company controls the distribution of our daily products and the infrastructure of our economy is loose the world according to amazon. ah all going to sophie co visionaries, me sophie shepherd, not say, well theoretical and particle physics continues to be mysterious, almost an occult science and the more you try to figure out our reality, the more confusing and counter obvious it gets. well, i talk to noble prize winning physicist, professor heather at hoffman today. professor hoop,

thank you very much for agreeing to talk to us. that's my pleasure. we did an interview, but we couldn't see each other because it was over the satellite. so i'm very glad that we're able to do this life and in person. our last i, we were speaking about black holes. this time, since we're meeting face to face, i thought i would ask you all the big questions. because i don't know, and i'm going to see you next. so let's start with this. you are noble crisis for studying. electra weak interactions, the 4 grade interactions that govern the universe of which gravity is the most basic one. so gravity for us is does think that help us stay grounded, so we don't so are somewhere in the universe. but do we have any idea of how gravity actually came? what it is, is, can there be a universe without gravity? will gravity didn't just come and go. it's not before he can sit on and off,

or something like that cavity has always been there. the question is, of course, to understand how to describe it. and that was the kind of questions we physicists ask. we don't ask an explanation as to why is it there and how did it come? our questions are, are we have to ask her? how does it work? how does it fit in the rest we know of science and the ultimate goal is have all scientific phenomenon, whatever they are described by the same basic equations for the same basic theory that covers everything and the c b that you have and it works very well is the 3 other forces electromagnetic weekend, storm forces, among the fundamental particles, the particles of hope that are to which everything is built will send those forces much better. so, so we have a fairly complete description that let me try to put in gravity. we see how

difficult it is as if we are missing out on something. and how to do it very precisely, we simply don't know what we do. realize that gravity has very similarities. it looks very much like the other forces, the, the way it acts on particles and objects is very similar, but are very important element, different differences. gravity x. so mass, why is that? and already einstein noted that the fact cavity just actual mass makes this very, very special. and you can regard gravity as a property of space and time themselves. since he believe that cavity actually is related to the other force as well. you might think that's also the other forces have to do with space and time themselves. but we're not that far yet to understand all forces in due to one particular phenomenon. even though they're very many,

many series around that suggest how this could happen, be simply don't have you clue as to what the actual correct answers. so you're saying in your words that gravity has always been and relate to space and time. and here i want to ask you about where we all coming from because a lot of scientists agree that the big bank was lake the think that actually gave birth to our universe. but then the theories differ very much of what was before the big bank. some say that it was another universe that gave birth to our universe, others said there was nothing, not even time. what do you think? i would, i would favor that last 2 of you. that time just begins at the big bang literally. so recall the call at the moment that all clocks are set to civil and there was nothing before that. so it looks as if the whole universe was in its simplest

possible form when everything got started and all that needed to be done as someone to pull the switch, not literally both turn wall with the 4 actually. and then the universe starts expanding. i saw where those equations come from and then who pulled the switch? that is another kind of question the science can answer her with nor can you answer the question as to what happened before that. so as far as we know, there was nothing before that. so i would rather abstain from answering that as far as i can tell, there was nothing before and before most well when, when the switches for that, you know, i mean, i know that science and religion are like completely separate, but then a lot of people would say ok, you're saying that science cannot explain what was before the switch or the big bank. that's because it's god, would you say that it's possible? maybe it is no that is just what she does is believes without any basis. and the

ideal sizes we only accept her beliefs if they have some basis and toss if he can check them experimentally. and the notion of god doesn't help us any because nobody can check that. right. so let's talk specific. so we have the micro, that is something that we cannot see that's not tangible for me. and the micro world, this is where we humans operate and we know what we can grasp things, the celestial bodies, et cetera. both worlds are ruled by completely radically different. last, i would say, where is it that the micro world ends and the macro universe begins? where is this not told of? these 2 are totally different worlds. in fact, they're all just one mold. so all those stars and planets for time, roaming around the universe, they're built on the same particles that you study in our laboratories and the

smallest units of matter, sort of smaller units of matter, make up everything. so if, in principle, if you would know exactly what the laws are that move these particles around, then we can understand how stars and planets are made, how galaxies are made of size and so on. and if a hard old you versus made sure is know for the mental boundary between those worlds, it's just one world. and this is certainly the way we prefer to see things that there's just one world. this world is better is made out of particles. that 1st form planets and stars and galaxies, and then together in these form the entire universe. but there's no boundary anywhere. but teasing will, can ever come up with a precise formula that would explain how this little particles to micro world actually influences this quantity. particles influence and transform the mock where reality that we live in. well, science actually has gone a long way to say to say yes,

he knew her. a very precise you about how it goes about. we understand the forces that equity particles. we understand how to describe them. we don't know where they come from, but they do understand how to describe them. and we know how motion of this particle is being described, how they come together, how in the act, and artic, and form substances that ultimately give the shape to planets and stars. and you know why star supposed to behave the way do because these particles, for instance, in the some of the stars, their nuclear reactions taking place. but those nuclear reactions are described by the physics that he know about it. considering these, i meant the building blocks. so it already all hangs together. there's much one known as many people realize, but our science is a huge topic. so although i've seen that a lot to be know also what we don't know. so i think there cannot be one formula.

it needs to be many formulas, some of them we have already that explain this mechanism. well, it's almost one former that already it fits on a coffee, a jar. so i can, i don't want one piece of paper. i can write down the formula, which basically symbolizes or forces that exist. and we have reached that stage already. the only thing not put there or put only in some, in somewhat in, out of school form is gravity itself. so we can add gravity to the laws of particles, basically is very simple, particles move, but the straight lines anymore. but to move in lines in a slightly bent because erica invitational force. and if that's all you're saying is say, okay, we also understand how to have the actual whole system. so what's the problem? the problem is that i domains where we want to describe the particles where

amortization force extolled that's when parties come too close together. and where space and time gets too much curved and then on sending stops. and we want to have a better, a complete view of what the crashes are that govern that domain. should there be relies or something missing in our fundamental understanding of gravity? something extremely important, if you could answer those questions, you would suddenly put a whole thing in a different perspective. this far we understand, but to make all the questions fit together properly. and we haven't quite succeeded in doing that, but we've gone a long way. but that's not good enough. as for something missing, i am so far from physics or quantum physics or, you know, i'm just someone who is interested in things that like to me it's mind boggling that you're saying, like you said, we've gone so far. but yet, we're missing the understanding of the most basic fundamental thing that is granny

. well, gravity itself, we have eyes, i'm seriana do extremely well for stars and planets. so i'm so noted that if you are more precise than what newton did there come a center, as you call you get a slightly different shape of the of the order of particles. although we managed to reproduce newton's had 599.9 percent so, so basically new from us, right. there's no question about that, but it can be done more precisely. that's what i'm saying. farmed preventive, we're going to take a short break right now where we're back. we'll continue talking to nobel prize winner professor parrot hoped we're talking about what does university lead? stay with us. don't go away.

lou. as inflation increases, the stories, the rhetoric, the explanations, the justifications will get more and more bizarre back because there's nothing in the, in the playbook for mainstream media to explain in place. because they've been told for 20 years now that there's no inflation that there's only deflation, and the need to keep printing money to stop the product of the possibility of, of, of a deflationary spiral. so called enhanced interrogation techniques used by the u. s. officials were basically designed as techniques to break down the human mind. if you force

a human being to stay in a certain position doesn't take very long to the pain involved, to become absolutely excruciating, but nobody's lean finger on you. you are doing it to yourself. we started adopting those techniques when i was station and mosul among them were stress, positions, sleep deprivation. and using i prefer, mia is already beginning to be evidence that these old techniques are now being used on immigrant children. whatever you do or more comes home. nobody has been held accountable for the torture that happened in the past and the moral authority, the made america leader sacrifice the shimmer of effective interrogation with,

ah, the ah, and we're back with professor at harvard professor. because you're saying, you know, we find out exactly what is gravity then thinks could turn out to be completely different from what we thought. do you feel like some day will come to a point where each one is physics and einstein's relativity could turn out to work

in a completely different way. the thing that you all expect actually is that the language will have to be modified. we use a certain language to describe the particles, he talk what particles mean here. moving to there about a planet being here, move to their plan of being consisting of particles, use all those words. and those words work very well on the ordinary circumstances. but the suspicion is they will fail and he will describe gravity at a very, very short distance range, much stier distances even than the size of the particles dance things go wrong in our discussion. and we want the gracious, i do not want to go home anywhere. and this you did not succeed in, but the belief is the other. you have to modify our language to get this right. and that is quite normal. that's actually where i'm son davis from newton. i'm son is covered a different language to say the same things as newton. so a new to settles,

not hong. but you have to say to a different language and then you discover you can do what precisely. dictations newton ever did. in particular, i'm son found that the fat light only go to the finite speed. it's the same everywhere that factors look properly incorporates the new considering to do that, right, you need a different language arts and found that language. and this happens again and again, quantum mechanics is the fundamental theory. the describes how particles have the forces in each other and how they move is a totally different language from what you were used to before. and that language helped us to get a better description is fundamentally better. now we understand our atoms move all our chemical reaction to work on atoms are going to be simple thing. an atom discourses of a nucleus is electrons going around it like a solar system. what's are complicated about it, but then we find that quantum mechanics makes it complicated and generates are

things that you call chemistry atoms attacked or repel each other. those forces are quite complex, yet it basically understood by quantum mechanics. provided you use this new language, which is a very mysterious language, we want understand that a wise languages there. and i fear that you have to change the language again. ok, so let's try to do it right now. for instance, if we take the quantum entanglement theory right, for me, and mortal who is far from physics, the way i understand it is that you have 2 particles no matter how far away they're from each other. and somehow the react at the same time to the changes that are done to the both of those particles or many particles. i don't know. so what is it exactly? does the information travel faster than light? what's going on here? well, i'm convinced that those were said that you will not inventing because you've,

you heard the many times. yes. those are actually a wrong kind of language. it is not to it. information travels faster than light. we know that pretty for sure, because i see these were extremely well and they tell you that information never was faster than light. and in all are quantum series. also information is not or fastened light. so when they say it does go faster, it means that they're using the wrong language. indeed, if entanglement is a very special phenomenon that you only encounter in quantum physics, and it has to do with this information, we have marco's particles. if you know how one party is oriented, you can sometimes know what other particles oriented prescribe will spin and then orientation that way. but it's been a very special way that you can only understand in quantum language. if used the quantum language only, nothing was faster than light. and this is the way we have learned to describe the fundamental particles. but people want to understand what they're doing. they want

them sent. this quantum language is fine, but there's something fishy about is something we don't believe we want to go deeper. we dig deeper when they deeper they find there may be other ways to discard the what's going on. and in this other language, it looks as if information was faster light. i think personally that's a lie because those people think to have her found a better language, but to have not defined a worse language. the best language you can use who called mechanics, is all use the language to help us forward in the past. and don't try to think what it really means. that's good for the moment, but many people say no, no, we can't have that. we can't have this crazy anguish, delaying just tell you exactly where a particle is is i won't tell you where the particle is the some probability. and we don't want that probability language a. we don't want to save all you if it's whole dice, never know where the actual go, because a lot of probability no has hold the dice very carefully. you know how to make 2

sixes right. it, i mean, a very highly magician might maybe thought die such a way, don't guess, to sixes if, know exactly how that works. very hard depends what possible. so that's the and in quantum we can use, well we think of something underneath that says there's no should to see at all. we can, it is just a, a bad language of something that's much better, but we don't understand what it is. but yet, because for out an ordinary person, the more i dwells into this whole quantum mechanics and i'm listening to you, it still seems pretty random to me. you know, like i said, god doesn't play dice. you're saying there is no dice. but then at the same time, you're saying it's impossible to predict exactly brain. so to me it sounds like quantum physics is more of a like as a terry discipline, rather than like

a precise science because it's all probabilities that we're talking about now. well, you have to understand that this world consists of particles which intact with each other. but just imagine how many particles are, are how many padded are in your body. this non more, you can count any computer. so if you very easily than do a world as in from he complex while not only infinitely very, very complex, so complex that is hopeless to predict exactly where every particle is going. that doesn't mean it bothers, don't know where they're going. they do know they're exactly prescribed by laws of nature, but we don't understand those laws of nature well off to be able to foresee where a particle will be going. so we use the laws of statistics. there's actually a very smart move the scientists made from beginning of the previous century to say, well, bureau for sure others are going, let me know where to go on average. and that has been extremely helpful. and basically, that's all you need because in practice,

it's never possible to control all the particles that are running around somewhere hopeless. so don't even die. don't even dream about it, just say, okay, we know where the moving average does good enough for us. if you can get the maximum amount of information about that, that's what we want. that's the presence state of affairs. that's how we understand how, but a physics works or quantum physics works. but it doesn't tell us what is on the line all. exactly, i. so what i want to know is what does a patio exactly where to go? even though is it possible for us to reproduce it, it will not be able to use that knowledge to make better predictions. and quantum physics itself is all as probability distributions. think of an insurance company that wants to fix the premium for someone who is insured in principle of what they can try to do is calculate exactly in advance what the lifetime of a person will be and whether you make an accident or not. and exactly,

estimate the premium for that, but that's what was hopeless. no insurance company can do that. they don't want to do that. they say, okay, that this is the general probabilities. this is for to chooses a basis for how much insurance you, how much you pay for your insurance. so that's the same way quantum mechanics today . it also works that way. we, we don't even try to make about a prediction than what he can do. it doesn't make any sense because situations who do have make work extremely well. so little is that you are what chemistry is and so on. so when, when i listened to you speak about the nature of this whole quantum mechanics, it reminds me how are great near scientists speak of human brain because they're saying no, no, no, it's not that. at the neurons, there are infinite there that, that there are certain number, but it is so many of them and the connections between them. it's hopeless to try and figure out each one of them. so the last that we have so far worked somewhat.

okay. would you say there's a connection, does our conscious maybe our brain has a quentin nature as well? i personally don't think that's the case. so a quantum mechanics determines exactly how all chemical reactions take place and is humor garage and lives thinly complex. and obviously they are of great importance for the way our new systems work. and i saw in that sense con, we can, it is very important from sallie how to brain functions. but the memory cells themselves, i don't believe so based on quantum mechanics, many people think so, but i, i disagree. i don't believe that. i think the memory celsius contains certain chemical political sitting somewhere or sitting or somewhere else, like somewhere else. that comes a state, a new owners and, and that's the way we memorize things. and that's quite enough for all practical purposes. so i think our brain,

we will be able to do very well without using chrome. we can next to explain how many cells in our brains work. we only need quantum mechanics to explain how the chemistry works. but once you know that you can just, you know, close to kept the complicated book. now, open up your chemistry book than you know, howard neurons will transmit information to one and another. then you close that chemistry book again and, and you say, now i only need my computer books, my computer manual. the manual says that if you, that, if you know whole the hardware, this is a software you can produce. and the most miraculous features in the brain is a software. how does our brain work? and how does, how are we able to think? and that includes the concept that he called consciousness. so some of my colleagues, they attach some mistake value to the notional consciousness, but i don't, i think consciousness is, is a question of information. and in particular, if nation about yourself and the information about your environment,

full information, so to be able to, to investigate all information that comes to you and to make use of that. all that together is consciousness and his intelligence. so next step of course, is to understand intelligence, human intelligence. but all that is basically a question of software. i mean, we can't see, we can't see intelligence and we can't see consciousness will open a scout. he's a runs, but you don't see consciousness. that's why i don't think it's something if you open a computer or do you see a lot of you see a lot of wires. yeah, i don't understand what's what's in what's, what's the information inside of the computer? no, i don't release io you'll, you'll know all these little things here. so this is just the 1st half of our in depth talk with professor nobel prize winner parrot at hoffman about the way universe works. stay tuned for the 2nd part.

ah. yes, yes, i do agree with you. at least the typical there's only 9 but already 8 university students that away on slash a new modest appointment. let's see. yep. you got the, there's dos to deal with a human good. nobody calls, he really shows control such programs. now brochure nebraska, of course with their special i was the yeah my but i just have a 1st grade and i was thinking what certified that was to get push him was in your

mind it was something to do with sue, lose with his teacher was reason this one is a good. 6 time oh now it shows a shape out. you seem to come to an engagement, it was the trail. when so many find themselves will depart. we choose to look for common ground. join me every thursday on the alex salmon show and i'll be speaking to guess in the

world, the politic sport business. i'm show business. i'll see you then me there may may, we should all be mayor. may, we should all be angry because what's going on, right? can't understand united states history and the role that slavery play is already very formal institution. at a time, united states became a nation. it actually find the nation, the rise of capitalism clearly on the backs of flight and the slave. if you had investigated lynching any great extent. you can't believe that really having the country and the country still stands in brick. i'm from the south. everybody know, know what their failure to some extent, i would argue that we're still fighting the civil war and the south is winning

with a useful meeting with a candid exchange of opinion to add a critical moment. that's how the russian and u. s. foreign policy chiefs described their talk in geneva, which come amid rising tension is over you credit nato expansion. we recently notified congress of our intent to deliver and 17 helicopters. the white house announces it's sending military helicopters to ukraine just hours after de escalation talks with russia. other nato members are also rendered up weapons supplies to care for use. but it's enough to scroll through a couple of random pages to be sure none of the provisions.