in this one social last 60 to england football, a joint one plus i'm calling things on the source for racism in society. luis hawk says economic class inequality as he point site is as much the problem as racism. but not something that likes that media will ever want to address. what nichol says good, don't you? john barnes. racism is purely ignored. it's in my book. we've all been involved in one way or another. bullying show again the alexandria team. gordon mckenzie says mr. bonds, his most eloquent, passionate, but measured a thought pupil can episodes. and finally, duncan mccourt, he said, he's right. you can have a colonial history with racism. whether he's moved on is a key issue and racism, iso sport or anywhere else. you have to kick racist out to sport and that's not happening. stan. scotland went dead. asked smith, dove in shakespeare's neck bank. clearly not, in fact a cancer in owen, dudley edward's music, which ty,

ty scottish nationality has the fees to be absorbed into greater british project at the last generation, i think as meter just in cultural and institutional expression. but in the form of direct political challenge. today he talks alex about scotland, past present, and where this is all take nasty and all that the read was thank you so much for joining me in the special ed and as they addition, alex, it is a wonderful honor for me to be on the show with you, you have been one of the greatest men of our time as far as i'm concerned. where does she keep talking like this interview? don't go very well at the door to down the spook nations and nationalism which i've read because you were kind enough to, to ask me to, to do the pre phase, which i was proud to do. a book about all 4 nations, say, ill, scotland, england, wales, and ireland, the, all the nations of these islands. would that be correct?

yes, certainly. and also of course, it's looking now to faraway influences on them from the old and new testaments from homer and what people picked up from him, from virgil and from shakespeare and james essex. from 1st. all of them people making some vital contribution, but not telling the whole story by any means. but what about they elephant in the room on the elephant and the bed we might say are quoting pierre trudeau, a english nationalism, or on british nationalism. what state the genesis of that well, and so that is concerned. we don't understand nationalism unless we realize that everybody is matchless. and so, a great deal of the story of nationalism in these islands has been various different forms of nationalism, the different countries, english nationalism began partly by being

a victim of the periphery is a rating parties from scotland. wyman, as well as from the european continent, breaking up the mission that existed at the time of the fall of the roman empire and been in the later stage. it's more a strength from england. i'm moving in in different ways and in different respect. on the peripheral countries, whales, ireland, and scotland, the only one of the 3 which wasn't conquered by england. but of course, all these nations borrow from each other and english nationalism. as, for example, you could find it in various from the case of shakespeare. you can't say shakes her, believe this, but he commits of his characters, appear to believe it. and the irish welsh, the scots borrowed from they could get from shakespeare and from various other writers, and as the english like it or not, the severson. but shakespeare's, her testing sample isn't it because he sadly plays during the reign of elizabeth

the fast a was very much a exemplifying. and that heralding an english nationalism will plucky england a withstanding the spanish mother. but his later plays after the ascension of james, the 6th, and fust, a, we're very much trying to cooperate with the, the new king in producing a british nationalism. would that. 2 be a, an accurate description? yes, i think pretty much undo some 1st having become king of england and 63. after having been a cradle, came from 156667. james desperately wanted to make the english and the scots. what mission young with a united parliament, the scots might have been ready to take it. the english went and so dames desperately trying to make the english think that a union of parliament,

as well as a union of crowns and body themselves, would make great britain. and in fact, he was the 1st to declare himself, king of great britain. and he did the cleric with frontier battles the year after he came king in $1600.00 for the year after is a question now. shakespeare, so as i can see becomes involved to interesting. james did was to declare that the counter, the, the chamberlain company were, takes parent, his fellow actors blade and was now to become the king's company. and for shakespeare wanted to have a scottish play and he needed desperately scottish advice. and james, i think, had a major part to do with it in all sorts of ways. the play is very well informed about scotland, but also the play teach up again. old mythologies show the plain macbeth. actually,

this is itself on very unfair things about the king macbeth who ruled for 17 years and apparently was a very good king from 10421057. but he became a monster. oh, fell through ambition and treachery in shakespeare's play. and that play ends with the english coming in to rescue the scots from cruel. because from that point of view, ideal from james a point of view from probably i thought you were going to follow the very best theatrical tradition. and not mentioned that the name of the scottish play, but as your thesis on that lad, once that there was a, a conscious effort by james the, the sexton foster. certainly the best read, a monarch can christendom. and arguably, the greatest playwright in history, william shakespeare, to create a british identity a, you argue those a conscious effort by them walk in cahoots to create that british identity the any,

much as they weren't, they were working together to get this idea of wanting britain, 6 to start using the word, britain and british, much more than he ever had. and the story of macbeth, m all still shows things like um, a benevolent figure of an english king doesn't come on stage, but i'm an english single materials like teams that are the compressor. but the same time the course, james was also doing other things to consolidate. and one of them being his insistence on the creation of the great bible, the king james bible drawing in the whole series of children's translators to produce a book which would be everybody. so he wants to dominate religion. he wants to dominate literature, culture, philosophy. and of course, one of the other manascale projects of james the fust. it was the union jack,

originally a naval flag, quit here, organized the design, competition fall then became the union flag adopted after the union of ireland, obviously. so he was interested in symbolism. we've jesse some parallels between the activities of james, the foster millennium shakespeare, and we'll let say bought us johnson and a, b, b, c. well, and there are some very remarkable figures in the b, b, c. and i suspect that their arm being more and more pressured to conform to a much cruder kind of nationalism. both johnson himself and some little learning, i gather in classics, which he studied at the university. but he wears what learning he has as you might says, very likely he produced one of the worst books on winston churchill, which has ever come out and apparently regular stores. moultrie imagining him as being like churchill. he doesn't know scotland and seems almost to run away

from having to see too much of it in this way is, is a bit unlike it's predecessor, david cameron's on the night of the referendum in 2014 as to whether it's got to be independent or not, david cameron made much about the fact that his small some was reading tar underpants. now that's not sure we're saying that he performed inside from scotland, but it was at least some sort of token reference. and so would cameron's assumptions about his own remotes, carianne's history that's not present in johnson's case. and to a certain extent, johnson is rather like a schoolboy people think twins, public schoolboy story, learn off a little bit of a lesson, but not pretty much of it. and hoops he can get by with it. so if a project that the great british project, let's call it that has been gone for 400 years. i've been what's happened and we have a scottish nationalism politically res. subject that we are violent probably closer

to unification. than that, it's been for some 100 years and more and will say at least under a language and literally sansa, it will nationalism is still very, very evident. indeed. so why didn't the great british project to 400 years ago work wilson, a variety of reasons and one of the most obvious ones was class that the english were conscious of being the more severe that more superior civilization, technologically, is much more advanced. but also of course, i am very much anxious to seize good land in ireland, which they did the long parliament at the time of the civil wars being one of their ears. it was done. cromwell confiscated a lot of ireland for his veterans and so forth. scotland being independent until james himself became the king in 163. but after a certain length of time,

the scottish nobles and great landowners, anglo find themselves, became much wanting. so class was all over the place, and absence and tuft became the means by which the different nationalities, protesting against what was happening to them, came to identify themselves. since these were the losers in that range and so on that level. so you are king, that the sense of scottish identity a what was kept alive by the working classes of scotland perhaps lightly 1820, a rising and 18. 20, marked as an island, the. the great land, a claims and campaigns of a whole variety of the towering figures of irish nationalism and will through the full for the maintenance and through the, the exemplifies, are of socialism like khaki have been and others is that your argument that, that the sense of identity, it was kept alive in the working classes when as the,

the upper classes would have been quite happy to to fling the lawton with the, the great british share project. well, you have to think really about the working classes response being what was heard from them. and that's fair. in scotland, for instance, robert burns, learning so much from his fellow workers, small farmers and so forth, and giving their culture immortality, so many of burns or songs. the ones the collection as well as the ones which he created. burns gave as it were, scottish nationalism, an identity in song before we're started looking at careful theory or anything like that. even stranger walter scott, who was a tory and politics sexually right wing. but on the other hand, he did so much to learn as much as he possibly could of the dying culture of the lower classes and immortalized. and he became the father of social history across

the world to parkman. the thing i was looking at people instead of merely looking at a successful barons or successful technology in whatever and in wales, of course, one of the effects of welsh would be to make the welsh a more democratic people to think much more in ordinary terms. because of course, to know the language which was in danger, became a great matter of nationalism itself. english was important and so many of the welsh actually did terribly well in english, but the preservation of welch became absolutely key. and that cultural identity stands to them in the way they are far more successful in progress, reserving their different nationalism, been ireland, or different national languages and are under scotland. and when we come back in a few minutes to look for sites for the contrasting paths of irish and scottish

nationalism, and perhaps take out your field into how the we look at the future instead of the sleep. ah no one else shows seemed wrong when all things just don't move. any new world is yes to shape out the same because the african and engagement equals the trail. when so many find themselves worlds apart, we choose to look so common ground. if you know that this is the 400 year anniversary of the very 1st bank, steve, and think about that 400 years of thanksgiving in north america. really

an incredible miles down. welcome back. as the scottish nation approaches it's nash novi, alex interviews the student when dudley edwards, by his new book entitled nations on nationalism. there was a di, listerman yourself happily settled in scotland the last half century. also, it doesn't pass of irish and scottish nationalism. what was the essence of that explanation? well, the one of them is the because company wasn't a conquered country, and it had to be more obviously recognized as well. at least in theory, playing a part, a partnership in the rule of these islands. this comes out pretty obviously when

after 1745, when on it and charlie made his attempt, which made came closer perhaps to success than many people to realize. but after that matter, the highlanders who had followed him were savagely treated at the time. and there's a great deal of land confiscation bound within 10 years. they were recruiting the highlanders to fight in the 7 years war. now because catholicism, the main religion. and i was the cause of ation of support for the stuarts there. and because the catholics originally owned the land, which had been to listen to confiscated, that meant the catholic church, kept out of the u. k. army or the british army. and it meant that in a sense, there was a sense of degradation of not being allowed to use on is not right. so in the 19th century,

great political leaders emerged under the act of union because the honest parliament which would ban catholics in it anyway. because that was wiped out in 180601 in dot u. k. parliament in westminster. great irish signals, a rose who in essence taught democracy to the british and used parliament as a wings for getting concessions. and, of course spoke their ideas of nationalism. but daniel o'connell, the great peters, completely against violence, did what he could to prevent people even dreaming about it from times past and so forth. and again, in the latter part of the century when the tremendously effective party, dominant, led by chance to a panel dominating towing out to english governments and british governments in succession to one another in a 25 and a 6. and then creation of discipline, showing what could be got from the constitution. he was meant that constitutional nationalism could teach the extension of democracy to the english, to the scots,

the welsh, and they made a great achievement there. and yet the tragedy remains, that in the 20th century, well the scots and the welsh very sensibly kept the nation's non violent. and it became absolutely root and branch for the scottish national party when it came into being that our nationalism would never be a nationalism of violence. but in ireland, the tragedy was, but because of world war one which drenched the word and violence, a protest movement emerged, cartoons on lions was germany. in 1916 and a very small insurrection was started, which was put down brutally my stupid english general who had been left and charged on mexico. and the result was, was the interaction is very unpopular and i can fix it. but when the leaders were massacred without trials before them,

or just go to court martials under the military or somebody and nothing told until they're already dead. and this led to a great anger emerging. so to, to the fact that the rising was put down by dublin itself being bombarded and flattened. so dublin became one of the capitals which lay in ruins after the 1st world war. and that actually, i think, played quite an important part. and certainly a people say no, the didn't want to have anything more to do with the country which had destroyed the principal city. i do and argue that was that the same at the moment that the the solvency by which the east arising was put down a crated divide. she, i'm interested because in the 1918 election, a sudden sion fain wanna landslide victory across island. but the ship fin landslide and parliamentary seats for westminster wasn't as great as the s m p,

lamb, slate, and scotland, and in 2015 and the deep the, the subsequent the elections were there. somebody's had a majority of westminster seat. i'm interested in this. why in 1918 that a majority of seats will sion fame? eventual is out in the free state and an independent republic. it was in scotland of georgia. your seats at westminster. hasn't resulted in any substantial constitutional progress at all over the last 6 years. now, the success of nationalism depends to punch an extent on the stupidity of rich opponent. and besides, the future is concerned. well, you might say that the union is so shown a great deal of stupidity and a great refusal to come to terms of the realities of a national of scotland. that it's quite likely that they will make more and greater mistakes in the future, which are likely to conclude much support from the union in scotland. craig,

i will take you out of your field. i own that. that was a historian, substantial american, the historian, the great, a literally forgotten these islands. but let's look at the future that let's look at the crystal ball unless paint live the celtic a countries and ton le let. let's take your, your native country of island. are we closer to either humidity than at any point in the last 100 years or of the still ceiling difference is said to be overcome across the island over much closer because i mean one of the things which is a guarantee of some improvement in is human relations changing, in fact, in the late 820th century because the irish in dublin have specifically renounced an insistence that the 6 counters per there's. therefore they're winning

many more friends and much more respect in the north, which they did. so the way in which, in fact of the present time, the famous protocol which is causing so much bad feeling between the u. k and the e u. the one that's been handled the protocol about trade in northern ireland and its trade relations with the larger island, but was agreed to creation by ambrose johnson. and he is now in this month of november, i'm making whatever effort he can to trying to deny it. so the motion of northern ireland being kicked around in this way, naturally alienates it. i would say that there is perhaps a great deal of love for the republic, but there is much more suspicion of london and with it to see the sense of which it all has been true of the scottish nationalist as well. london really is not capable

of managing northern ireland anymore. yes. that part of it had to survive this dreadful 30 years civil war in northern of itself. but at the present time, a peaceful time, largely. the very fact that northern ireland itself is being used as a political football means that with lynn as well as the scottish nation must the proof of english incompetence. that is actually much more valuable than shall we say a nationalist strain which kept on talking about references and how badly people are treated. the simple statement that the union is no longer fit for purpose. that seems to be the case as far as britain is concerned, and it's getting more and more like it as far as northern ireland is concerned, where the unity of island would be farther away would be if more attempts are made to bring it about by violence naturally not would,

but northern ireland, more and more on the defensive. keep it closer and closer to the interesting you can and the republic what want to have anything to do with violence? they've learned too much. what augusta mistake it was to have started off with it. so oddly, i was, unless sometime this dave, what's going to happen in scotland, if a, be a leg totally dominant, but in some ways politically become them in the electoral success seems to come from nothing of modest johnson of westminster. i'm not going to concede another test of the independence question. what's going to happen in scotland? of the present time? we have the most effective leader as a leader, 1st minister in the shape of nicholas sturgeon. but she is as far as i can see in the politics of firm equanimity, that there is a consensus that seem really to mean that nationalism is being put not into

a deep freezer but theresa into a cooler. and the next phase would be likely to be the absolute necessity for nationalism to a circuit. so for that's knowledge about what's gotten means what's got and is the of course, the relationship with the european union is over feeling important here. the fact that scotland is denied it's police in europe for which he boasted with it. therefore, the less that scottish nationalism simply appears to want to show that its adult grown up and to really just as grown up as they are in london. the more sense of no, we differ in culture. we different politically tend. we differ above all in the fact that we want an egalitarian society. and that is keeping us farther from the english consensus, which is so much based upon class,

a danger to any society which really knows its identity comes from equality. and that's what scotland is, and that is what scotland and it's all additions should constantly remember. equality should be, i think, the yardstick. i went to a future progress of scottish naturalism as measured or that we had was author historian as a student of celtic and nationalism straight these islands. thank you so much for joining me on this. and how does the it's a great honor and an election. thank you very much indeed. doth ask that famous question in shakespeare's macbeth about the state of scotland? the answer comes from ross. alas, poor country almost have failed to know it fail. as wonderfully edwards reveals the

great play light was fully engaged in applying with his royal patron, the newly trained king james to ford, a new british identity. i said the desperate nations of these islands, 400 years later, we can conclude that this master plan was a failure. since scottish identity is alive and kicking, and now expressing itself directly and politically. however, all is not plain simply here to independence. this in p may be elect the dominant. there also politically becomes with no apparent strategy for implementing their success of electro minded to deliver for the people. any opportunity to vote themselves for independence. as a historian, the past as own berkeley edwards specialist. however, understanding the path is often the key to unlocking the future. and for now now as myself and all at the show, it's good by stacy,

i'm hope to see you all again next. ah ah ah, what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy confrontation, let it be an arms race, movies on often has very dramatic development only personally and going to resist. i don't see how that strategy will be successful, very political time. time to sit down and talk

in people is no thing they can't ride on police report. it's an all cash in december 2020 a group of anti finishes. fill out a film crew access for 3 months. so if people are organization, if an idea that it must be opposed, that you can't allow the game while they may come with that. but he says, but they can say what they believe in. we believe in helping our community. we believe that fascism is one of the major threats to the united states as gotten reuben, this is a chance to see who and teeth are really are. in order for me to extract my 1st amendment right and say that my life matter, i have to be on to the teeth that, that, that's all american. we can't trust the police. we can't trust the government. we can't trust anyone except ourselves to protect ourselves in supposed to switch. so school is double membranes structures which i like sacks, which capture pushes aside,

applies and then deliver them to all the incinerator of the cell, the license for degradation. so that's what we'll talk with me in the headlines this out here. one r t. europe is batted by a 4th covert way with germany considering mandatory vaccinations. although the world health organization says jobs alone won't keep people safe with concerned about the fullest sense of security that vaccines have and the fund and oh, on the rest, on looting gripping the french caribbean territory of what a loop, it's all about, tough, new covey look downs it's fueling local, all still se authorities and towers and politicians class with eco activists in canada offer a leading campaign, awards that oil pipelines could be blown up if the government doesn't take action on climate change. with.