oh wow, shopping for christmas. are we thinking it was a good to buy another shooting another safe part of american life? shattered by violence. the gunman was armed with an e r 15, semi automatic rifle. when the issue comes home, it's time to act. when we're silent on this issue, the other side wins by default, lady that lived over there. i was walking one of the dogs. this is why you where again were you scared me? nothing. but to get off it, i think the people need to take responsibility in their own hands and be prepared if those kind of weapons were less available. we wouldn't have a lot of the shootings that we certainly wouldn't have the number of deaths blue

or ah, ah, every day, more needs more technology available. more comfort? more products on the shelves. ah, and every day, new questions. what is there in our fields on our plate, in our medicines, as the industrial era made our world toxic with concern is growing in citizens accuse industry is of

hiding the truth from us and industry denies it. how can we judge? so we turn to science, we ask researchers to be the judges of these new battles. for us. we demand that they step into the arena. we are living in a world where there are many people who have a vested interest in fighting information, fighting scientific evidence, and discrediting even the notion that science could provide the truth about the natural world. they are tension only seeking to derail science. so we need to identify these attacks to expose the maneuvering of those trying to stand in the way of knowledge. and in that context, it's essential for us to understand who these people are, what they do, why they do it, and how they do it. ah, and we have to understand how it is that the public sometimes participates in the spreading of this deliberate ignorance. so we need to visit this landscape of manufactured ignorance.

in northern greece, like in most of the developed world bees are the victims of an ongoing carnage. well known since the 19 ninety's. this has now become a textbook case, a point from where we can begin our exploration of the manufacturer of ignorance. things always start with an enigma in greece like elsewhere, experts on bees didn't understand what was happening and why. ne, it became mysterious. yep. hello, hooks, ethnic i element doesn't polezza boy, is it because don't levy news programs everywhere showed beekeepers in total disarray. i here secondly, a suspect shows up time. it was a new generation of insecticides in our fields,

the mo, the latest baby of the agro chemical industry at the time to pull active ingredients . every syngenta formulation is the result of years of careful investigation and thorough research by our scientists. you moment these new products were spread on our crops down to the draw be started dying and they're millions of active ingredients. if the get a message, i'm at the same point is debbie, unequal thirdly, science is asked to investigate. to do so. it's funny how gina has been constantly going back and forth between her hives and her lab, emerson embassy wellness. i think this place of almost every benevolent police but looking for the truth has proven to be a game of cat and mouse. the usual task for scientists is to retreat into the calm of their labs, then explain what's being observed on the ground. we ask them to shed light on the

mystery of the dying bes, just as they have explained so many other phenomena. the role of science is to highlight natural mechanisms and reach an explanation for the slightest observable fact. this is how science normally progresses. my solving more and more mysteries, and in principle, our knowledge of the world we live and increases. however, this fine principle sometimes has a few hiccups. for scientific observers, the case of the vanishing bees is emblematic of this. with something like ease and pesticides, you should have been able to investigate it by collecting data by following the evidence where it's taking you. the crux of the idea is that when we find the evidence that tells us what's happening, we tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth and we let the chips fall where they may,

we commit in a way. or if you know committing to accepting the truth of those findings, but in the case of the bees, that's not exactly how things went in the early 2 thousands government expert report showed the toxic effect of even very low doses of new nicotine, always on bees. and yet for more than 20 years, there has been no unanimity, no consensus on the link between these pesticides and the disappearance of bees. wire things lagging so much. you need to be a very shrewd observer to see the whole picture about a mon over at horrid ebay. yeah, yeah. yeah. but that's got a sunk for bruce doors. yes, psionic was intellectual business in the pathogen that you had with the horn. with a mighty film you'll use movies, history on the movies, partic, i. p. gardner,

walking, matthew, that you dial the exact notarial move on. why? yes, good with his best of as evening. but you could help dollars to invite you to look at them as if kate, they printed until the mornings ploy on wednesday. october are kind of a quick search in a scientific study database proves it. as soon as pesticides were suspected, the number of public or private studies focusing on other possibilities skyrocketed . 2010. the veterinary authorities were confused yet, but over your ill, a hole in the old book. and that they say is pulse could definitely look into the more studies there were, the less beekeepers to make sense of at all. it seems like a paradox until you look back to an older case. when you see a flourishing of new studies emerge in any particular area, a little bit ironically, it creates the appearance of being dedicated to pursuing the truth. but it takes me directly back to the case of big tobacco. we do what's up front

at cal and up brown to head up the filter to understand we need to go back to the 1950s a time when tobacco was treated with total recklessness. so you blend mean on the back? oh, boy, the back gate. yeah. that's why, but this recklessness wouldn't last. what does this monitoring i just back in december 1953. the bad news broke researchers had just provoked cancer in mice by painting them with tar from cigarette. after this discovery war broke out, the tobacco companies had a real crisis because they can't contest the evidence and say it's wrong. they can just say we don't know. and so the leaders of all the major cigarette companies

got together in new york city. we now know that a meeting took place at the plaza hotel in new york in december, between the bosses of the 7 major manufacturers, collectively known as big tobacco, imagined the scene musket run to the heart of the matter. the meeting would go down in the annals of ignorance, was a challenge to every one of us. and we were all in this together unify. confronted with scientific progress, the cigarette manufacturers came up with a plan. they launched this campaign in which they said, you know, we're aware of the science, we think there are problems with it and it's a matter of deep concern to us. now we are beginning a campaign to spell out that basic point so that no one will fail to get it. they

decided to make a public statement. we are pledging aid and assistance to the research effort into all phases of tobacco use in health. for this purpose, we are establishing a joint tobacco industry group. the tobacco industry research committee. with the press published the declaration, tobacco industry distort scientific research with believe a friends just to feel as for your smoking, pleasure, and protection. every advantage known to modern science just revealed gives you scientific back. then these are plas. don't sound to de la sheshe split the bow and these pony medical idealists. i wanted michelle to, i was able to do some wow. key voc along gold did don't to fit it every nowhere

near to these that mr. speak. comb less young. 8 debbie that's really using science against itself. the explicit use of science again, science i think, does represent a kind of watershed to systematically find the scientific research in order to undermine science, effectively fighting fire with fire, that's a watershed moment. so after they do side of this, how did they operationalize in one of the things the tobacco companies funded a lot of what i call distracting research labs, backed by the cigarette manufacturers, defined research projects known as special projects or espied a whole arsenal for diverting science they researched for example, lung cancer and non smokers. they searched for links to habitat working conditions, personal habits. they experimented on rabbits to see if lung cancer could be caused

by toxins or viruses. big tobacco thus generously financed hundreds of research projects. some of these projects turned out to be very useful, such as research into the precursors of cardiovascular disease. put others were totally wacky. can egg yolk or tomato juice on the skin, lead to tumors. what's the link between lung cancer and baldness, or between the same cancer and the month of birth? if you were born in march, claimed one study, you were more at risk before gently a play goes at the open bite, the viola conditions equal to point that the locals see the so me been yes. oh no, i young of was so down enough to get you into any a convincing strategy because the lung cancer can probably be explained by a combination of factors. identifying the different risk factors as normal in size . multiplying avenues of research seems totally legitimate. but it

can also be extremely handy for so in confusion it becomes almost impossible to prove the suspect's guilt. and that's the aim that's extremely well understood. and that designed play book for pretty much every other science denial that that has followed this. the story about tobacco. this is a story about acid rain. this is a story about the ozone hole. this is a story about pesticides. this is the story about climate change. you know nicotine eyes, this penal 8th conscious, f 2 pills. i mean, we have now seen the strategy used over and over and over again. about buying time is similar in strategic daniel, in the case of tobacco, it's 70 years already and it's still going. mm.

what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy. even foundation, let it be an arms race group is on often very dramatic development. only personally, i'm going to resist. i don't see how that strategy will be successful. it's very difficult time time to sit down and talk a little he happy hey, i know you said it may not allowed them to keep the outside and

by then coffee is a shit home either by then it's a shift, a lot of money. so if it was, if you had been moved to pope multiple engines or more can connect to so that gives you how was the road. but it shows a lot of people from simple so to say, yeah what i can the booking, what are some who it's a philosophy on it this year. how and it comes in and say, hey, do like a a

hey, what i can i maybe maybe i'm maybe with can, ah, and i make no borders line to tease and you fresh as a marriage. we don't have a terribly, we don't to look back seen the whole world leads to take action to be ready. people are judge, you know. 2 common crisis with we can do better, we should be better. everyone is contributing each in their own way, but we also know that this crisis will not go on forever. the challenge is great, the response has been massive. so many good people are helping us. it makes us feel very proud that we are in it together

with ah, in the case of the dying bees, the advancement of knowledge has also been deliberately slow down. if they have all the may or left that they'll be atlantis u, v. but i went back, my mini equal submitted on the hung up is. so we're talking about decades of this information and decades of delay. in the meantime, the companies are still making gobs of money. mm hm. mm mm. mm. when a scientific line has been constructed over several decades,

where do the 1st cracks begin to appear? 40 years after the 1st alerts on tobacco, somewhere in the u. s. a humble employee performed an act that would change everything. ah, the box he sent finally arrived in california at the university of san francisco. on that day, professor glance was in for a surprise on may 12th 1994, a box of documents landed in my office for an anonymous stores. these were internal documents from at the very highest levels of the tobacco industry, their senior scientist, their senior lawyers, their senior management, their senior public relations. people talking very, very frankly about what they knew about the dangers of smoking in this was an on hope for treasure,

for the professor. it was like a new world stumbling into a new world. the leaked documents increased in numbers. the truth broke, the tobacco industry bosses were cornered gentlemen. the reason disclosure of documents have shaken my confidence that your company's care about the truth. these documents suggest possible manipulation of scientific research by industrial attorneys. if these things are true, then you should know that this kind of behavior is unacceptable and will not be allowed. faced with the proof out of the tobacco bosses were forced to make decades of secret archives. public series, like the other collection were started out. a few 1000 pages is now up around 93000000 pages. oh, these documents are now kept in the university of san francisco archives. they

contain all the details of a massive manipulation of science. the tactics deployed, the researchers recruited and the sums of money involved. among these documents, one internal memo from 1969 sums up on his own what the tobacco industry had decided to produce doubters our product, since it is the best means of competing with the body of fact that exists in the mind of the general public. it is also the means of establishing a controversy. the key strategy is the creation of doubt about science. doubt is a perfect weapon. it's effective but also pernicious because tao is legitimately part of science. in fact, it to the central driver of science. we investigate things because we have questions about them because we're curious or because we doubt the existing explanation is adequate. so we need out in science, the more good it will co direct him once to hope that his book battles you, you don't see of this yet. you're less guilty, complete or no,

and they're punk old old old me collect 80. hold on a put a duke kelly pon don't, but i'll go enough night way. we are still going golf galena, visually appealing facility we saw denila mentioned your funded butler, the dot c. as else are mash sell county company, the 2 g victims one only made these the but days don't get strategy. the duty seed of rocket bar seems jealous stabbed accept the 8 doubly committal uncles who measles duke. so what the tobacco industry did was to take a virtue and turning to vice the use of scientific method against science itself. that's what these documents revealed. these windfalls enthuse historians and whistleblowers they have even inspired a new field of study avenue of you before this week. you something about the history of tobacco? yeah, most people. okay. this is naomi riscas teaches her students to identify historical

obstructions of science and science. did we know the discovery of this long history of deception has led to a new field of intellectual study and new academic field, and it's called agnew itala gee. and that means the study of ignorance. ag no tale was born. now, academics attempt to unravel the main springs of our ignorance to look into what we don't know. a curious field of study. we were laughed at at 1st because people thought it was not academic to study the absence of knowledge to study ignorance. but i think people are, are laughing a bit less now and starting to be a bit worried because we sense and they realize how pervasive the problem might be . ah, what prevents us from knowing more people are asking this question, encouraging experts and ignorance to leave their universities and speak out

publicly. but over the course of the talk all introduce different ways of thinking about ignorant and particularly that's phrased strategic ignorance. we're going to ask you to think about example in your own life, a strategic ignorance. don't know fully nebulous, don't to woocommerce. yep. did yos just goto yonce implement shall conical nipple. eco vogue. take a little who, who got the hush? mendoza. best work it. no. or project e x, you've murder d young. okay. what, yeah. so we're now invited to look for obstacles to our knowledge. things that holds the progress of science deliberately or not. and sometimes even what we prefer not to know, unraveling all that is no small issue. that's why the study of ignorance or ag, natal logy needs to progress methodically. and it's a fascinating field of inquiry with contributions from psychology, sociology, history, political science, cognitive science, computer science, network,

science. there are lots of disciplines involved that can help us understand how ignorance is being manufactured and how we can protect ourselves against it. with this new aware, this is still in its early days. but the races on because the strategic production of ignorance continues to be perfected to debunk it, we must often plunge into the detail of scientific practices in innovations regularly arrived on the market and with them a fair share of suspicion. are they a threat to our health and more importantly, at what dosage. that's the big question that the one that gives rise to the most terrible of battles.

one of these battles began in this laboratory one day in 1989 carlos sunshine. and anna soto are both biologists for years, they have been trying to solve the mystery of cellular proliferation and cancer. suddenly before they're very eyes, some control cells cultivated in a test tube began to proliferate. for no apparent reason, it was a real cheryl called an investigation trying to find out where it came from. because that is the 1st thing you had to do. identify what is the source they review each piece of lab equipment for months of suspense. and finally, they hand their culprit, the centrifuge tubes. they were made of a material that should have been inert, but wasn't the plastic used contained and dispersed

a substance that acted like the hormone estrogen? girls and i were very disturbed by this finding. we thought that this was a big deal. if you can find such a substance here, can it be elsewhere in toys? bottles, food containers in all the plastics that end up in the environment. and how does it affect our organism? look like history or if it yeah, a doors. okay, let republican bread for it was a saw hiscock boil. hasanti is a digital ass. if i'm all amanda. i think the effect of product x on health is what is studied by toxicologist. the accepted rule is centuries old. it's simple and seemingly makes good sense. the effect is proportionate to the quantity absorbed. it's true for sugar is true for fat. it's true for pretty much any

product. according to the rules of toxicology, the dose makes the poison. which by extension means that anything below the dose isn't a poison. according to this rule, a plastic with a characteristics of a hormone that ends up in a baby's mouth should impose any problem. because the quantity of synthetic estrogen ingested is tiny, true or false? this is the crux of the battle unique styles given via shashana county. augusta retweet that involves an event. a primary experience not fully shown is anymore. le montoya boise the very left unity . the blessed. if you cannot accept luis ventura, this has the structure. oh, and estrogenic drug, they are using

a sex or mon to make plastic. this is insane. for years professor vom sal and his team observed mice exposed to different doses of bis fini lay to. and you're the traces of the product, these stored what happens at the limit of detection using ultra sensitive machines . and what they discovered took the world of science. in fact, the damage to the reproductive system was occurring at $25000.00 times below what had been considered a dose that would cause no effect. we were absolutely shocked, suggested a considerable pre your hazel la present, but on don't tell it, don't go in patty distance. but that was dis, if a bruise on boston, i didn't know was i think dismal candy. those we thought it request on bottom. some

promote passcode like boxing coroner's, you hang them on their dest lucidity to similarly true. i ought those in the test shami extend, mahatma lena, city theaters him when he couldn't, or those o'kelly's human. so, i mean, you're not explicit, he's only doors. i think this man who has driven by dream shaped bankers and those with there's things we dare to ask

a viable guys. when customers go buy, you reduce the price. they now well reduce a lower that's under cutting, but what's good for food market? it's not good for the global economy. a is some of the top stories from us over the last 7 days, russia unveils a list of proposals to nato fold, maintaining the joint security with moscow's deputy foreign minister sake. the ball was now in the alliance's court when it comes to the escalation over you, craig pentagon said none of its personnel will be held liable for the botched drones strike in afghanistan. last summer, the killed 10 civilians including 7 children. in a week we heard from a grieving relative.