oh, boy, all right. can understand united states history and understand the role that slavery play use already a very formal institution. by the time united states became a nation, it actually find the nation, the rise of capitalism clearly on the backs of flight. and it's laid down if you investigated lynchings, any great extent. you believe that really here in the country. and the country still stands in brick. i'm from the south. everybody know, know what they're saying. to some extent, i would argue that we're still fighting the civil war. in the south is winning exaggerated rhetoric, massive arm shipments and endless threats. this is how nato presents is asian, a pan european security. meanwhile, moscow waves to the u. s. and its allies to respond to its demands and vision for

the say, the status quo is untenable. hello and welcome welcome back to so if you can vision your is me sophie shepard, not ash. this is our 2nd half of in depth conversation. with brilliant mind, complete genius nobel prize winner. professor gerhardt hoped talking about whether quantum mechanics and quantum physics is just a probability and more than a terry notion. by the event a precise science it looks as if the whole universe was in its simplest possible form when everything got started and all that needed to be done as someone to pull the switch not literally both turn well metaphorically. and then the

universe starts expanding or so where those equations come from and, and who pulled the switch? that is not the kind of question that science can answer. where is it that the micro world ends and the micro universe begins? where is this not truly, these 2 are totally different worlds. effect all just one world. so all those stars and planets, the time, roaming around, the universe. they're built on the same particles that he's studying are laboratories and the smallest units of matter sort of small units of matter make up everything. so if, in principle, if you would know exactly what the laws are that move these particles around, then we can understand how stars and planets are made, how galaxies are made of size and so on. and if a whole new versus made. so there's no fundamental boundary between those world his whole dice very carefully, you know how to make it to success, right. it, i mean,

a very, a job position might be able to, to die such a will, yours gets to success. it knows exactly how that works. very hard, the principal possible. so that's the, that's what we want in quantity we can use, well, we think of something underneath the says there's no statistics at all. can we can it is just a, a bad language of something that's much better, but we don't understand what it is. if you're saying that there is no dice and everything is actually predicted in even a magician, if he's a really good trained, one can't put a dice the way that it is 6. if he wants to, then does this mean that there is no place in this universe for a chance? no, quite the contrary. as i said, the particles that the world are made of are so complex that some of their properties will be for ever unpredictable is too complicated. and certainly

a wholesale human brain i can possibly predict what you're going to think next is hopeless. you can't even tie, but quite generally speaking, there are so many particles in this universe that you can't predict what they're going to do, even though their laws will be deterministic. they're simply too complicated. and this is a little bit too complicated, but fundamentally far too complicated. for us to put a exactly what they are doing, but more to the point is we don't even have the right language to do so. so the quantum language, the do use is so much shoot it to the idea of making statistical predictions. that using that language, we can't even say for certainty where a part of what is going. so we need to modify our language and i'm convinced that this is something in, in our future of, in the future of science to figure out language that doesn't need statistics. not for particularly for the aim of trying to predict better. anybody else what's happening was a fact of any particles, forget it, you company, your goal. so,

as soon as you say that there's room for chance because she can't predict is particles are going. so you can't predict what the outcome of such gram this does a meteorite coming, speeding in our direction, you can't, no one is miles, whereas with us, it's fate way too complicated. so forget it. but what i don't want to forget is the idea that a should exist laws that tell you that the tell every single particle exactly we're actually going up approximately. all of us will faces exactly where the particle is going. but we are all rows laws, and today is it possible to formulate such laws because they're using norm language . so when you're saying that i have heard in one of your choice, you're saying that there is a level of reality of physics, but he's in, in 1st then quantum mechanics. is this what you mean? are you talking about the language i had him of? i mean that there is a language where you don't need fairly familiar comp concepts for his,

according to quantum mechanics. it looks as if our universe is, is actual only one of many universes. it looks as if there's a universe of universes. that's the way the gracious i eye. construct it. but it's wrong. i don't believe there are very many universes. i think there's only one. all those others i've movers that didn't materialize. there was a probability or just there was just to inform what did happen not to happen. only one universe came out as the universe that we are in. and we can calculate the probability, if we will be able to do the calculation with invalid precision. that probability will be one that all the probabilities be 0, but he can't calculate with his position, hopeless shouldn't even tie. so we find this universe is a most likely universe, from our perspective. doesn't mean that any other universe exists or soul, or that no other universe could exist. but there is only one. but you know how most of the people's believe that universe is endless. and

a lot of professors actually claim and believe that to, and i was reading the nature astronomy magazine article, and they were saying they had this supposition that actually univers might be, might not be endless. for instance, if you were to start walking in one direction, that eventually eventually you would come back home. what could that be true? i mean, it is, what do you make of it? and if our reality has borders, suppose that it has borders ways beyond them. so i sympathize a lot with a theory that says universe is bound it in a sense that the surface of the earth is bounded right. in ancient times, people thought issue traveling on the actual fuel. you end up and new companies forever, you'll never return. but now we know you did the earth to see is

a sphere. if you are fast, if you will fall off who and, and the other side of a came from and you're back home. so i would like to and vision that you knew that also the universe if you live and it's just like that, you all in one direction. you will return from the other side and what beyond it. and so there is nothing beyond that. that because there's no other dimensions than the inches that here you're looking at on planet earth. in 2 dimensions, this is rounded and it's a sphere, but there's a 3rd dimension which is height, elevation above the current. and that still seems to be in an infinite dimension, but that's only because we don't, we don't know about the universe being returned to back to itself. the equations we have for the course was certainly allow the situation in principle. so the allow the notion that the universe is by critic sphere, but in one dimension higher than the planet to us. so that also the concept of

height that is included in this picture. so all 3 dimensions will return, then you go faster far enough. that's in principle possible, and i will find that more satisfactory as a theory of universe, but i can't tell god of all to do so maybe the reality is something different. but it isn't for me, for me to be very pleasing to see a theory for univers itself. also completely fine. i, in that sense, then you don't need any boundary, just like there's no boundaries anywhere on the planet earth to say, you can go to here without any sherlow. rather, some places had so difficult to walk into like on particles. that doesn't mean practica is a little from, from the rest. yes. i don't know if you've heard you're a korean colleagues, scientists, they have recently suggested that dark energy, the think that actually expense our universe may not really exist. so dark energy is one of the deep puzzles of today's cosmologies signs of the cosmos.

and my son, when he introduced generativity, he already noticed there's one term in that you could add to the secretion and that term would modify the shape of the universe. and in the beginning, you needed that down, then you realize he could do without am. so i said that was an hour. i should have never had introduced that to him. but it is nice and who's going to tell what are the terms there is experiments, experimental observations, and then for some decades there were a schnauzer observations that accumulated saying that there is a very small concent in answer secretions that tells you that there's something to knock on dark energy and decreases, worked much better with dark energy than without. but now recently in california for saying that they have over estimated the accuracy of their previous

observations, there could be some effect that wasn't taken properly into account in the beginning . and so the conclusion that he had to on previously that there is such a term as ice on prediction think it might be wrong, and actually the term might be 0. i will find is a much more understandable if the term brazil said there is no such don't. if, even if that term 0 that would still be a problem because natural will be, will be, why is it 0? why did nature for bits such a term? and it is just because of my lack of fantasy, i can't imagine any other value than 0 for that term. because if it is as it is a valued at the cost model, you said i would have a big difficulty understanding where that value comes home. because it doesn't fit with all the other numbers in universe, it doesn't fit with the forces that particles have on each other. it doesn't fit into a few gravity very well. it's just their normal. yes. so it is,

it doesn't look right, but i can't come with more valid objections and that i'm my only objection is i don't like that term. i wish it was 0. that's not good enough for any scientists. so they all look at me and they, they are just sort of say, ok, you said that i would just continue. and so i, i think it would be more satisfactory as a starting point that the universe has no such term. but eventually, i don't know, even if it has not turned out, i would need more understanding as to why there is no such term. and there's also, we don't understand to be professor, we're going to take a short break right now when we're back, we'll continue talking to professor and care. heard that often talking about the way universe function, stay with blue

with ah, join me every thursday on the alex salmon? sure. i'll be speaking to guess when the world politics, small business. i'm show business. i'll see you then.

ah horace. james all down through here. oh, mr. larry over here. so you're camps are always a little nicer than this. this is evidence of absolute poverty, despair. people in our city and other cities all across america are living like this. where at the original eden village that opened up in 2018 right now, there's 31 homes on the property. it's a little over 4 acres with 31 homes and a community center. unfortunately, a lot of people don't make it out of edition more homelessness alive, and i'm just really happy. it made it bad. you with

no child ever with chinese students on the job gashodi she can. hi sharon, my name is rob with me. right? yeah. betty lacroix, this new rudy mcgrew. she been closer, i'm online, and kelly recruiting quote, and i renewed my financial nike assured that tangent of london keep to our lord. let me for. she gave bessy managed to i must be lucky. i had, i'm of fact not enough that i'm looking for samuel pesky. i think you me act here to get approved for him. um we'll get martha a love. hey

. and we're back with noble price owner, professor gerhardt at hoff talking about the universe professor. when i was a kid and it was to soviet union and our cars, moses was like a huge thing. we had cost menard's, americans had astronaut. there were national heroes. and m, i thing like every other. so the acute, including myself, i want to be a ballerina or a cost. minot, he was this complete, not even a dream. it seemed like it was our future. it seemed like everything that was up

there cuz most zeus is where we're gonna end up all the literature that we read. there will loved so much, it was about that. and then the quantum physics in can in lina again with it. and we're thinking that this is it, you know, we understand our thing. so the next step is up there. 40 years later, the only thing i understand that we're definitely not going into cause moses. we know nothing about it. i'm. we still don't know so much about the quantum physics, the only future that actually turned out to be my present is smartphone and virtual reality. do you thing that my generation, i mean, how long am i going to leave another 40 years? maybe will with luck. i'm just want to the virtual reality or there is still a chance of me stepping on some planet out there. that's it. that's a good question. i don't know. i also thought that in this space,

technology will develop faster and by 22 in the dental dental. i was also a kid after 2020 so far way. by that time we'll be walking on promises or venus or whatever. and you'd be running around to spaceships all the time. that hasn't any period, lice, it's a lot more difficult than people realize in the early days. and the same for a nuclear energy, by the way, i thought or energy would be nuclear and it wouldn't be able to need to pollute our ether service, carbon dioxide, because he wouldn't burn fossil fuels who just using the energy what's so why don't you do that? and it all means that the questions are more difficult than originally realized. i also think that i would, i'm also surprised that and i think artificial intelligence didn't develop faster

than it actually is doing, i thought, but by this time, all computers will be at least as intelligent as human beings themselves. and that also the theory lies. i think some of these things will come. i think that the causal spell not literally because he talked about just but article our extension to deep space. do you still think it's possible? what do you call the space the solar system? can we reach her? you some beautiful planet in it, or we are constantly. yeah. well wait a minute. don't go too fast. okay, marty. our solar system has a bunch of objects which are suitable for human life in principle. and they'll be very uncomfortable unless technology improves a lot. will have to be able to make very expensive homes on, on those places. and i think in principle, technically it's possible you've already sent our robots to myers and many other

places in the, in universe. so all that they have to do is make it, make a decent house to live in and all the comforts that we need as humans. and then we have your travel that you, it, have it entire solar system. eventually. are these things a puzzle in time span of 50 or 100 years or something like that? but the other thing you mentioned a plentiful man. oh i am. that's not a story. you know, these are really far away. those type of he mendecy far away and it, it takes probably thousands, if not millions of years for a space ship, a man made a ship to. he should have a penis, you can't put a human on there because there was a fire for a 1000000 of years, even if you're asleep. they want to fight so far that. so a brush is too much variation and all that sort of thing. so it's going to be very, very difficult for humans to travel that far. i don't think that will ever happen,

but a robles eventually we'll go there. so the 1st thing all to do is day, day day colonize our planets. they are doing it already with my eyes and the moon thing standing there all the time. and they do investigations still in a way it is very primitive. in the eyes of someone say over a few hundreds of thousands of years from now, they'll say, now we need to know how to center almost anywhere. and these halls will be smart enough to built houses for humans to live in. and then the, do you want to come after those robots? this is the way i see it. those horrible smite in millions of years with time be able to each other planets. then one millions of years. so that's, that's a long time for any human standard. but it's short in terms of uva does if lucian, it, many years ago we were monkeys. but at that, that is nothing in visionary terms, the life of

a 1000 times or more or earlier than that, and as developed all time. so in face of evolution, a 1000000 years is not much. so if that's the time scale we have to use and that will be the time scale at which even humanity eventually will reach the other planets. but not before that. get 2 more questions left. first of all, where is the quantum computer that everyone is claiming is going to be here? well, if not, tomorrow, the next week, for sure. well, i have a slight problem with the quantum computer because it is claimed to be able to solve problems which no other classical computer can. but i'm seeing at the same time that you've entered the laws of nature should be just like the classical laws . so logic should be classical logic and i believe in that which means that something must go wrong with the quantum computer. and, but in practice to quantum computers can still work very well because when things

go wrong, they go wrong at a very, very tiny distance scale and time scale. so tiny that for practical purposes the quantum to, to will function the will need complicated to describe it and it will do miracles compared to ordinary computers. like what, like solving difficult palms, difficult decal, material problems, of search problems, finding things which are impossible to find. that a cold breaking is a very interesting application for, for computers they can, if fracture very large numbers into the pan components, much better than any classic computer can. these things will happen when i'm dead. i don't know, i'm not really i should into quantum computing business in your, in your view, humanly a couple of details or so. okay. that computer from computers will be able to do

very specialized stars tasks, but not the computers. but most doc shop tasks. i don't believe we'll be done better by going to computers. so i think they should continue working with no consulting, old fashioned computers, because in practice they will be much better now. so, you know, we, humans, we are talented when vent beautiful. thanks. but then somehow we'll manage to make out of those beautiful things. horrible things. do you think that quantum mechanics could also be weaponized? i think it practically anything can be, were promised. so that's an awful side effect of science that our enemies can also use. it are criminal enemies, they can do kind of his size dictators and our companies can dictate the people using signs. yes, that can happen. there's nothing we can do about it that we want to you science to

do better human lives is possible to enable you was humans to do things which i would are asking, impossible. you just asked them our conversation about a space without science that's on thinkable. so or so, yes, that's the way we want to your science. but we can't prevent that. all of us will use science in a way that we don't like. we're not on the control. we can't just tell, dictate or not you signs to suppress his own people or things like this dresser, who thank you so much for this amazing in depth talk about universe and how it works. michelle, the best of luck with your future inventions and openings and looking forward. thank you very much. ah

ah, no one else seemed wrong. i just don't know any world that is to say proud disdain to come to the african and engagement. it was the trail. when so many find themselves worlds apart, we choose to look for common ground. oh, is your media a reflection of reality? in the world transformed? what will make you feel safe? isolation or community?

are you going the right way or are you being led somewhere? direct? what is true? what is great? in the world corrupted, you need to descend a join us in the depths or remain in the shallows. there may or may, we should all be may or may we should all be angry because a was going on right. can understand united states history and the role that slavery plate is already a very formal institution. by the time united states became a nation, it actually find the nation, the rise of capitalism clearly on the backs of flight and the slave down. if you had investigated lynchings, any great extent. you can't believe that really having the country and my country

still stands in brick. i'm from the south. everybody know, know what this figure. to some extent, i would argue that we're still fighting the civil war. and the south is winning exaggerated rhetoric, massive arm shipments and endless threats. this is how nato presents explanation of pan european security. meanwhile, moscow wait for the u. s. and its allies to respond to its demands and vision for the se. the status quo is a it's an open secret that private military companies have been playing a role in our conflicts world wide. u. s. government doesn't track the number of contractors it uses in places iraq or afghanistan, the united states army and the military and general is so reliance on the private

sector. i would call the dependency, but we don't know who's the on the ground presence of these companies overseas. we just don't out west and private military companies can in their turn, views, so cool subcontractors from countries with trouble pass. the chances are quite good that they had also been charles diligence. i says, i was a child, as well as my job professional job is he's with the whole 141. if i said that looked with no flaw minute, malone, if you want. sure. which way to be merciless killing machines. now they fight and die in other people's was people carol, lot one and a dead soldier or dead marine shows up in this country and then we start asking yourself, why did they die? why do what were they fighting for? nobody bothers down to about that contractors

with awe of to month to the west, insisting that russia is said to invade to craig tonight, nato secretary general makes a stunning youth. admitting the military block actually has no confidence whatsoever that any such aggression will happen at all. used to be a police, if it depends on the russian federation, then there will be no war. we don't want any wars, but we will also not allow our interest to be brutally trampled on and ignored. i made a growing standard for the west of ukraine. russia's talk about stresses, moscow does not want conflict but insisted security.