virtually every country in the world. so why does it come to be called in? well, there's political will mobilization if you remember, wanda, nobody initially wanted to name or may knew it just i was taking place. nobody wanted to call it that. eventually that label came to take place, but not at the time when events were unfolding about places asian is if you say it's genocide, is suggest that you need to do something with oh or

every day, more needs more technology available, more comfort, more products on the shelves, ah, and every day, new questions. what is there in our fields, on our plate, in our medicines as the industrial era made our world toxic mm. concern is growing. citizens accuse industries of hiding the truth from us and industry denies it. how can we judge?

so we turn to science, we ask researchers to be the judges of these new battles. for us. we demand that they step into the arena. we're living in a world where there are many people who have a vested interest in fighting information, finding scientific evidence, and discrediting even the notion that science could provide the truth about the natural world. they are tentatively seeking to derail science. so we need to identify these attacks to expose the maneuvering of those trying to stand in the way of knowledge. and in that context, it's essential for us to understand who these people are, what they do, why they do it, and how they do it. ah, and we have to understand how it is that the public sometimes participates in the spreading of this deliberate ignorance. so we need to visit that landscape of manufactured ignorance. mm. mm.

in northern greece, like in most of the developed world bees are the victims of an ongoing carnage. well known since the 19 ninety's. this has now become a textbook case, a point from where we can begin our exploration of the manufacturer of ignorance. things always start with an enigma in greece like elsewhere, experts on bees didn't understand what was happening and why. ne, it can i mistake? yep. hello, hooks, ethnic i element doesn't polezza boy, is it because delevie news programs everywhere showed beekeepers in total disarray . i here secondly, a suspect shows up this time it was a new generation of insecticides in our fields, the mo, the latest baby of the agro chemical industry at the time to pull active

ingredients. every syngenta formulation is the result of years of careful investigation and thorough research by our scientists. you moment these new products were spread on our crops down to the draw be started dying and they're millions of active ingredients if they get a message from as the same point is debbie, unequal thirdly, science is asked to investigate. to do so. it's funny how gina has been constantly going back and forth between her hives and her lab. emerson embassy witnessed by seamlessly up almost every benevolent police. but looking for the truth as proven to be a game of cat and mouse the usual task for scientists is to retreat into the calm of their labs, then explain what's being observed on the ground. we asked them to shed light on the mystery of the dying bees just as they have explained so many other phenomena.

the role of science is to highlight natural mechanisms and reach an explanation for the slightest observable fact. this is how science normally progresses. my solving more and more mysteries, and in principle, our knowledge of the world we live and increases. however, this fine principle sometimes has a few hiccups. for scientific observers, the case of the vanishing bees is emblematic of this. with something like ease and pesticides, you should have been able to investigate it by collecting data by following the evidence where it's taking you. the crux of the idea is that when we find the evidence that tells us what's happening, we tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth and we let the chips fall where they may, we commit in a way. or if you know committing to accepting the truth of those findings,

but in the case of the bees, that's not exactly how things went in the early 2 thousands government expert report showed the toxic effect of even very low doses of new nicotine, always on bees. and yet for more than 20 years, there has been no unanimity, no consensus on the link between these pesticides and the disappearance of bees. wire things lagging so much. you need to be a very shrewd observer to see the whole picture. mon, over at horn is obey. yeah, yeah, yeah. but that's got a sunk for proof dos. yes. psionic was intellectual business in the bathroom that you had with a hello and was image film years. me was history all the movies, partic, i p card one cannot eat that you dial like the ash knocked you loop one. why? yes, good with his base of as evening,

but you could up down to dollars to invite you to look was advantage if they prove until the morning's ploy and where the aucker. this is a quick search in a scientific study database proves it. as soon as pesticides were suspected, the number of public or private studies focusing on other possibilities skyrocketed . 2010. the veterinary authorities were confused yet, but over your ill a hole in the hold the bug you went, but they say it pulse could definitely look into the more studies there were, the less beekeepers to make sense of it all. it seems like a paradox until you look back to an older case when you see a flourishing of new studies emerge in any particular area. a little bit ironically, it creates the appearance of being dedicated to pursuing the truth. but it takes me directly back to the case of big tobacco. why it's what's up front

at cal end up brown to head up the filter. to understand we need to go back to the 1950s a time when tobacco was treated with total recklessness. so you blend mean on the back? oh boy, the back gate. yeah, that's why, but this recklessness wouldn't last. what does this pano train? scientists was back in december 1953. the bad news broke researchers had just provoked cancer in mice by painting them with tar from cigarette. after this discovery war broke out, the tobacco companies had a real crisis because they can't contest the evidence and say it's wrong. they should just say we don't know. and so the leaders of all the major cigarette companies got together in new york city. we now know that

a meeting took place at the plaza hotel in new york in december, between the boss as of the 7 major manufacturers, collectively known as big tobacco. imagine the scene with musket run to the heart of the matter. the meeting would go down. in the annals of ignorance was a challenge to every one of us. and we were all in this together unify. confronted with scientific progress, the cigarette manufacturers came up with a plan. they launched this campaign in which they said, you know, we're aware of the science. we think there are problems with it and is your matter of deep concern to us? now we are beginning a campaign to spell out that basic point so that no one will fail to get it. they decided to make a public statement. we are pledging aid and assistance to the research effort into

all phases of tobacco use of health. for this purpose, we are establishing a joint tobacco industry group. the tobacco industry research committee, which like yes, the press published the declaration, tobacco industry to start scientific research. ah, believe me, friends, chesterfield, as for your smoky pleasure and protection, every advantage known to modern science just reveal if you scientific back, then these are blas. don't sound delicious dish. so let the bow a these pony map law juice, and why me so to apples you'll do some was key book a long cold, don't lafitte, 8 every, don't want me to leave that midterm. he'll speak cold, less young,

8 debbie that's really using science against itself. the explicit use of science again, science i think, does represent a kind of watershed to systematically find the scientific research in order to undermine science, effectively fighting fire with fire, that's a watershed moment. so after they do side of this, how did they operationalize? and one of the things the tobacco companies funded a lot of understood, i call distracting research the labs backed by the cigarette manufacturers defined research projects known as special projects or espied a whole arsenal for diverting science. they researched for example, lung cancer and non smokers. they searched for links to habitat working conditions, personal habits. they experimented on rabbits to see if lung cancer could be caused by toxins or viruses. big tobacco thus generously financed hundreds of research

projects. some of these projects turned out to be very useful, such as research into the precursors of cardiovascular disease. but others were totally wacky. can egg yolk or tomato juice on the skin li to tumors. what's the link between lung cancer and baldness, or between the same cancer and the month of birth? if you born in march claimed one study, you were more at risk before gently a play goes at a bite. the viola conditions equal to point the v like old c to so meet the young new i young of was so down and nurse because she wanted to need a convincing strategy because a lung cancer can probably be explained by a combination of factors identifying the different risk factors as normal and size . multiplying avenues of research seems totally legitimate, but it can also be extremely handy for so in confusion.

it becomes almost impossible to prove the suspect's guilt, and that's the aim that's extremely well understood. and that designed playbook for pretty much every other science denial that has followed this the story about tobacco. this is the story about acid rain. this is a story about the ozone hole. this is a story about pesticides. this is the story about climate change. nick it to an ice this penal 8th contraceptive pills. i mean, we have now seen the strategy used over and over and over again. about buying time is similar in strategic daniel, in the case of tobacco, it's 70 years already and it's still going. mm

ah. in a city that i did it in, as you want to talk to, we stand together, we'll continue to stand together against russia. 80 in germany with some of the areas that we don this made say noticed vinitez, chunky dawson about their ability to influence other nations, french, u. k. and even latin american and other countries in ginger than maybe they were to high from cycle alone with members of your high school. so please, please, please, please. we're going to continue to fight with. you just need to rush, you must not be allowed in germany. i don't want y'all to common leave it to show

up today in an innovation and the yes act ended outside the not as mrs. gumple sons. so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy confrontation, let it be an arms. race is often very dramatic. development. only personally, i'm going to resist. i don't see how that strategy will be successful, very political time to sit down and talk. hoyle and gas manufacturing, electricity, telecom dies protection, all of them. now, how are you t type of infrastructure connected to the internet? well, clearly realizing there's disruptive potential so that those countries can't ignore it because it threatens national security. if we take the nato

e u countries, virtually all of them subscribed to certain doctrines and maintains solely but task forces. they are a cyber army on behalf of a country that's their job. in the case of the dying bees, the advancement of knowledge has also been deliberately slowed down is therefore the may or left. but i'll be in this v. i went to back many cosmetic down the hung up is. so we're talking about decades of just information and decades of delay. in the meantime, the companies are still making gobs of money. mm hm.

when a scientific line has been constructed over several decades, where did the 1st cracks begin to appear? for 40 years after the 1st alerts on tobacco, somewhere in the u. s. a humble employee performed an act that would change everything. oh, the box he sent finally arrived in california at the university of san francisco. on that day, professor glance was in for a surprise on may 12th 1994, a box of documents landed in my office for an anonymous source. these were internal documents from at the very highest levels of the tobacco industry. their senior scientists, their senior lawyers, their senior management, their senior public relations, people talking very, very frankly about what they knew about the dangers of smoking

in this was an an hope for treasure, for the professor. it was like a new world stumbling into a new world. taxis the leaked documents, increased in numbers. the truth broke. the tobacco industry bosses were cornered gentlemen. the reason disclosure of documents have shaken my confidence that your companies care about that through these documents suggest possible manipulation of scientific research by industry attorneys. if these things are true, then you should know that this kind of behavior is unacceptable and will not be allowed faced with approve at the tobacco bosses were forced to make decades of secret archives, public series like that. and the collection was started out, a few 1000 pages is now up around $93000000.00 pages.

oh, these documents are now kept in the university of san francisco archive. seen all the details of a massive manipulation of science. the tactics deployed, the researchers recruited and the sums of money involved among these documents, one internal memo from 1969 sums up on his own what the tobacco industry had decided to produce. doubters our product, since it is the best means of competing with the body of fact that it exists in the mind of the general public. it is also the means of establishing a controversy. the key strategy is the creation of doubt about science. doubt is a perfect weapon, it's effective but also pernicious because tao is legitimately part of science. in fact, it to the essential driver of science. we investigate things because we have questions about them because we're curious or because we doubt the existing explanation is

adequate. so we need doubt in science, the more good it will coll directions on how to hook up hills book battles. yo, yo, do it see this yellow? you left elsie, debbie, on your, on your bank also told me, collect 80 hold on appointed book kelly pon dome. i'll go enough night way with a single and godaddy guinea leila, missouri, or poodle in missouri. we said we're denila mentioned. yep, i did. butler and i don't see a sales are mash sell 20 company to g. l to no one only made these the but days don't get strategy that duty. cedar raphael barsoom seattle's stabbed. accept 88. their b committed uncles who measles duke. so at the tobacco industry did was to take a virtue and turning to advice the use of scientific method against science itself. that's what these documents revealed. these windfalls enthuse historians and whistleblowers. they have even inspired

a new field of study avenue before this week. you something about the history of tobacco? yeah, most people. okay. this is naomi riscas teaches her students to identify by historical obstructions of science cans of science. did we know the discovery of this long history of deception has led to a new field of intellectual study, a new academic field, and it's called agnes tall, a g. and that means the study of ignorance. ag no, ta logy was born. now, academics attempt to unravel the main springs of our ignorance to look into what we don't know. a curious field of study. we were laughed at at 1st because people thought it was not academic to study the absence of knowledge to study ignorance. but i think people are, are, are laughing a bit less now and starting to be a bit worried because we sense and they realize how pervasive the problem might be . mm hm. what prevents us from knowing

more people are asking this question, encouraging experts and ignorance to leave their universities and speak out publicly over the course of this talk, all introduce different ways of thinking about ignorance and particularly this phrase strategic ignorance. we're going to ask you to think about example in your own life, a strategic ignorance. although fully mcdonald's, duvall concept did yos just codo, yonce is implement. she'll conic a nipple eco of, of take a little is all on the hush met those of us work. it no, or put me at you've murdered the young. okay. what i so we're now invited to look for obstacles to our knowledge. things that holds the progress of science deliberately or not. and sometimes even what we prefer not to know, unraveling all that is no small issue. that's why the study of ignorance or ag, natal edgy needs to progress methodically. and it's

a fascinating field of inquiry with contributions from psychology, sociology, history, political science, cognitive science, computer science, network, science. there are lots of disciplines involved that can help us understand how ignorance is being manufactured and how we can protect ourselves against it. with this new awareness is still in its early days. but the races on because of the strategic production of ignorance continues to be perfected . to debunk it, we must often plunge into the detail of scientific practices in innovations regularly arrived on the market and with them a fair share of suspicion. are they a threat to our health ned? more importantly, at what dosage. that's the big question,

the one that gives rise to the most terrible of battles. one of these battles began in this laboratory one day in 1989 carlos sunshine. and anna soto are both biologists. for years they had been trying to solve the mystery of cellular proliferation and cancer. suddenly before they're very eyes, some control cells cultivated in a test tube began to proliferate. for no apparent reason. it was a real cheryl called investigation trying to find out where it came from because that is the 1st thing you had to do identify what is the source. they review each piece of lab equipment for months of suspense. and finally, they had their culprit. the centrifuge tubes they were made of

a material that should have been inert, but wasn't the plastic used contained and dispersed a substance that acted like the hormone estrogen? girls and i were very disturbed by this finding. we thought that this was a big deal. if you can find such a substance here, can it be elsewhere in toys? bottles, food containers in all the plastics that end up in the environment and how does it affect our organism? look like history said that um yeah. the doors. okay, let republican plato expose a saw hisco measure. boy bo hasanti is a digital ass if i'm only mailed to me by the effect of product x on health is what is studied by toxicologist. the accepted rule is centuries old. it's simple and seemingly makes good sense. the effect is proportionate to the quantity

absorbed. it's true for sugar. it's true for fat. it's true for pretty much any product. according to the rules of toxicology, the dose makes the poison. which by extension means that anything below the dose isn't a poison. according to this rule, a plastic with a characteristics of a hormone that ends up in a baby's mouth should impose any problem. because the quantity of synthetic estrogen ingested is tiny. true or false? this is the crux of the battle. yeah, in the styles. give i called via shawn, i can, you just did retweet that becomes al event upon your experience. look 40 shown is anymore le montoya, boise. d. very lex unity. the blessed if you cannot accept louise for nora,

this has the structure. oh, and estrogenic drug they or using a sex or mon to make plastic. this is insane. for years, professor vom sal and his team observed mice exposed to different doses of bis feet, lay to measure the traces of the product they explored what happens at the limits of detection using ultra sensitive machines. and what they discovered, shook the world of science. in fact, the damage to the reproductive system was occurring at $25000.00 times below what had been considered a dose that would cause no effect. we were absolutely shocked secretly on it because the harbor, presume hazel, represent boston. don't tell it,

don't go in patty decision stance. but why does if a breeze on boston, i didn't know, was i from dismal candy? those pre fought it, bequest on boston, some prolonged passcode that took synchronize, you hang them on their dest lucidity to sim only true, ought those in a test, shamae extend, mahatma lena, city theaters, him when he can, or those again, is your muscle. i mean, you're not exposed, achy sony doors. i think this matter, ah, ah, my view more broadly is that genocide has taken place. far more than anyone acknowledges. right. it takes place frequently. it is taking place in virtually every country in the world. so why does it come to be hauled them others political will political mobilization if you remember, wanda, nobody initially one to name or may knew it. janice,

i was saying weiss nobody wanted to call it eventually that label came to take place. not, not at the time when events weren't full name about zation is if you say it's genocide, it's suggest that you need to do something with with hulu right now. there are 2000000000 people who are overweight or obese. it's profitable to sell food. this is cathy and sugary and salty and the thing. it's not at the individual level, it's not individual willpower. and if we go on believing that will never change this obesity epidemic, that industry has been influencing very deeply,

the medical and scientific establishment. so what's driving the obesity epidemic? it's corporate with 100 and some of the top stories from us. over the last 7 days, russia unveils a list of proposals to nato, for maintaining joint security with moscow's deputy foreign minister saying the ball is now in the alliance's court. when it comes to de escalation over you, craig, the pentagon said with none of its personnel would be held liable for the botch to drones. drunken afghanistan last summer, which killed 10 civilians, including.