still one of the poorest cobalt is an essential material in manufacturing batteries for modern devices like electric cars, mobile phones and computers. 60 percent of the welt, cobalt reserves are in congo 20 percent of it comes from small scale mines. units have figures confirm that in 2017. more than $40000.00 children worked in cobalt mining in the republic to earn a living and paying for schooling. next time you use a fancy gadget like a smartphone camera laptop, and just remember that there's a chance it works thanks to a child, hard labor children like john michelle henry at o countless others like them

or come to so think or visionaries may so if you shevardnadze, an organ transplant can save a life, but at least 20 people die. ha, waiting for a new heart or liver. can science put an end to this long waiting lists? i talked to a doctor a are meeting that how would she stansell biologists and professor o genetics at stanford university. doctor, erica woochie stem cell biologist, professor of genetics at stanford university. great to have you with us today. thank you so much. thank you for having me. i. so i want to start from the following up. the camera is a monster as creature from greek mythology. i personally associate with something grotesque, evil. yet in modern microbiology genetics, it's used where something that can potentially be used to save human lives. isn't a choice of words somewhat misleading in this regard? can there be like a better?

do you agree? yes, i do agree. yeah. many people, you know, just imagine when i say a greek mythology, you know, consisting of, you know, based upon society, most lions heads, no sheep body and snake tail. so that's, that gives us many people very about in place and also want time it, but actually is very useful. just so i'm in biology, it's just a mix of 2 different levels of 2 different genetic or is it just a mix? so 1st of 2 different identity or different affairs. so can our research is needed in order to basically grow human organs inside animals for transplants. but an animal, beta chamber a pick already has

a heart. so how do you make it have a human one instead? yeah, if we just mix human stem cells and every embryo we just made a hold of issues so, so that makes both human since day one i need to do is, is to use a host animal that has been genetically modified so that this time about cannot fall off, for example, one who knows all goes genesis disabled. and so when they go up and then make a comment on the schuman i p. s. him of some sort of the live assess, can make a hot postal service to not. so although it's basically a mixture, you know,

2 different cell types of origins, but in hot should be home and totally made up of like human sensor. the lab says, so the, you know, the body is mixture schuman. i test, but hope is only from the human stem cell. that is the trick that i introduce. right? so basically when jack the embryo with cells for a human patient and then the heart grows and is transplanted back into the patients by the wave. and it's likely the patient has really bad, hard tonight. like hard is it for 10 generations back? is this station stuck with a bad genetics or can that they fix? well, growing the new heart ideally, you know, we got to close the quarter, christopher, now it is easy to genetically correct to the effect of the space and a half. so after collecting the senator there at the level of foss themselves,

then we can grow and put it back to the patient as a patient to be, you know, norma because you know, the genetic that has been fixed by genetic engineer. oh, talk to reese. we may be able to simply transfer this newly created data hot to the patient because of, you know, some diseases, it takes time to develop a phenotype symptoms. so it might help us today the process of the disease depending on the lease and patients condition. you know, the forgot what it is it possible theoretically at least to grow several oregon's at the same time in the same animal. yes, that's posted. we have recently found a way to do that and not just one su, oregon. but basically we may be able to make up

similar, you know, and in turn, oh, for one. and that is also a possible approach. why do we need host animals to cro? oregon's can't weigh it without having to use embryos just in your lap. i mean, scientists are able to grow, meet in a lab. why not human, oregon are, you know, both of many defensive types here such as a broad nervous, love yo, and many other components are required. and also it has a 3 d dimension. ah, 1st not quite got to make those o guns in a test tube off the individual. so i came up with an idea of using anybody and about developing environment as a sort of followed by

a reactor to set us, you know, mission hold us here to see. so that's, that is how we sought it. ah, but it's spot project. you know, one of the reasons for this line of research is a long line of those waiting for available transference. so if we learn to grow hearts, people want in theory, have to wait for a heart transplant if they need one. but you know, what you're working on isn't an instant solution since it takes at least a year before an animal can grow to a full size and to be used as a donor. i mean, this means a person waiting for a transplant one probably last to this moment in the same all the same rate. how could this time frame be reduced to more? right. so again, a ways to, you know,

answer this question. so yeah, it will probably take about a year to generate a human folks are transplanting organ, say in pigs in livestock house. ah. however, you know, um, oh guess we pay artificial, for example, hot or kidneys. people can survive. patients can survive over here, easy with artificial organs. so this is one approach. also we may be able to prepare o self august. if we, you know, prepare o s o different h l, a type for you know, wider, should a matching. we may be able to wait sort of the order for the patients, but different data types. this is one across this. i think this is part of it.

he thought the alternative is we may be able to generate data, much to different people, you know, universe. so matching 2 different types of people working on this because you go so are you both on sales? so with this approach, we may be able to prepare all the self organs. who are any people with different data types? yes. so fire growing human organs and picks isn't really working. the anatomy is, might similar, but the species are too far apart, biologically. for this to work. you call it the zito genic barrier, a barrier that prevents cells from one spaces from going in other. how do you go around that mariel?

theoretically, of course we do not have an answer to that. we're working on it. this is charlotte. a phonetic me. i think the major reason for this 0 barrier here, c l, usually this us genetic this us between human and animals because ah, what, oh ah, we, if we vote for the same cubby ancestor, you know, it's been many, many years since we 1st so some of the molecules important for the development of, say, embryo, ah, they could differ, you know, the receptor and who one can be active may not have good affinity to bind together because both, you know, animal and ass diverse. no, you don't genetically. so one potential, of course, is we have to probably schumer nice some of the more it use necessary for the

development of a t p embryos to match with a human. ah, cytokines, hormones, well, some of the things saw that it is b a coast to, to we're taking we're trying to, you know, humanise some of the more to choose the past. he's a question from a skeptic. i mean, do you think these xeno genetic barrier might be there for i don't know. good evolutionary reason. for instance, we don't mess with cross breeding cameras species. no, i don't know if this any bios can reason for that just by test. ah, we don't. we have they both based on the maybe outside involvement. ah, so maybe a bit difficult just like our lives for all of us. they can grow very fast because

they have been to best decayed. so all you know be may not be that easy. but i think this would be a way to do that. that is all a tight doctor. like how would you then take a short break right now when we're back we'll continue talking to dr. arab mit soon like, how would she stem cell biologists and professor of genetics at stanford university . stay with us. ah, algorithms and neural networks have been following us everywhere. we look online because our relationships are what matters most of us. that's how we find meaning. and how we make sense of our place in the silicon valley see,

don't mention in slick presentations. however, on the ghost workers who train the software, humans are involved in every step of the process. when you're using anything online . what we're sold, as is, miracle of automation. behind your screen, it's a long rouble workforce that feeds algorithms for next to nothing. on a very good day, i could do $5.00. now. a really bad day. i think you can use workers are invisible by design. it's about labor costs, but it's also about creating layers of what's the new responsibility between those who solicit this kind of work and need it. and those who do it a is not expressing itself for having this willingness to lead quite to the coach a china is still trying to learn from others and trying to do business with

everybody, particularly with russia, with which the, you know, it's not a nation. this is something that the whole world needs to understand. china grew up, it's history never has this experience of colonization. never has just experience of trying to bully others. always try to make friends with ah and we're back with dr. re roommates, or like i watched a stem cell biologist, professor of genetics at stanford university doctrine, a coaching, you know,

if years back another team of scientists, they announced that they're making human monkey cameras. as a human monkey came eric, going to have more chances of successfully growing an organ? yes, i think so. we will also have some preliminary data. as i said, i think this 0 barrier is very much, ah, basically what he said, a distance genetic distance between the 2 species. and obviously a nonhuman premise while they're much closer in terms of 5 when you study distance . so i'm, i'm pretty sure that, you know, if we try to generate schuman organs in non human climates, monkeys, ah, it would work much better than train a human and paste, but it has some problems, you know, i mean, i listen to the ethical issues. ah no, not human primary focus center go slower. and it may take more than a year,

maybe for 5 years to get, you know, certain size it to the certain size. you know, so i only worry about, i do notice, you know, the fiction of something not biopsy. so you know, yes that monkeys have because of course, they may indeed affect us. so the, some, i think, you know that many issues with my case, but it's not like using picks or sheep. they are very much more difficult to do some developmental biology. you know, today to make kind of something, you know, at least we know that the size of an animal is crucial. but what about as there are genetic factors, for instance, pick scro age and die sooner than humans?

is there a race that a hard ground in a pick? well where are faster than a human heart, for instance? now that's another interesting point. now, so we have a very interesting data using rodents, starting from the studies that is when we generate rock pancreas in mass, roughly a different different species that rock is 10 times bigger than mass. but when we generated aggressive mass, the size of a mouse size, so somehow the organ ah, the size of the whole and is determined by the environment, not by the sense to making a so we also tried ariba experiment. we tried to write mouse pancreas in russ, and then we filed

a huge rub slice. huh. whilst pancreas. so again, you know, these experiments suggest that you know, the size of the whole room is determined not by the service but the environment. so if it is through big matter difficult, but you know, if the science is mr. good, not too big was transplanted. i think the, you said the whole, i was determined by the environment. so, you know, that's what we said. you know, i don't know if you read it, but there is this manslow popular old russian novel, the heart of a dog where a dr. transplants human order in oregon into a dog which stand grows into human, but keeps a lot of dogs habits like chasing cats and sites. it sounds silly, but in the same like sy, fy way will and monkey grown organ inside me make me behave more like a monkey,

even little that maybe. wow. well if you trans can't stay, have monkey brain to you for it. and then you may get some behavior monkeys, a monkey, but clunky monkeys have pursued. that's something that we do not know, but i do not think, you know, i just don't know, you know, monkey, i know a lot of your heart generated a monkeys. well, you know, change your b r. oh, you know, thinking by that. so, you know, i need to say it's to your own heart. it's not monkey hot. we're transplanting with there just to make it within monkey. so i think that makes

a difference. what organ theoretically could be cro in this way. liver high pancreas. what else can it brain you worked out using this method? you know, we have this a role that we're not trying to create a was just the between mom about we have, you know, have made out in this case, right? brain mouse and mouse brain. right. so it was, this is the old as we test it. the basic principle of trying to say ok, i think any, you know, trust, trans, accountable organs to shoes says we can use, you know, those generated in picks. when i'm us it has to be transplanted. brain transportation is not a, well,

i know ticket 10 years to get the approval to do whatever you doing the current research. how long before this technology can be fully implemented? our patients were like a century. oh wow. wow. my for your predictions, maybe 5 to 10 years, then the deposit or an experimental basis, hopefully within 5 years. but if you want to bring it to the clinic, we have to do a lot of safety, you know, saturdays. many other studies are necessary before actually bringing this to the clinic. so i will say, hopefully within 10 years we're able to use this whole time tonight and i was in the green you know, the health benefits. they appear to the enormous. however, really, the whole thing is it's

a little gory to create an animal that can grow heart 1st. then you put a human heart in that animal and then you cut the heart out. i mean, poor animal, right? how do you deal with these kinds of concerns? i, i'd say ethical concerns. i know your research is government approved and is monitored by ethics commissions and all of that. but personally, do you have reservations about this? i mean, i'm, this is the, the whole methodology thing. yeah. of course, you know, i like i saw, i feel sorry for them. but in the other hand, i see patience, you know, dying the waiting for donna owens. and if you think we're subtly fine, maybe billions of peace for us to our food. and so what we need probably is pigs in the auto fall clouds to help those patients and,

and stay so unpaid in. so you know, this, i know this is not a perfect solution for the treatment to pull them peter patience, but no, we need to help those. so patients and since we are eating many, many pigs, i think so this. yeah, i mean, i agree cuz we'd, we'd baker and we'd pick lists. but what does the fact that we farm pigs justify the use of their embryos like that? i think it's justified. you know? yeah, another concern is that the human cells in an animal can stray beyond the targeted organs into the animals brain and then create some form of consciousness. is this even possible? i don't, at this moment, all of this a contribution of human service is very small. so it's not likely,

but as a scientist, i shouldn't say it would never happen. so ah, what i'm, what we're trying to do is we have already generated. i p assess human like yourselves outside yourself. that cannot differentiate into brain cells. who are dumb says for those low task of having those r i p s. so the life of the human center, the leg human cells in the brain. ok, animals. so dentist, i think a very clear. so listen to this ethical concern. you know the team that announced their experiments on monkey human came marriage a little while back. they said that they did the research in china to avoid legal complications. let's just wondering are government regulations around the world making kind of research difficult in general? so difficult question, because you know, i could not do this kind of research in japan years ago. i moved to cypher

morris the same thing i moved to the country. well, this kind of research is awesome. so i, i think, you know, we need a international guideline for this type of research who are many of the research just that probably require some sort of, you know, restrictions. so in the, we have international society of some sort of research. and they recently revised the ethical guidelines to do this credit for research. so i think the whole pre, you know, for the funding agencies or just a like a major sciences. so, you know, many journals there. so they should just require the you know, proof of the approval by the, you know, i'll be

a committee of that scientist did that experience. otherwise they shouldn't accept. i grant proposal for public 18 of the papers. this could be a good thing for sent to, you know, oh, so the son of problematic is security risk. and i can let you. thank you very much for this talk. it was very informative. well, will show the best of luck with your research. let's see where it can bring as and hopefully can really help humans suffer less than not. stain lines for human organs and find some sort of medical guidelines we're animals don't suffer that much, but anyways, it's been too interesting talking to you. thanks a lot for your time. thank you so much. pardon me? take care. bye bye bye.

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