. cultural exchange. very strange. yeah. so are you excited about the program? i'm a bit mixed about i didn't know anything about it. i just saw on that article in the guardian and i responded on twitter with a picture from the film of just stephen moore, the older brother in the film that actually so what i'm big us like is i just thought well, 1st off and made me want to ask the question, who it was, who all we now? i got stuck thinking about for about 2 days. it's a p f. i think that they were curating the cinema side of it. i would trust my life with those people who i've worked with. so if they think it's good, it's good. do you know it was a picture of bars johnson and the australian prime minister exchanging biscuits or something on that? and i thought, well maybe that is the we are now. we exchanged biscuits of australia exchanging tim can i think it was an interesting ties into this because people

accuse bars johnson when they had the g 7 down and comb with bases and it being tokenistic gestures towards cornwall. yeah. i don't think it was even tokenism to spoken, as you could say. as a positive side, i think i don't think it was tokenism. i think it was part of the rebranding of comal as a, as the same part for people to spend that time. and, you know, i don't think, you know, all this stuff, all the financial stuff i've already been and that was already been dished out and it was so re hashed because there was an outcry about what was going on at cobb and bay and what, why we were having all these people coming in when we were still in the midst of a pandemic. so yeah, tokenism would have been better than what it actually is. i think it was well, let's talk about your next project and it's man which is described as an eco suffolk . oh, horror film. so fickle is a producer,

denzil monk coined it was his take on my screen play in the definition be in the film that deals with the results of human interference or human interaction one with the natural world. and how every, every instant the interaction with the human world may have a positive and negative effect. so it's for me, it's like it's a horror thriller really the deals with questions of time and of yeah that the state we've we're going to leave the world in compared to stay waiting periods at the well margin can thank you so much. thank you. mark jack in there talking to going underground deputy editor charlie cook and that's it for the show will be back on wednesday. exactly since an explosion and be rude to kill to these 220 people in engine 5000 more. the nation now faces

potential sanctions from the europe in union, in the face of an economic crisis, and another wave of corona virus until then he would try social media and let us know your 1st hand experience with gentrification. ah, in the old days before frank said, because the u. k was attached to you, they could do it. other countries do, which is to take all their debts and dump it into this giant shadow banking system that covers the world's largest trading block. and you could kind of buy some time there because e, c, b is printing and buying and monetizing debt by their trillion. so christine the garden, literally just buying trillion, been trying to garbage debt. but now post breakfast, they don't have that way to wash the debts. into the greater he you laundromat and so that is going to be the 1st time post bracket. debts are going to start to cause

a lot of pain. i believe it doesn't look like this is off the old puzzle. so can you through that actually use them shape which is a bit me put your budget that i would continue to tell you i was, i didn't give a famous caught up by the book in

the protest as furious and timing, cobra measures and mandatory help passes rally across western europe, where the number of infections is still on. the rise law says you are abrasions against restrictions. cobra cases in the united states increase in 6 fold in july, while politicians have been sending mixed messages about how to deal with the pandemic, leaving many confused. there is a political situation involved in it. i just wish you would come around and get the politics. this is not a little israel said it now has proof that iran attack to tanker off the coast of non killing to last week. the claims which are backed by the us and.