not a big deal. one step away from burning books, and we know that leads to lesson literatures there. you can read a book, decide you like after a few pages. decide you don't like it after reading the whole, but whatever you want. but it should all be there written as it was written, when nobody censoring it, we don't need that. and we are back soon with more. ah, ah, is your media a reflection of reality? in the world transformed what will make you feel safer? hi, solution for community. are you going the right way? or are you being led to somewhere? direct? what is true? what is great?

in the world corrupted, you need to descend. ah, so join us and the death will remain in the shallows. ah ah. oh come to so feca, visionaries, me sophie shevardnadze, rising sea levels, cities covered with smog, hurricanes, and storms, breaking havoc or climate change is an issue of our own making that could soon be felt in every corner of the planet. can we reverse it, or is it too late? i asked professor martin sigurd glassy,

ologist and co director of the grant. the men stood for climate change and imperial college, london, marden, seger, welcome to the share. it's really great to have you with us. so martin, most of us agree that the climate is indeed changing and it isn't a hoax and that things are going to get worse with time. so how still we have last before optical? it takes scenarios like the ones we're seeing like, day after tomorrow, movies. well, so there was some nightmare stories that the out i think we have to look at the evidence of climate change and recognize that's the bell. the whole issue of climate change is scientifically extremely sound so that we know climate change is happening. we know that we are responsible for it for the emissions of greenhouse gases into atmosphere, and we know that we can do something about it. the question that we have is,

how much time do you have? it's a very good question, is going to be more than just a few minutes to answer that. so we may be more, might want to em, unpack that question that under for a bit to give it a, a full on. so we can certainly look into the past to understand how climate change has happened in the past, and that gives us a context for the changes that we're seeing now. and then we have to discuss what we can do about it. and there are many things that we can do that quite complicated, the quite varied, but we need to take action right now, just a guess or not a guess. how much do we have left? if nothing is done until everything goes is really bad. we look at the amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere that we have to day, and it's about 410000000. well, that's quite high greenhouse gas. carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, and we know that this will mean the planet it's going all about level for the industrial revolution about $1850.00. when the carbon dioxide concentration was $280.00 parts per 1000000. so it's going up over 100 about 100 is that the

global warming has been about one degrees centigrade in that time. so there is a, a $1.00 to $1.00 association with the level of carbon dioxide and the warming that we've seen since we started burning fossil fuels. now you have to go back a long way in the past the last time that the earth had 400 with parts per 1000000 of carbon dioxide. if i have to go back about 5000000 years, geologically that was a ton could apply a scene. and in the past, in the global temperature was about 4 degrees warmer than it is today. and the sea levels globally were about 220 meters higher than they are today. so if carbon dioxide is the temperature controlled on the planet, most reasonable to expect that it is. we've got a lot of changes coming our way in the coming decades in centuries. so then the question is, what do we do about it? and of course, what we need to do is to stop and meeting fossil fuel, carbon emissions, and we need to really, really, i mean,

the government options are we talking about? well, so the 1st step is to reduce it, but ultimately it is to take it away entirely the into the intergovernmental panel on climate change has a plan to limits global warming to another half a degrees centigrade that so thus was called the $1.00 degree report, so we're already one degree warmer than we should be. and, and there's some things that were locked into that we can't change, but there is a plan to limit global warming to another half a degrees centigrade. but what it means is that we have to deliver as a net 0 global economy in terms of carbon emissions by 2050 for the mid of this century, thus 30 years time. and that was really a lot of things were discussed in paris at the famous climate summit. i end up being returned to annually to think about progress has been made. essentially, what we have to do is to cut emissions by about 40 percent or 2030. i then to 0 by

2050. so if things don't go the way you are saying, or every big country agrees to reduce a carbon mission by 2050 a, you know, your colleague, thomas crosser, actually said that moscow's weather is going to be like detroit and london will resemble barcelona. well moderates climate will be more like mara cash, and if things do go like this, does that mean that sit is like triple your mac are phoenix will basically become inhabitable due to unbearable heat. i want to pose 8 other things like this out loud because i don't really thing that people could realize all of them. how serious this issue is for sure, so. so each part of the planet is experiencing unusual conditions right now, and they not to kingdom, we've experienced a lot of flooding recently. we've had droughts in recent years. we've had little to storms in recent years. and each of them are highly unusual that can become regarded as sort of one in

a 100 year type events and never curving more regularly. that becoming more like one in 10 events and an increase in extreme weather is something that is predicted with global warming. we're seeing wild fires in australia in california, in the arctic, in many places we've got droughts in many places, extreme heat in some places, and catastrophic rainfall. these up things which we would expect on the climate change. so unfortunately, it's starting to play out on the think that's an important thing to recognize because we talk about government action on, on climate change and that she, governments can only do so much to course the changes that are needed. it needs people to take responsibility for their own carbon emissions and it needs businesses to recognize that the future of their future in the next 30 years is going to be very different to that past. and that she does quite exciting from a business perspective because there's lots of opportunities for new ways of

thinking and working in the coming decades and business should be embracing this change. so i'm just thinking, if we don't take responsibility, will snow become some sort of like exotic saying not just for people from saudi arabia, but even like for know, are there parts of russia and united states and canada? yeah, it sounds a bit of flippant when we start to, to talk about the weather, but actually these things are quite, quite serious. so when we're talking about snow, essentially what we've got with, with snow risa is a very large accumulation of water stores frozen on the surface of the planet. and that then melts out. and that the planet surface is kind of used to operating in a certain way when we change it, change the so cover actually affects the way that the planet surface can accommodate. that's that type of behavior. so it is actually quite serious when we're talking about the changes in snow when we're talking about changes in, in frozen water. also what we're talking about in, in, especially out arctic russia is changes to the permafrost,

permanently frozen ground in siberia and other places which is starting to, to mel felt. and that meltdown is having significant consequences or infrastructure for roads and buildings are laid down on what they think is, is frozen. ground solid, frozen ground is turning out lots of a and also the release of methane stored beneath the permafrost sealed away from the atmosphere by the time of us, both of permafrost melts away, that methane can get into the atmosphere. so let's, let's talk a bit more about that because i came across this thing and nature magazine which sat that on the other hand that severely cold winters will be one of the harshest effects of global warming. and that kind of note made no sense to me can explain this paradox. yeah, absolutely. so in the united kingdom, a couple years ago we had something that will be caught the beast from the east. you probably didn't hear about this, but it was. so that's how i usually make all my stories. it was,

it was a shock. it was a low, the cold weather that hit the united kingdom around about february couple years ago . and, and the reason for that is that we usually get with our systems from the north atlantic and those are quite stormy. that go to load water in them. so ox winters are usually quite mild and wet and windy. but what happens sometimes is they, the storm tracts go to the north of britain as well as the launch mammals as well. so of course, the animal kingdom that there is, there were pressure on many things and as we get global warming, but we also see is a, is a drift in plants because they are able to start living in places where they haven't traditionally been in before. now usually when climate change happens, say between an ice age and coming out of an ice age, the ice age over the last ice age is 20000 years ago. and we came out of an ice age

by 10000 years ago. so we had 10000 years to warm the planets out in us quite a long time. and that was a lot of migration of plants and animals. and again, it took about 10000 years. so it was a lengthy amount of time to accommodate that. will that changes the equivalent changes of a glacial insect glacial cycle 10000 years? nobody in terms of carbon dioxide concentration is a 100 parts per 1000000. we're doing it that in about a 100 years. so the rates of change on our planets as a consequence of burning of fossil fuel, i measured increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases, is fall quicker, near to 2 orders of magnitude quicker than the planet is normally able to accommodate us. and so when plants stop, stop moving is by land able to accommodate that, rapid shift. it's all that you when you're bouncing a tree in the soil, is the microbiology, the small microbes in the soil that really allows the trees to 5. and all the trees

must be able to migrate quite quickly is a really unknown question about whether the microbial communities, which is so important to the development of plants, whether they are able to shift at the same pace as well. so we're performing a very unusual experiment on our planet, changing it more rapidly than it's ever been changed before with the found consequences to the way that plants and animals and ourselves live on it. and we're going to take a short break right now on when we're back. we'll continue talking to martinez, seger it glassy ologist, and co director of the grant and miss it is for climate change at imperial college london discuss a potential consequences of global warming if nothing is done, stay with us.

ah die. i cried. i just kind of split the whole time. i was there. no one really thought anything different. knew this all thought i just didn't feel good on the way for the surgery. his lungs failed. thirty's jackets, but i killed him. i had gotten stuck with so many needles that day in 2019 doctor started talking about a new wide spread disease that caused severe lung damage. there's a few points that we're really the turning all of the patients were diagnosed with a lung injury associated with using electronic cigarettes or facing products. he

pulled this out. he really felt holy crap, his him died. oh no, he's to be better. it was, i wouldn't want my worst enemy to ever go through that. it was out of breath with well, we're back west professor martin seger, it glassy ologist and co director of z. grab him institute for climate change at imperial college london discussing the dangers of global warming work. martin, welcome back. so these days we can predict where and when and hurricane or it's not

always going to hit several days in advance, mostly in there still bring such distraction and so much death. know you and your colleagues keep saying that climate change is going to make the weather unpredictable and completely erratic. are we going to be able to predict any kind of natural disaster at all here? what in terms of whether we're able to protect extreme events several days before they can, can hit so i happened to be in texas when hurricane harvey hit lamb for corpus kristie and southern texas. and a huge wave of water. a spiral of the hurricane system landed over houston. i was in houston at the time and deposited a huge amount of right now about $45.00 days before that actually happened. there was an extreme, with a warning all both places and the whole of texas. i and it was predicted remarkably

well by the medical models that were employed to do just that. and that's why she quite a good thing to observe because that we understand the physics of the atmosphere really well. and we have a lot of data on from the ocean warehouse, kane success. so when you think about it, we have 4 or 5 days of, of warning. now you might argue that the way that we act in those 4 or 5 days needs to improve because a lot of people were severely affected by, by that storm and all the storms around the world. but all ability to forecast extreme events is getting better, not worse. still, scientists have recently found in there and tar take at the prince as leads to grow only in warm regions like plain trees and beaches. does that mean that ancient times to climate in the antarctic was similar to the mediterranean? well let's, we can take a history through geology, if you like. so essentially from about 55000000 years ago when the level of carbon

dioxide concentration was a 1000 parts per 1000000. on at that time, there was no ice in antarctica at all. and the global temperature was about $8.00 to $12.00 degrees warmer on average. and in the polar regions, it was double about, so over $16.00 to $20.00 degrees centigrade in the, in the polar regions. and there was no ice on, on, on top to co told it was covered by trees quite a beautiful place to white. but since 55000000 years ago, essentially the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been coming down and down gradually getting low up and, and it's becoming colder as a consequence of that. about 14000000 years ago. and talked to cost separated from south america and got encapsulated by a very strong ocean current that wraps itself around the continents and isolate sit

climatic lee from the rest of the world, put it into the really deep freeze. and since 14000000 years ago, essentially we've had a persistent, deep, thick ice kava, kava, and tanika. now reasonably talk about george will time. and the reason that is important to us is because, as i said previously, the last time we had 400 parts per 1000000 of carbon dioxide was 5000000 years ago . if we keep missing fossil fuels in the way that we're currently doing it, or the end of this century, or $2100.00 level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be a 1000 parts per 1000000. wouldn't have seen by 11 carbon dioxide for 55000000000 years. and when that last happened, there was no washing up on it. and as you said, and told to have plants and trees living on it. so the consequences will be a sea level globally of about 60 maces, higher than it is today. and very, very well conditions, though it might take several centuries so millennia said, gets about points. but the lesson from the geology is quite straightforward. when

you get a 1000 parts for 1000000 of carbon dioxide, the well changes unrecognizably from what it is today. so the world like you say he is to be pitted into east and west camps, but really it could be seen as divided between south and the north. right. northern countries fair much better and there are more develop technologically advanced richer. and they used to own the south to so with climate change hitting the south, 1st of all, how will that serve division never be breached? will the south just be thrown back hundreds of years by natural disasters? never to recover? well, i think blue bull warming is just that is going to affect us, us all. there is a, a concern that it's the poorest countries that might suffer the most launched because of some of them, of our living, a quite low levels 1st the see. and that will experience land lawson, population migration also because they're so poor,

they don't have mitigation adaptation, strategies available to them in the way that some developed countries might be able to do. so there is a notion of, of climate justice, the poorest countries in the world didn't courses for them, but they were on the front line of receiving the effects. but i wouldn't say it's the north and south thing. the global warming will affect the entire planet in different ways. for example, when global, when the ice sheets start to melt, when greenland ice sheet melt some window and told us, she melts. and we're seeing the stalls of that white. now, sea level goes up all over the world. but i'm potentially if our meters said by 2050. when a you said, wish it completely put the carbon mission to 0 more than half of the world is predicted, population will lack drinking water. oh, how are we going to deal with that? well, science fine away, or are we headed towards what a wars see? absolutely, right, so we have a lot of stresses on,

on the planet right now. a lot of them are caught that all caused by all small quote for humans, but in different ways. so we look at global warming and that affects things like extreme heat and flash floods. and potentially our ability to quote quotes when we're looking at the availability of water, but is impacted by climate change, but also the over use of fresh water on the planet right now. so for example, we are depleting ground was a water stored beneath the surface of the planets that takes centuries, sometimes thousands of years to build up and wait a fleeting them in decades. and so it's gonna take me a, if we, if we run out of that groundwater in some places, it's going to take a very long time for it to be defeated. so there's a lot of water on the planet. and we need better ways to manage that water, and that will be food reservoirs. it will be food using less water is possibly we can de salivate water as well. especially if we have efficient ways to do that,

coupled with electricity generated through through solar panels. so there are lots of ways in which we can look off to the water on the planets, or we need to do a much better job than we do. and at the moment, so many colleges and people who know the subject including yourself, are basically saying that we have the next decade or so to do something about the climate change. and this would, realistically speaking, require complete transformation of our mentality because you're right. it's not the government's only, it's to people and businesses. it's our basic ways of life and you know, old habits die hard, right? from what i see, we're usually reluctant to abandon comfort and habits for something we want feel or see right away. you're saying it may take a couple of sent until i dunno. ice melts. and sea levels rise to 60 meters high from now. so can we really change within the next 10 or 15

years now that we've been destroying and depleting, planet earth over the last 100 stuff today? yeah, we really can. and so this look at the way that we live right now and, and think about the developed countries that we will part of and think about the way that we live our lives. and some of the things that we take take for granted. and you think about a warming off our homes and the food and all those things. but think about it a slightly different way and think about the quality of the air that way of breathing. and especially in cities, london in particular, know the air quality is illegal, especially in the winter time. and that's no good for our health. no, we have a right to be breathing. and so with a low comp and transformation and the development of renewable energies and clean energies that when happen, we'll clean up the air in our cities. the cities will be nicer places to live. and when we talk about using less energy em,

i mean take in the insulation your home is better, it might been taking the thermostat down. i'm not sure to so it's not boiling hole in your house, but it's just a little bit kuda. but then you get cheaper energy bills as well. and i'd say to people, when the nervous about this transition, who doesn't want to have clean air, you know, the damage that it's doing to your health and your children's health is, is profound. and who doesn't want to have cheaper energy bills? so the, the future of this, this transition that we absolutely need to undertake should be fearful of. it will be different, where there are many positive effects to this. and in particular, importantly, to our own health. all right, martin, thank you so much for this. inside, we're talking to professor martine senior glass geologist and co director of the grant them institute climate change and imperial college london discussing global warming at what we have to get ready for in case we fail to deal with it. that's it for this edition of self and co,

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a fresh gas contract with a broken reject the aspiring member states please for help to cover the difference in the new price. as well as late as gathering rome for the 1st impose and g. 20 summit. since the pandemic head joe biden, braces 1st, 1st of face to face with the manual macro, after the spat over a nuclear submarine deal with australia. no job, no pay. new york city workers protest outside the city mares official residence and opposition to a looming deadline for vaccine mandates. but we speak to one man who says that's how we lost his job despite having natural immunity to cove. it.