thank policy, it's an extension of traditional my, my visual intelligence has not many main threat. this is due to the 3 laws of robotics. one of the things that standing at the mini cyber implants right now, i'd be where they're really worried about it. most people, when equally b you can put a chip in my brain. so there has been a lot of progress from the hacker side using ai and using other advanced technologies. there has been on the defensive side. mm hm. mm hm. well come to so because visionaries may so if he shepherd not say raising say levels, cities covered with smog, hurricanes, and storms, wrecking havoc, well, climate change is an issue of our own making that could soon be felt in every

corner of the planet. can we reverse it, or is it too late? i asked professor martin sigurd glassy, ologist and co director of the grant. the men stood for climate change and imperial college london. martin sigurd, welcome to the share. it's really great to have you with us. so most of us agree that the climate is indeed changing and it isn't a hoax, and that things are going to get worse with time. so how much do we have left before i pick elliptic scenarios, like the ones we're seeing like, day after tomorrow, movies? well, so there was some nightmare stories that the out i think we have to look at the evidence of climate change and recognize that's the bell. the whole issue of climate change is scientifically extremely sound so that we know climate change is happening. we know that we are responsible for it through the emissions of

greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and we know that we can do something about us. the question that we have is, how much time do you have? it's a very good question, is going to be more than just a few minutes to answer. that's what we meant more might want to em. unpack that question that under for a bit to give it a full on. so we can certainly look into the past to understand how climate change has happened in the past, and that gives us a context for the changes that we're seeing now. and then we have to discuss what we can do about it. and there are many things that we can do that quite complicated, the quite varied, but we need to take action right now, just a guess or not a guess. how much do we have left? if nothing is done until everything goes is real bad. we look at the amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere that we have to day, and it's about $410.00 halls per 1000000. billed us quite high greenhouse gas kelvin docs in the greenhouse gas, and we know that this will mean the planet it's going all about level for the

industrial revolution about 1850 when the carbon dioxide concentration was 2 $180.00 parts per 1000000. so it's going up over 100 about 100 is that the global warming has been about one degrees centigrade in that time. so there is a, a $1.00 to $1.00 association with the level of carbon dioxide and the warming that since we started burning fossil fuels. now you have to go back a long way in the past the last time that the earth had 400 parts per 1000000 of carbon dioxide. if i have to go back about 5000000 years, geologically that was a ton could apply a scene. and in the past, in the global temperature was about 4 degrees warmer than it is today. and the sea levels globally were about 220 meters higher than they are today. so if carbon dioxide is the temperature controlled on the planet, it's reasonable to expect that it is. we've got a lot of changes coming our way in the coming decades in centuries. so then the

question is, what do we do about it? and of course, what we need to do is to stop and meeting fossil fuel, carbon emissions, and we need to really, really, i mean, the government options are we talking about? well, so the 1st step is to reduce it, but ultimately it is to take it away entirely the into the intergovernmental panel on climate change has a plan to limits global warming to another half a degrees centigrade that so thus was called the $1.00 degree before's, so we're already one degree warmer than we should be. and, and there's some things that we're locked into that we can't change. but there is a plan to limit global warming to another half a degrees centigrade. but what it means is that we have to deliver is a net 0 global economy in terms of carbon emissions by 2050 for the mid of this century, thus 30 years time. and that was really a lot of things were discussed in paris at the famous climate summit. i ended up

being returned to annually to think about progress has been made. essentially, what we have to do is to cut emissions by about 40 percent or 2030. i then to 0 by 2050. so if things don't go the way you are saying, or every big country agrees to reduce a carbon mission by 2050 a, you know, your colleague, thomas crosser, actually said that moscow's weather is going to be like detroit and london will resemble barcelona. well, madrid climate will be more like mara cash, and if things do go like this, does that mean that sit is like triple here? mac are phoenix will basically become inhabitable due to unbearable heat. i want to pose 8 other things like this out loud because i don't really thing that people could realize all of them. how serious this issue is for sure, so. so each part of the planet is experiencing unusual conditions right now. and they not to kinda, we've experienced

a lot of flooding recently. we've had droughts in recent years. we've had little to storms in recent years. and each of them are highly unusual that can be, can regarded as sort of one in a 100 here. tough events. and never curving more regularly, that becoming more like one in 10 events and an increase in extreme weather is something that is predicted with global warming. we're seeing wild fires in australia in california, in the arctic, in many places we've got droughts in many places, extreme heat in some places, and catastrophic rainfall. these up things which we would expect on the climate change. so unfortunately, it's starting to play out on the think that's an important thing to recognize because we talk about government action on, on climate change and that she, governments can only do so much to course the changes that are needed. it needs people to take responsibility for their own carbon emissions and it needs businesses to recognize that the future of their future in the next 30 years is

going to be very different to that past. and that she does quite exciting from a business perspective because there's lots of opportunities for new ways of thinking and working in the coming decades and business should be embracing this change. so i'm just thinking, if we don't take responsibility, will snow become some sort of like exotic saying not just for people from saudi arabia, but even like for know, are there parts of russia and united states and canada? yeah, it kind of sounds a bit of flippant when we start to, to talk about the weather, but actually these things are quite, quite serious. so when we're talking about snow, essentially what we've got with snow is a, is a very large accumulation of water stores frozen on the surface of the planet. and that then melts out. and that the planet surface is kind of used to operating in a certain way when we change it, change the slow cover. actually we affect the way that the planet surface can accommodate that type of behavior. so it is actually quite serious when we're

talking about the changes in snow when we're talking about changes in, in frozen water. also, what we're talking about in, in, especially out arctic russia is changes to the permafrost, permanently frozen ground in siberia and other places which is starting to, to melt. and that melts out is have in significant consequences or infrastructure for roads and buildings are laid down on what they think is, is frozen. ground solid, frozen ground is turning out lots of a and also the release of methane stored beneath the permafrost sealed away from the atmosphere by the time of us. but as of permafrost melts away, that methane can get in, to be honest. so let, let's, let's talk a bit more about that because i came across this thing in nature magazine which sat that on the other hand that severely cold winters will be one of the harshest effects of global warming. and that kind of note made no sense to me can explain this paradox. yeah, absolutely. so in the united kingdom,

a couple years ago we had something that will be caught the beast from the east. you probably didn't hear about this, but it was a that's how well, how usually they call my stories. it was, it was a shock. it was a low, the cold weather that hit the united kingdom around about february couple years ago . and, and the reason for that is that we usually get with our systems from the north atlantic and those are quite stormy. that got a little water in them. so obs winters are usually quite mild and wet and windy. but what happens sometimes is they the storm tracks go to the north of britain across the know which and greenland see and in the arctic. now in the arctic, there's a high pressure zone, which forbids those storms form going further north. and so because they forbidden from them further north, we get them in western europe. but last couple years ago, what happened in the arctic with a high pressure zone didn't form in the way that it,

that it should have done. and so the storms went far further. no, they went in, this fall bought an in to be no region arctic, causing those places which should be impermanent. darkness in february should be minus 50 minus 25 degrees centigrade. and it was raining now they were having plus 0 degrees of weather in those conditions. so what happened to that white pressure arctic weather? it drifted further south and it went across europe. and the easterly wind picked up a course of very cold continental europe and came further west toward the united kingdom. so as a consequence of changes in the arctic, b arctic essentially was see the whether the united kingdom with otherwise got a we received the arctic weather. so these are alterations for the atmospheric system that is a consequence. so sort of large scale global warming and we're just going to have to get used to seeing more of that type of thing unless you do something about it. so when you mentioned in a previous question about the architect slots,

slowly melting out that this is also one of the consequences that we could face in terms of climate change if nothing is done. and that would be a huge challenge for our flora and fauna. what plants and why, what animal species do you thing will be gone 1st. first of all, if we don't do anything, well, we know that we've lost a lot of species already. so this is not as if is if it's something that's thus new to us, the pressure is on, on the land, not just in terms of climate change, but also the way that we use land and tearing down of, of forests as well as a huge effect for biodiversity, there is a stress is on pollinators, on bees, and insects, as well as the launch mammals as well. so of course, the animal kingdom that there is, there were pressure on many things and as we get global warming, but we also see is a, is a drift in plants because they are able to start living in places where they

haven't traditionally been in before. now usually when climate change happens, say between an ice age and coming out of an ice age, the i say over the last ice age is 20000 years ago. and we came out of an ice age by 10000 years. so we had 10000 years to warm the planet's help and that's quite a long time. and there was a lot of migration of plants and animals. and again, it took about 10000 years. so it was a lengthy amount of time to accommodate that. well, the changes the equivalent changes of a glacial insect glacial cycle 10000 years normally in terms of carbon dioxide concentration is a 100 parts per 1000000. we're doing it that in about a 100 years. so the rates of change on our planets, as a consequence of burning of fossil fuel, i measured increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases, is fall quicker, you know, to, to orders of magnitude quicker than the planet is normally able to accommodate us. and so, implants stop, stop moving,

is by land able to accommodate that rapid shift. it's not like when you're planting a tree in the soil is the microbiology, the small microbes in the soul that really allows the trees to thrive. and all the trees must be able to migrate quite quickly is a really unknown question about whether the microbial communities which is so important to the development of plans, whether they are able to shift at the same pace as well. so we're performing in a very unusual experiment on our planet, changing it more rapidly than it's ever been changed before with the found consequences to the way that plants and animals and ourselves live on it. and we're going to take a short break right now. and when we're back, we'll continue talking to martine at seger, it glassy ologist and co director of the grant and miss it is for climate change at imperial college london discuss potential consequences of global warming. if nothing is done, stay with us. ah

he died. i cried. i just kind of split the whole time out there. no one really thought anything different. you just all thought i just don't feel good on the way for the surgery as long as failed. 30 seconds when i killed him. i had gotten stuck with so many needles that day in 2019 doctor started talking

about a new wide spread disease that caused severe lung damage. there's a few points that were really determine all of the patients were diagnosed with a lung injury associated with using electronic cigarettes or vapor products. he pulled this out if you really felt holy crap, he's gonna die. oh no, he's to be better. it was, i wouldn't want my worst enemy to ever go through that. it was out of breath. what happened? i make no, no borders, to tease parish as a merge. we don't have a charity. we don't have a vaccine. whole wayne leads to take action and be ready for

judgment. 2 common crisis with we can do better, we should be doing better. one is contributing each in their own way, but we also know that this crisis will not go on forever. the challenge is great, the response has been massive. so many good people are helping us. it makes us feel very proud that we're in it together with the british and american governments have often been accused of destroying lives in their own interests. while you see in this, these techniques is to stay devising message to essentially destroy personnel to that individual. by scientific means. this is how one doctors, theories were allegedly used in psychological warfare against prisoners deemed

a danger to the state. that was the foundation for the method of psychological interrogation, psychological, tortured jace, disseminated within the us intelligence, human and worldwide among allies for the next 30 years. and how the victims say they still live with the consequences today. ah and we're back with professor martin seger. it glassy ologist and co director, l z. grant him institute for climate change at imperial college london discussing the dangers of global warming work. martin, welcome back. so these days we can predict where and when and hurricane or it's not

always going to hit several days in advance, mostly in there still bring such distraction and so much death at no, you and your colleagues keep saying that climate change is going to make the weather unpredictable and completely erratic. are we going to be able to predict any kind of natural disaster at all here? when in terms of whether we're able to protect extreme events several days before they can, can hit so i happened to be in texas when hurricane harvey, i hit landfall at corpus kristie and southern texas. and i shook wave of water a spiral almost the hurricane system. landed over houston, i was in houston at the time and deposited a huge amount of right now about 4 or 5 days before that actually happened. there was an extreme weather warning, all both places in the whole of texas, and it was predicted remarkably well by the medical models that were employed to do

just that. and that's actually quite a good thing to observe because the, we understand the physics of the atmosphere really well. and we have a lot of data on from the ocean warehouse canes, acquire the heat that feed into the models so that we quite confident that we're able to predict how these systems are going to affect us. so when you think about it, we have 4 or 5 days of, of warning. now you might argue that the way that we acts in those 4 or 5 days needs to improve because a lot of people were severely affected by that storm. and all the storms around the world, but our ability to forecast extreme events is getting better, not, not worse. so scientists have recently found in the antarctic at the prince of lead, stay grow only in warm regions like plain trees and the cheese. does that mean that ancient times to climate in the antarctic was similar to the mediterranean?

well let's, we can take a history through geology, if you like. so essentially from about 55000000 years ago when the level of carbon dioxide concentration was a 1000 parts per 1000000. at that time, there was no ice in antarctica toll, and the global temperature was about $8.00 to $12.00 degrees warmer on average. and in the polar regions, it was double about, so over $16.00 to $20.00 degrees centigrade in the, in the polar regions. and there was no some on antarctica, told it was covered by trees on the beautiful pe swipe. but since 55000000 years ago, essentially the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been coming down and down gradually getting low up and, and is becoming colder. as a consequence of that, i had about 14000000 years ago and tanaka separated from south america

and got encapsulated by a very strong ocean current that wraps itself around the continents and isolate sit climatic lee from the rest of the world, put it into the really deep freeze and since 14000000 years ago, essentially we've had a persistent, deep, thick ice cover, ice cover and tanika. now, recently we talk about georgia will time, and the reason that is important to us is because, as i said previously, the last time we had 400 parts per 1000000 of carbon dioxide was 5000000 years ago . if we keep a mixing fossil fuels in the way that we're currently doing it, by the end of this century, 2100. the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be a 1000 parts per 1000000 that we wouldn't have seen by level of carbon dioxide for 55000000000 years. and when that last happened, there was no washing up on it. and as you said and told to have plants and trees living on it. so the consequences will be a sea level globally of about 60 maces,

higher than it is today. and very, very well conditions now it might take several centuries so millennia gets about points. but the lesson from the geology is quite straightforward. when you get a 1000 past a 1000000 of carbon dioxide, the world changes unrecognizably from what it is today. so the world like you say is to be paid into east and west camps, but really it could be seen as divided between south and the north. right. northern countries fair much better and there are more develop technologically advanced richer. and they used to own the south to so with climate change hitting the is 1st of all, how will that serve division never be breached? will the sandwiches be thrown back hundreds of years by natural disasters? never to recover? well, i think that verbal global warming is just that is going to affect us, us all. there is a, a concern that it's the poorest countries that might suffer the most launched

because that some of them a living a quite low levels, 1st a c. and that will experience land lawson, population migration, but also because they're so poor, they don't have mitigation and adaptation strategies available to them in the way that some developed countries might be able to do. so there is a notion of, of climate justice, the poorest countries in the world didn't cause this of them. are they on the front line of receiving the effects? but i wouldn't say it's the north and south thing the global warming will affect the entire planet in different ways. for example, when global, when the ice sheets start to melt, when greenland ice sheet melts and wind up and told us, she melts. and we're seeing the stars of that white. now, sea level goes up all over the world, but i've potentially 4 meters. so by 2050, when you said, wish it completely put the carbon mission to 0 more than half of the world is predicted, population will lack drinking water. oh, how are we going to deal with that?

well, science fine away, or are we headed towards what a wars see? absolutely, right. so we have a lot of stresses on, on the planet right now. a lot of them are quote, unquote files will qualify humans but in different ways. so we look at global warming affects things like extreme heat and flash floods and potentially our ability to grow crops when we were looking at the availability of water. but his impacts if our climate change, but also the over use of fresh water on the planet right now. so for example, we all depleting ground water water stored beneath the surface of the planets that take centuries, sometimes thousands of years to build up and wait a fleeting them in decades. and so it's gonna take me a, if we, if we run out of that groundwater in some places, it's going to take a very long time for it to be defeated. so there's a lot of water on the planet. and we need better ways to manage that water, and that will be through reservoirs. it will be through using less water is

possibly we can disseminate war so as well, especially if we have efficient ways to do that, coupled with electricity generated through through solar panels. so there are lots of ways in which we can look off to the water on the planets, but we need to do a much better job than we do in at the moment. so many colleges and people who know the subject, including yourself, are basically saying that we have the next decade or so to do something about the climate change. and this would, realistically speaking, require complete transformation of our mentality because you are right. it's not the government's only, it's to people and businesses. it's our basic ways of life and you know, old habits die hard, right? from what i see, we're usually reluctant to abandon comfort and habits for something we want feel or see right away. you're saying it may take a couple of sent until i don't know,

all ice melts and sea levels rise to 60 meters high from now. so can we really change within the next 10 or 15 years now that we've been destroying and depleting, planet or is over the last 100 subsidy? yeah, we really can. and so this look at the way that we live right now and, and think about the developed countries that we will part of and think about the way that we live our lives. and some of the things that we take take for granted. and you think about warming off our homes and the food and all those little things . but think about it a slightly different way. think about the quality of the air that way of breathing . and especially in cities, london in particular. now the air quality is illegal, especially in the winter time, and that's no good for all health. now we have a right to be breathing clean, and so with a low comp, and transformation and the development of renewable energies and clean energy is

that when happen, we'll clean up the air in our cities. the cities will be nicer places to live. and when we talk about using less energy em, i mean take in the insulation your home is better, it might been taking the thermostat down. i'm not sure to so it's not oiling a hole in your house, but it's just a little bit kuda. but then you get cheaper energy bills as well. and i'd say to people, when the nervous about this transition, who doesn't want to have clean air, you know, the damage that it's doing to your health and your children's health is, is profound. and who doesn't want to have cheaper energy bills? so the, the future of this, this transition that we absolutely need to undertake should be fearful of. it will be different. but there are many positive effects to this. and in particular, importantly, to our own health. all right, martin, thank you so much for this. inside, we're talking to professor martine senior glass geologist and co director of the grant them institute climate change and imperial college london discussing global

warming at what we have to get ready for in case we fail to deal with it. that's it for this edition of sophie and co, i'll see you next time. ah, what explain show biden's sudden drop in the polls as a candidate you promised to return to some form of normality. however, his current standing with the public is anything but is his agenda the problem? maybe he's not as likable as he was seen. he is in trouble, and so is his party. ah,

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