right, it takes place frequently. it is taking place in virtually every country in the world. so why does it come to be haul them? well, there's political will on mobilization if you remember, wanda, nobody initially wanted, emma may knew it just as i was saying based nobody wanted to call it that eventually that label came to take place, but not at the time when events weren't full name about places asian is if you say it's genocide, is suggest that you need to do something with oil and gas, manufacturing, electricity, telecom type locations. all of them now have a u. t. type of infrastructure connected to the internet. well, clearly realizing that disruptive potential so that those countries can't ignore it because it threatens national security issue. but if we take the nato

n e u countries, virtually all of them subscribed to certain doctrines and maintains selling but tell us closes, they are a cyber army on behalf of a country that's their job. a or a or every day more needs more technology available, more comfort, more products on the shelves. ah, and every day,

new questions. what is there in our fields on our plates? in our medicines as the industrial era made our world toxic with concern is growing. in citizens accuse industries of hiding the truth from us and industry denies it. how can we judge? so we turn to science. we ask researchers to be the judges of these new battles. for us. we demand that they step into the arena. we are living in a world where there are many people who have a vested interest in fighting information, finding scientific evidence, and discrediting even the notion that science could provide the truth about the natural world. they are tension only seeking to derail science. so we need to identify these attacks to expose the maneuvering of those trying to stand in the

way of knowledge. and in that context, it's essential for us to understand who these people are, what they do, why they do it, and how they do it. ah, and we have to understand how it is that the public sometimes participates in the spreading of this deliberate ignorance. so we need to visit this landscape of manufactured ignorance. mm mm. mm. in northern greece, like in most of the developed world, bees are the victims of an ongoing carnage. well known since the 19 ninety's. this has now become a textbook case. a point from where we can begin our explorer of the manufacturer

of ignorance. things always start with an enigma in greece like elsewhere, experts on bees didn't understand what was happening and why. now it can miss data . yep. hello, ok. africa element doesn't polezza. boy, please. if you could only be news programs everywhere showed beekeepers in total disarray. i knew secondly, the suspect shows up this time it was a new generation of insecticides in our fields, the mo, the latest baby of the agro chemical industry at the time to pull active ingredients. every syngenta formulation is the result of years of careful investigation and thorough research by our scientists. you moment these new products were spread on our crops down to the draw be started dying and they're millions of active ingredients. if the get a master some as the same point is debbie, unequal thirdly, science is asked to investigate. to do so funny how gina has been constantly going

back and forth between her hives and her lab emerson bas imminent, by name of the place of almost every benevolent place. but looking for the truth has proven to be a game of cat and mouse. the usual task for scientists is to retreat into the calm of their labs, then explain what's being observed on the ground. we asked them to shed light on the mystery of the dying bes, just as they have explained so many other phenomena. the role of science is to highlight natural mechanisms and reach an explanation for the slightest observable fact. this is how science normally progresses my solving more and more mysteries and in principle, our knowledge of the world we live and increases. however, this fine principle sometimes has a few hiccups. for scientific observers,

the case of the vanishing bees is emblematic of this with something like ease and pesticides, you should have been able to investigate it by collecting data by following the evidence where it's taking you. the crux of the idea is that when we find the evidence that tells us what's happening, we tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. and we let the chips fall where they may, we commit in a way of, you know, committing to accepting the truth of those findings. but in the case of the bees, that's not exactly how things went in the early 2 thousands government expert report show the toxic effect of even very low doses of new nicotine, always on bees. and yet, for more than 20 years, there has been no unanimity. no consensus on the link between these pesticides and the disappearance of bees wire things lagging so much.

you need to be a very shrewd observer to see the whole picture of the moon over st horn is obey. yeah. yeah, yeah, but that's got a sunk for proof dos. yes. psionic was intellectual business in the bathroom that you had with a ha and was image film. years me was history or the most pathetic i. p card. one cannot eat that you dial exact knocked, you loop one wise yet good with his best of as eve, new but you could up down to dollars to, to invite you to look was advantage if kate, the cruise until similes ploy and where the aucker can. if this is a quick search in a scientific study database proves it. as soon as pesticides were suspected, the number of public or private studies focusing on other possibilities, skyrocketed. security 2010. the veterinary authorities were confused. yeah, because your ill, a hole in donald buck. sympathy is both good,

definite looking perfect. the more studies there were, the less beekeeper to make sense of at all. it seems like a paradox until you look back to an older case when you see a flourishing of new studies emerge in any particular area. a little bit ironically, it creates the appearance of being dedicated to pursuing the truth. but it takes me directly back to the case of big tobacco we, it's what's up front that cal and up front to head up the filter. to understand we need to go back to the 1950s a time when tobacco was treated with total recklessness. so you're blending phone to back. oh boy, the back gate. yeah, that's why, but this recklessness wouldn't last. what does this but i,

i just back in december 1953. the bad news broke researchers had just provoked cancer in mice by painting them with tar from cigarette. after this discovery war broke out, the tobacco companies had a real crisis because they can't contest the evidence and say it's wrong. they should just say we don't know. and so the leaders of all the major cigarette companies got together in new york city. we now know that a meeting took place at the plaza hotel in new york and december, between the bosses of the 7 major manufacturers, collectively known as big tobacco, imagined the scene musket run to the heart of the meeting would go down in the annals of ignorance, the challenge to every one of us and we were all in this together unify. confronted

with scientific progress, the cigarette manufacturers came up with a plan. they launched this campaign in which they said, you know, we're aware of the science. we think there are problems with it and it's a matter of deep concern to us. now we are beginning a campaign to spell out that basic point so that no one will fail to get it. they decided to make a public statement. we are pledging aid and assistance to the research effort into all phases of tobacco use in health. for this purpose, we are establishing a joint tobacco industry group. the tobacco industry research committee. with the press published the declaration, tobacco industry distort scientific research. with

believe a friend's just to feel as for your smoking, pleasure and protection. every advantage known to modern science just reveal gives you scientific fact. nissan plas, dollar salt de la sheshe, split the bull and these pony map logistics. i want to be sure to apples. you'll do some wow. key book, a long cold, don't lafitte, if you don't, when you to leave them, it don't speak. coma. less young, 8 debbie. it's really using science against itself. the explicit use of science again, science i think, does represent a kind of watershed to systematically find the scientific research in order to undermine science, effectively fighting fire with fire, that's a watershed moment. so after they do side of this, how did they operationalize that? one of the things in tobacco companies funded

a lot of what i call distracting research to labs, backed by the cigarette manufacturers, defined research projects known as special projects or espied a whole arsenal for diverting science. they researched for example, lung cancer and nonsmokers. they searched for links to habitat working conditions, personal habits. they experimented on rabbits to see if lung cancer could be caused by toxins or viruses. big tobacco thus generously financed hundreds of research projects. some of these projects turned out to be very useful such as research into the precursors of cardiovascular disease. put others were totally wacky, can egg yolk or tomato juice on the skin, lita, tumors. what's the link between lung cancer and baldness, or between the same cancer and the month of birth? if you were born in march claimed one study, you were more at risk. before gently

a plate goes to a bite dead lila inhibitions equal to point that the locals. she does so me been yada. i knew i young was so down enough to get you into disney. a convincing strategy because a lung cancer can probably be explained by a combination of factors. identifying the different risk factors as normal and size . multiplying avenues of research seems totally legitimate. but it can also be extremely handy for so in confusion. it becomes almost impossible to prove the suspect's guilt, and that's the aim that's extremely well understood. and that designed play book for pretty much every other science denial that has followed this the story about tobacco. this is a story about acid rain. this is

a story about the ozone hole. this is a story about pesticides. this is the story about climate change, the nicotine eyes this been all 8th contraceptive pills. i mean, we have now seen the strategy used over and over and over again. about buying time. a similar who's met in strategy guilt in the case of tobacco, it's 70 years already and it's still going. mm. oh mm . oh right now there are 2000000000 people who are overweight or

obese. it's profitable to sell food that is fatty and sugary and salty and addictive. it's not at the individual level, it's not individual willpower. and if we go on believing that will never change as obesity epidemic, that industry has been influencing very deeply. the medical and scientific establishment. mm. so what's driving the obesity epidemic? it's corporate. ah, in the case of the dying bees, the advancement of knowledge has also been deliberately slowed down. if they have all the may or left that they'll be atlantis v, i went to fact many eco smith and on the hung up. so we're talking about decades of just information and decades of delay.

in the meantime, the companies are still making gobs of money. mm. hm, in when a scientific life has been constructed over several decades, where do the 1st cracks begin to appear? for 40 years after the 1st alerts on tobacco, somewhere in the u. s. a humble employee performed an act that would change everything. ah, the box he sent finally arrived in california at the university of san francisco. on that day, professor glance was in for a surprise. i 121994, a box of documents landed in my office from an anonymous source. these were

internal documents from at the very highest levels of the tobacco industry, their senior scientist, their cedar lawyers, their senior management, their senior public relations. people talking very, very frankly about what they knew about the dangers of smoking in this was an un hoped for treasure for the professor. it was like a new world stumbling into a new world. exceeds the leaked documents, increased in numbers. the truth broke, the tobacco industry bosses were cornered gentlemen. the reason disclosure of documents have shaken my confidence that your company's care about the truth. these documents suggest possible manipulation of scientific research by industry attorney . if these things are true, then you should know that this kind of behavior is unacceptable and will not be

allowed faced with approve at it, the tobacco bosses were forced to make decades of secret archive. public series like that and the collection were started out, a few 1000 pages is now up around $93000000.00 pages. oh, these documents are now kept in the university of san francisco archive. they contain all the details of a massive manipulation of science. the tactics deployed, the researchers recruited and the sums of money involved. among these documents, one internal memo from 1969 sums up on his own. what the tobacco industry had decided to produce doubt as our product since it is the best means of competing with the body of fact that exists in the mind of the general public. it is also the means of establishing account. the key strategy is the creation of doubt about

science. doubt is a perfect weapon. it's effective but also pernicious because tao is legitimately part of science. in fact, it to the central driver of science. we investigate things because we have questions about them because we're curious or because we doubt the existing explanation is adequate. so we need doubt in science, the more good it will co directions once to help us hills. duke battles you your duty of this young you left elsie terribly or no, i'm upon causal roads me collect 80. hold on a put a duke kelly pon don't, but i'll go enough night way with a single and golly galilee la missouri or poodle, had his duty. several denila been told. ya, punted whitlow. i don't see a cells a mash, said corny, company to g. back to mon only medici but days. don't lester, i do see that duty seed of rocket barsoom seattle's stub exit 58 their b committed uncles to mutual duke. so what the tobacco industry did was to take a virtue and turning to vice the use of scientific method

against science itself. that's what these documents revealed. these windfalls enthuse historians and whistleblowers. they have even inspired a new field of study avenue before this week. you something about the history of tobacco? yeah, most people. okay. this is naomi roskus teaches her students to identify historical obstructions of science of science. did we know the discovery of this long history of deception has led to a new field of intellectual study. a new academic field, and it's called agnew itala gee. and that means the study of ignorance. ag no. tal logy was born. now, academics attempt to unravel the main springs of our ignorance to look into what we don't know. a curious field of study. we were last had at 1st because people saw it, it was not academic to study the absence of knowledge to study ignorance. but i

think people are, are laughing a bit less now and starting to be a bit worried because we sense and they realize how pervasive the problem might be . mm hm. what prevents us from knowing more people are asking this question encouraging expert in ignorance, to leave their universities and speak out publicly. but over the course of the talk, all introduce different ways of thinking about ignorance, and particularly that's phrased strategic ignorance. we're going to ask you to think about example in your own life, a strategic ignorance or no fault liberals don't to woocommerce. yep. deos just goto yonce is implement. she'll conic a nipple. equal booked. echo littler, who got the hush met those of us work it. no or put me at steve? murdered the young. okay. yeah. so we're now invited to look for obstacles to our

knowledge. things that holds the progress of science deliberately or not. and sometimes even what we prefer not to know, unraveling all that is no small issue. that's why the study of ignorance or ag natal edgy needs to progress methodically. and it's a fascinating field of inquiry with contributions from psychology, sociology, history, political science, cognitive science, computer science network, science. there are lots of disciplines involved that can help us understand how ignorance is being manufactured and how we can protect ourselves against it. with this new awareness is still in its early days. but the races on because of the strategic production of ignorance continues to be perfected to bucket. we must austin, plunge into the detail of scientific practices in

innovations regularly arrived on the market and with them a fair share of suspicion. are they a threat to our health and more importantly, at what dosage. that's the big question, the one that gives rise to the most terrible of battles. one of these battles began in this laboratory one day in 1989 carlos sunshine. and anna soto are both biologists. for years, they had been trying to solve the mystery of cellular proliferation and cancer. suddenly before they're very eyes, some control cells cultivated in a test tube began to proliferate for no apparent reason. it was a real sherrill caults investigation trying to find out where it came from because

that is the 1st thing you had to do. i then defy what is the source they review each piece of lab equipment for months of suspense. and finally, they had their culprit, the centrifuge tubes. they were made of a material that should have been inert, but wasn't the plastic used contained and dispersed a substance that acted like the hormone estrogen? girls and i were very disturbed by defining. we thought that this was a big deal. if you can find such a substance here, can it be elsewhere in toys? bottles, food containers in all the plastics that end up in the environment. and how does it affect our organism? look like he still said it at the doors. okay, let republic press hook. it was

a saw hiscock boy, a boy hasanti is a digital ass. if i am all amanda, talk about the effect of product x on health is what is studied by toxicologist. the accepted rule is centuries old. it's simple and seemingly makes good sense. the effect is proportionate to the quantity absorbed. it's true for sugar is true for fat is true for pretty much any product. according to the rules of toxicology, the dose makes the poison. which by extension means that anything below the dose isn't a poison. according to this rule of plastic, with the characteristics of a hormone that ends up in a baby's mouth should impose any problem. because the quantity of synthetic estrogen ingested is tiny o, true or false? this is the crux of the battle

unique styles, given via shashana county rested in between that becomes i'll give it upon your experience. the poorly shown is anymore le montoya boise divine re. lexi unity, the blessed. if you'll come on alex, i've been remiss finra. this has the structure oh and estrogenic drug. they are using a sex or bone to make plastic. this is insane. for years, professor vom sal and his team observed mice exposed to different doses of bis fini lay. to measure the traces of the product they explored what happens at the limits of detection using ultra sensitive machines. and what they discovered, shook the world of science. in fact, the damage to the reproductive system was occurring at $25000.00

times below what had been considered a ghost that would cause no effect. we were absolutely shocked, suggested a considerable pre your hazel. like present, got on. don't tell it, don't go in patsy decisions. don't put that. wow. this, if a bruise on bottom, i did those. i think it is the mal caddy news prefect. it bequest on bottom, some pre own passcode like boxing coroner's, you hang them on their dest lucidity to similarly true, ought those in a test sha x time? uh huh, lena, cynthia is him. when he chronic or doors, kelley is your muscle. i mean, you're not explicit. he saw the doors, i think this matter with

a little he happy hey, center with me not allowed to give them your outside mechanic and by then coffee, sasha hall. and i believe by then is a shift of on a fiscal nun. what awesome. there wasn't much so it can you all ship it was have you had the want multiple multiple ginger more can connect to so that keeps a few how what's up but we shall 0 here. marcella from today say yes i can i have it

on a lab with how any have been say, do i done with i can i maybe maybe i'm maybe with can oh my view more broadly is that genocide has taken place far more than anyone acknowledges right it takes place frequently. it is taking place in virtually every country in the world. so why does it come to be call them? well, there's political will medical mobilization if you remember, wanda,

nobody initially wanted to name or may knew it just i was saying why nobody wanted to call it that. eventually that label came to take place, but not at the time when events were unfolding. and part of that place is ation is if you say it's genocide, is suggest that you need to do something with thousands, randi in central, and then against the raft of new anti cope measures. those data infections in the u . k, reportedly rich time. hi brittany. supreme court rules, it was unlawful to drop on inquiry into the alleged torture of 14 suspects. i'll re, my best by the police soldiers at one of them told us what he had to do at this concert.