he was delighted with merely may still struggle with math with school is not all about learning more that there was a delay. he can talk to his friends and the guy moved around here. everything on socialization. tenure so sissy, of course, it was friends with when he can walk and play with us to realize. but now it's also fine since it's necessary. it's okay for him. i'm okay, you're up to date, i'll be back in elf now see it in oil and gas, manufacturing, electricity, telecom dies vacation. all of them now have your teeth type of infrastructure connected to the internet. well,

clearly realizing that it's disruptive potential so that those countries can't ignore it because it threatens national security issue. but if we take the nato e u countries, virtually all of them subscribe to certain doctrines and maintains celibate task forces. they are a cyber army on behalf of a country that's their job. mm hm. mm. oh. oh, i every day, more needs more technology available. more comfort,

more products on the shelves. ah, and every day, new questions. what is there in our fields on our plate? in our medicines as the industrial era made our world toxic with concern is growing in citizens accuse industries of hiding the truth from us and industry denies it. how can we judge? so we turn to science. we ask researchers to be the judges of these new battles. for us. we demand that they step into the arena. we are living in a world where there are many people who have a vested interest in fighting information, fighting scientific evidence, and discrediting even the notion that science could provide the truth about the

natural world. there are tension only seeking to derail science. so we need to identify these attacks to expose the maneuvering of those trying to stand in the way of knowledge. and in that context, it's essential for us to understand who these people are, what they do, why they do it, and how they do it. ah, and we have to understand how it is that the public sometimes participates in the spreading of this deliberate ignorance. so we need to visit this landscape of manufactured ignorance. mm. mm. in northern greece, like in most of the developed world bees are the victims of an ongoing carnage.

well known since the 1990s. this has now become a textbook case, a point from where we can begin our exploration of the manufacturer of ignorance. things always start with an enigma in greece like elsewhere, experts on bees didn't understand what was happening and why. ne, it can i missed it? yep. hello, hooks. africa element doesn't polezza boy lisa, because delevie news programs everywhere showed beekeepers in total disarray. i here secondly, a suspect shows up this time it was a new generation of insecticides in our fields, the mo, the latest baby of the agro chemical industry at the time to pull active ingredients. every syngenta formulation is the result of years of careful investigation and thorough research by our scientists. you moment these new products were spread on our crops down to the draw be started dying and they're millions of active ingredients. if the get

a message i'm at the same point is debbie, unequal thirdly, science is asked to investigate. to do so. it's funny how gina has been constantly going back and forth between her hives and her lab emerson, a best imminent. i think this place of almost every benevolent belief but looking for the truth has proven to be a game of cat and mouse. the usual task for scientists is to retreat into the calm of their labs, then explain what's being observed on the ground. we ask them to shed light on the mystery of the dying bes, just as they have explained so many other phenomena. the role of science is to highlight natural mechanisms and reach an explanation for the slightest observable fact. this is how science normally progresses my solving more and more mysteries and in principle,

our knowledge of the world we live and increases. however, this fine principle sometimes has a few hiccups. for scientific observers, the case of the vanishing bees is emblematic of this with something like ease and pesticides, you should have been able to investigate it by collecting data by following the evidence where it's taking you. the crux of the idea is that when we find the evidence that tells us what's happening, we tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. and we let the chips fall where they may, we commit in a way of, you know, committing to accepting the truth of those findings. but in the case of the bees, that's not exactly how things went in the early 2 thousands government expert report showed the toxic effect of even very low doses of new nicotine, always on bees. and yet, for more than 20 years,

there has been no unanimity. no consensus on the link between these pesticides and the disappearance of bees. wire things lagging so much. you need to be a very shrewd observer to see the whole picture. mon over at horrid is ebay. yeah. yeah, yeah. but that's got a sunk for bruce doors. yes, psionic was intellectual business in the bathroom that you had with a juan with emerge. if you'll have, you'll use me with history or the most partic. i p card one cannot eat that you dial the exact notarial loop one wise yet. good with his best as eve, new but you could up dollars is are you to look at them as if j, the printed until the mornings ploy and where the aucker. this is a quick search in a scientific study database proves it. as soon as pesticides were suspected, the number of public or private studies focusing on other possibilities skyrocketed

. 2010. the veterinary authorities were confused over your ill, a hole in the hold the bug you went, but they say if you both could definitely look into the more studies there were, the less beekeepers to make sense of at all. it seems like a paradox until you look back to an older case when you see a flourishing of new studies emerge in any particular area. a little bit ironically, it creates the appearance of being dedicated to pursuing the truth. but it takes me directly back to the case of big tobacco. we do what's up front at cal and up brown to head up the filter. to understand we need to go back to the 1950s a time when tobacco was treated with total recklessness. so you

blend mean on the back? oh boy, the back gate. yeah, that's why, but this recklessness wouldn't last. what does this monitoring i expect in december 1953. the bad news broke researchers had just provoked cancer in mice by painting them with tar from cigarette. after this discovery war broke out, the tobacco companies had a real crisis because they can't contest the evidence and say it's wrong. they can just say we don't know. and so the leaders of all the major cigarette companies got together in new york city. we now know that a meeting took place at the plaza hotel in new york and december, between the bosses of the 7 major manufacturers, collectively known as big tobacco, imagined the scene musket run to the heart of the matter.

the meeting would go down in the annals of ignorance, was a challenge to every one of us. and we were all in this together unify. confronted with scientific progress, the cigarette manufacturers came up with a plan. they launched this campaign in which they said, you know, we're aware of the science, we think there are problems with it and it's a matter of deep concern to us. now we are beginning a campaign to spell out that basic point so that no one will fail to get it. i think it will be decided to make a public statement. we are pledging aid and assistance to the research effort into all phases of tobacco use in health. for this purpose, we are establishing a joint tobacco industry group, the tobacco industry research committee. good. yes.

the press published the declaration, tobacco industry distort scientific research. with believe a friend's just to feel as for your smoking, pleasure and protection. every advantage known to modern science just reveal gives you scientific fact. nissan plas don't sound to de la sheshe split the bull. and these pony medical idealists i wanted me to fill up was ill. do some. wow . key voc along cold did don't fit every nowhere near to leave that mr. speak. comb less. young. 8, debbie. that's really using science against itself. the explicit use of science again, science i think, does represent a kind of watershed to systematically find the scientific research in order to undermine science, effectively fighting fire with fire, that's

a watershed moment. so after they do side of this, how did they operationalize in one of the things the tobacco companies funded a lot of what i call distracting research labs, backed by the cigarette manufacturers, defined research projects known as special projects or s p's a whole arsenal for diverting science they researched for example, lung cancer and nonsmokers. they searched for links to habitat working conditions, personal habits. they experimented on rabbits to see if lung cancer could be caused by toxins or viruses. big tobacco thus generously financed hundreds of research projects. some of these projects turned out to be very useful, such as research into the precursors of cardiovascular disease. put others were totally wacky. can egg yolk or tomato juice on the skin,

lead to tumors. what's the link between lung cancer and baldness, or between the same cancer and the month of birth? if you were born in march, claimed one study, you were more at risk before gently a play goes at the open bite deal. i go to visit vehicles, boys that the like old. see the so me been young? oh, no, i young of was so down enough to get you into disney. a convincing strategy because the lung cancer can probably be explained by a combination of factors. identifying the different risk factors as normal in size . multiplying avenues of research seems totally legitimate. but it can also be extremely handy for so in confusion. it becomes almost impossible to prove the suspect's guilt, and that's the aim that's extremely well understood. and that designed play book

for pretty much every other science denial that has followed this the story about tobacco. this is the story about acid rain. this is a story about the ozone hole. this is a story about pesticides. this is the story about climate change. nick it to an ice this been all 8th contraceptive pills. i mean, we have now seen the strategy used over and over and over again. about buying time, a similar who's met in strategic daniel, in the case of tobacco, it's 70 years already and it's still going. mm. ah ah, my view more broadly is that genocide has taken place far more than anyone acknowledges. right. it takes place frequently. it is taking place in virtually

every country in the world. so why does it come to be called them others political will political mobilization if you remember, wanda, nobody initially one to them or may knew it just i was saying based nobody wanted to call it eventually. that label came to dick placement. not at the time when events weren't full name. and part of that position is if you say it's genocide, is suggest that you need to do something with ah, with oh, is your media

a reflection of reality in the world transformed what will make you feel safer? isolation community. are you going the right way, or are you being led somewhere? direct. what is true? wharf is great. in the world corrupted, you need to descend. ah, so join us in the depths or remain in the shallows. ah ah, in the case of the dying bees, the advancement of knowledge has also been deliberately slowed down. is therefore in may or left that they'll be atlantis v. but i went back many equal submitted on

the flying up. so we're talking about decades of disinformation and decades of delay in the meantime, the companies are still making gobs of money. mm mm. mm mm. when a scientific life has been constructed over several decades, where do the 1st cracks begin to appear? for 40 years after the 1st alerts on tobacco, somewhere in the u. s. a humble employee performed an act that would change everything i the box he sent finally arrived in california

at the university of san francisco. on that day, professor glance was in for a surprise on may 12th 1994, a box of documents landed in my office from an anonymous source. these were internal documents from at the very highest levels of the tobacco industry. their senior scientist, their senior lawyers, their senior managed with their senior public relations. people talking very, very frankly about what they knew about the dangers of smoking in this was an an hope for treasure, for the professor. it was like a new world. stumbling into a new world sees the leaked documents increased in numbers, the truth broke. the tobacco industry bosses were cornered gentlemen. the reason disclosure of documents have shaken my confidence that your company's care about

the truth. these documents suggest possible manipulation of scientific research by industry attorneys. if these things are true, then you should know that this kind of behavior is unacceptable and will not be allowed. faced with the proof that the tobacco bosses were forced to make decades of secret archives, public series, like the other collection were started out. a few 1000 pages is now up around 93000000 pages. oh, these documents are now kept in the university of san francisco archives. they contain all the details of a massive manipulation of science. the tactics deployed, the researchers recruited and the sums of money involved. among these documents, one internal memo from 1969 sums up on his own. what the tobacco industry had decided to produce doubt is our product. since it is the best means of competing

with the body of fact, that it exists in the mind of the general public, it is also the means of establishing a controversy. the key strategy is the creation of doubt about science. doubt is a perfect weapon. it's effective but also pernicious because tao is legitimately part of science. in fact it to the central driver of science. we investigate things because we have questions about them because we're curious or because we doubt the existing explanation is adequate. so we need out in science, the will do it. it will co directions once to help us hills book battles. yo yo, do it see of this young you left elsie terribly or no. and the punk also holds me collect 80. hold on a, put the duke kelly pon don't, but i'll go enough night way. we are still going. godaddy. galena, missouri, or poodle in missouri, we sent danella mentioned your funded whitlow, the dot c. as else are mash, sell connie company to g back to normal when you made these the but days don't get strategy. the duty seed of rocket barsoom sales stabbed accept the 8 doubly

committal uncles who measles. duke. so what the tobacco industry did was to take a virtue and turning to vice the use of scientific method against science itself. that's what these documents revealed. these windfalls enthuse historians and whistleblowers. they have even inspired a new field of study avenue before this week. you something about the history of tobacco? yeah, most people. okay. this is naomi riscas teaches her students to identify historical obstructions of science of science. did we know the discovery of this long history of deception has led to a new field of intellectual study and new academic field. and it's called agnew itala. gee. and that means the study of ignorance, agnew, reggie, was born now. academics attempt to unravel the main springs of our ignorance to

look into what we don't know. a curious field of study. we were laughed at at 1st because people thought it was not academic to study the absence of knowledge to study ignorance. but i think people are, are laughing a bit less now and starting to be a bit worried because we sense and they realize how pervasive the problem might be, ah, what prevents us from knowing more people are asking this question encouraging expert in ignorance, to leave their universities and speak out publicly over the course of the top. oh, introduce different ways of thinking about ignorance and particularly this phrase strategic ignorance. we're going to ask you to think about example in your own life, a strategic ignorance. although fully nebulous due to woocommerce. yep. did yon's just coder yonce is implement. she'll conical nipple eco of take

a little who got the hush met. those of us will get no or project e s. you've murder d young. okay. yeah. so we're now invited to look for obstacles to our knowledge, things that holds the progress of science deliberately or not. and sometimes even what we prefer not to know, unraveling all that is no small issue. that's why the study of ignorance or ag, natalia g needs to progress methodically. and it's a fascinating field of inquiry with contributions from psychology, sociology, history, political science, cognitive science, computer science, network, science. there are lots of disciplines involved that can help us understand how ignorance is being manufactured and how we can protect ourselves against it. with this new awareness is still in its early days. but the races on because the strategic production of ignorance continues to be perfected

to debunk it, we must often plunge into the detail of scientific practices in innovations regularly arrived on the market and with them a fair share of suspicion. are they a threat to our health and more importantly, at what dosage. that's the big question, the one that gives rise to the most terrible of battles. one of these battles began in this laboratory one day in 1989 carlos sunshine. and anna soto are both biologists. for years they had been trying to solve the mystery of cellular proliferation and cancer. suddenly,

before they're very eyes, some control cells cultivated in a test tube began to proliferate. for no apparent reason. it was a real cheryl called investigation trying to find out where it came from because that is the foresee how to delay, then defy what is the source. they review each piece of lab equipment for months of suspense. and finally, they hand their culprit, the centrifuge tubes they were made of a material that should have been inert, but wasn't the plastic used contained and dispersed a substance that acted like the hormone estrogen. girls and i were very disturbed by defining. we thought that this was a big deal if you can find such a substance here, can it be elsewhere in toys?

bottles, food containers, in all the plastics that end up in the environment. and how does it affect our organism? look like it. you said it um yeah, the doors. okay. let republic prep her expose a so his coverage off boy, boy hasanti is a digital ass if i'm all i mailed it, i think the effect of product x on health is what is studied by toxicologist. the accepted rule a centuries old. it's simple and seemingly makes good sense. the effect is proportionate to the quantity absorbed. it's true for sugar. it's true for fat. it's true for pretty much any product. according to the rules of toxicology, the dose makes the poison, which by extension means that anything below the dose isn't a poison. according to this rule of plastic with the characteristics of a hormone that ends up in a baby's mouth should impose any problem. because the quantity of synthetic

estrogen ingested is tiny, true or false? this is the crux of the battle unique styles. cavalry shashana county rested in between, but sometimes i'll event upon your experience. not fully shown is any will abattoir, boise. d very lacks unity. the blessed if you'll come on alex, i've been remiss finra. this has the structure oh, and estrogenic drug. they are using a sex or mon to make plastic. this is insane. for years professor vom sal and his team observed mice exposed to different doses of bis fina les. to measure the traces of the pro, steve stored what happens at the limits of detection using ultra sensitive machines

. and what they discovered took the world of science. in fact, the damage to the reproductive system was occurring at $25000.00 times below what had been considered a dose that would cause no effect. we were absolutely shocked, suggested a considerable pre your hazel. present on don't tell it, don't go in patty decision stance. but that was this, if a breeze on boston, i think those i think is mal candy, those pre thought, if a question on the bottom, some put him on passcode books, he coroner's you hang them on their desk. lucidity does seem really cool. i ought those in a test shami x time. uh huh. lena, cynthia, it's him when he couldn't. or those o'kelly's human. so i mean, sure, no explicit. he saw the doors. i think this matter

like in a city delegated. and as we stand together, we'll continue to stand together against russia media in germany. repeat some of the areas that we doubt this made. they noticed vinitez chunky daughters about their ability to influence other nations, french, b, u. k. and even latin america and other countries in future than maybe they were to high, wrong cycle alone with members of your household, please, please, please, please. we have to continue to fight. don't you know, just need to do the russian must not be allowed in germany. the other one has to come and leave it so, so on. so didn't altino has the 5 and the yes

actually indian api, the not missiles guns until sunday. join me every 1st day on the alex salmon. sure . and i'll be speaking to guess with the world of politics, sport business, i'm sure business. i'll see you then. when you german language channel on t. d e's embroiled in a legal dispute as europe's media regulated questions is broadcast license management stresses the license was obtained and full compliance with european law arizona. law enforcement struggles to deal with hundreds of migrants arriving each day. a state of emergency has been imposed with sheriff's describing the situation as chaos. so we end up with the desk in the desert robberies that are happening along the order of.