a gift or should look like, you know what of them. i need a new transcript for that for a one. the one that or up with a brought the enough way. tricky weekly. if you take a picture of, i'll go double play with the news. hello. i'm manila chan you are tuned into modus operandi the show that explores the methods and patterns of foreign policy all around the world and the history that reverberates in our lives. today. it has

been a long, contentious relationship for turf here, torn between east and west, sitting at the crossroads of central asia and europe. turkey has recently re branded and holds the key to the accession of sweden and finland into nato. now this, once peripheral player in global affairs has stepped into the limelight. this week we'll explore terms here and their new role taking center stage as the new mediator of peace and hub for vital grain shipments around the world as the war and ukraine continue said turkey's history and conflict with neighbors. can the country overcome some of its past mistakes and move forward toward a new image? we'll discuss it. all right. let's get into the m o me. alright. you say turkey are, the ones says, no matter which way you slice it, the turks are in

a precarious situation. they share borders with 8 different nations, some of whom they have less than friendly relations. but they are the gateway to europe in one direction. and the portal to asia in the other, in recent weeks, turkish president rachel early one has taken center stage as a key negotiator and the ongoing conflict in ukraine. intervening in a looming global food crisis are the one able to moderate trade agreements for great shipments to leave ukraine ports and make their way to several countries who feared shortages this winter. on the 1st ship, loaded web grains has departed from a d o. d, support all ukraine. and once the ship arrives and they stumble, phosphorus, representatives of russia, ukraine, a turkey and the un,

well do all the necessary checks and controls as well start departing at for the for her next destination. now his good relations with russian president vladimir putin continues to make turkey's western allies nervous, especially those in the nato block. his country has served as the holding grounds for numerous refugees from the middle east for years fleeing the us led war in iraq . people displaced by the 20 year us war or occupation of afghanistan, the civil war in syria, and others just hoping to make their way to europe by way of turkey or now or on, sometimes prickly relations with neighboring countries, such as grief weaponized, the refugee crisis, threatening to open the floodgates of refugees over issues of cypress and topics, he's at loggerheads with with other world leaders. now president earth one has stated that quote,

it is greece that is condemning refugees to death by skewering their boats. and that he has no idea how grief would handle migrants if turkey did open its doors. but for the e used part long dangling the carrot adjoining the economic block for decades, but never moving forward in a meaningful way. doesn't engender much trust from the turks either. but now rachel berta. one holds the keys to whether or not sweden and finland can join nato. the block requires unanimous approval for accession how the turks asking sweden to extradite several people on their most wanted list and unhappy with the united states over the development of the f. 35 fighter jet deal that fell apart after turkey purchased russian s 400 missile defense systems. certainly a lot of moving parts coming out of turkey these days. for more on the latest out, a turkey will bring in seen on organ. he's

a founding partner of eastern economics, a consulting firm that specializes in public and regulatory affairs, and as the chairman of the center for economics and foreign policy studies, he was also a member of the turkish permanent delegation to the european union and also served at the turkish embassy in tripoli now and presidents potent and early on, recently met in sochi after there was an agreement that 5 turkish banks would adopt russia's mere payment system. how significant a move is this for these 2 parties is turkey essentially saying it is done with western sanctions on russia and ready to pursue its own economic policy in the black sea region? yes, indeed. church president adam and the russians from you have a number of agreements when they met last week. one of them

was a, for the russian credit card clearing the mirror to also be used in turkey by turkish facts. the reason for this is that russia is the number one country in terms of sending forest there about 5.56 meters that come from russia, from turkey before the war. and in that sense, it's the number one country. so there was a leading this on both sides also from the turkey side because the story, even though they make their initial payments for operators when they are on turkey, the they want to use their credit cards. and of course, with these that are not in your ration shop,

they rely on the new system. and that's the reason why i now need a turkish facts are starting to offer the services as well. so did these russian tourists can spend money while they are in turkey. now with turkish government does not see this as a violation of sheets. and it has not formally criticized or put under any sort of oppression or investigation on account of the decision to accept them in your system. it is much more on that side that the church, he's not particular transaction or with one of the russian oligarchs, and up with a sizable sons of their their wealth being transferred to turkey. this is not something that once in the church have been quite often

there we go. another reason why this is not sanctions on bush under the same issues is that from the western perspective, us and european perspective, many of the companies, western companies that cease to work in russia with tre perspective are green that management petition wrist. they're not doing that to comply with the letter of the sanction, per se, but they're going beyond that and they proceed to be a reputation risk. they watch much. so the fact that they're not doing that sort of business anymore. russia means that there's 4 other players in this case, companies can take advantage of that. and if they do, again, this is not, this does not mean that they are in violation of the sanctions. he just means that

they are replacing that some of the western companies that don't want even more to business, right? because of repetition errors. now it's been reported that presidents are to one and i thought may sit down and discuss their differences inferior at peace talks, being brokered by russia. could we see a full settlement in syria in the next few years? and how might the west try to resist this? i mean, what, what needs to be on the table and, and dealt with both from the turkish side as well as the syrian side. i mean, is, is russia really in a strong position to lead these talks? and see a settlement actually go through. well, i think the prospect that aren't along and a physically and directly engage in tulsa voc future syria are still pretty small there over the

years as is the beginning of the crisis in august 2011. and there has really been a lot of effort on the jerky side to carry out the machine change at work. he helps with years to begin and he will be a trip was a shooter issue. so there is now a very significant emotion off trust, both in mutual trust. and i don't think that this is going to be a bridge any time soon. there are folks between turkish and stream of fishes, but these are at lower levels. so the prospect of 2 liters coming together is still pretty distance in my mind. denise, russia is indeed insignificant player, given that the test,

the degree of leverage over damascus. so russia indeed wants attributed to happen. however, this is me and he's also been unrealistic. and also because the, the terms of a political settlement in syria and have not been defined clearly, there are many outstanding issues. i will leave that right there. thing are all gone, founding partner of istanbul, economics, and chairman for the center for economics and foreign policy studies. thank you so much for being with us today. and coming up next, we'll take a look back at some of turkey as histories, some of which saw the united states label even genocidal. can a modern turkey overcome its dark past? that is coming up next on the ammo. don't go anywhere. will be right back. ah,

what is the possibility of a negotiated end of the conflict in ukraine? there are some indications. nato has shifted its position from total victory on the battlefield, given me of negotiations at this point. this is on clear. the biggest barrier of course is the lack of trust me. b lou lou. lou with

the news. turkey is host to the most refugees in the world. some nearly 4000000 refugees primarily from syria. then other many nations like iraq, afghanistan, and many others. now the turks bore the brunt of those displaced by the violence of war across the middle east, over the last 20 years. with so many people who qualify for asylum in the country, resources have been stretched thin. after so long. however, thousands of these asylum seekers sought to transit through turkey into greece who by and large, have rejected nearly 70 percent of refugee applicants. and when 2016 turkey and greece serving as the proxy for the rest of the you signed an agreement that would

return asylum seekers who were denied entry to the you to be returned to turkey, labeling, tortilla, a safe 3rd party. get the sigma to keep that i just don't, you can designation of turkey as a safe 3rd country is an important step in tackling illegal migration flows and the criminal activity of smuggling network napoleon symphony middle joint ministerial decision as a derivative of the cooperation between ministry of foreign affairs and ministry of migration and asylum is fully in line with international law and enhances greece's legal arsenal against requests by citizens from countries such as syria, afghanistan, pakistan, bangladesh, in somalia, countries that have no reason whatsoever to consider turkey a non safe country. don't forget you don't get these yet lives a personal level. now, all garage signed the deal in good faith only defined that greece would later

impose a national policy in 2021. that designated asylum seekers from afghanistan, bangladesh, pocket on. so malia and syria as effectively automatic, declined for asylum in greece, thereby no way of entry into the e u. those people would be returned to turkey, and cases would only be reviewed on a case by case scenario. if they can prove that turkey was not a safe host for them. now, this rule accounted for roughly 60 percent of asylum seekers hoping to get into the e u. so when response in 2022 turkey began refusing, these refugee returns from greece. any legal status leaving thousands of people in legal limbo. so without refugee status from ankara or the e u. these people have no government assistance for housing, food basic needs,

and can't legally work either. meanwhile, as the ukraine conflict erupted, the e you took in 3000000 ukrainian refugees in a lightning fast coordinated effort. this contrasted with me to tear you refugee deal has not sat well with earned. the one are joining us for more on turkey as a sanctuary. country for refugees is dr. ill turret, turan president of the international political science association and ameritas professor of political science in the department of international relations at eastern will build a university. he is also the author of books and articles in english and turkish on comparative politics, turkish politics, turkish foreign policy, a whole host of things. professor, thank you so much for joining us now. dr. turan since you see 1st hand refugees

coming into your country, turkey or it is indeed a host to so many refugees primarily syrians, but a lot of others as well. how long can your country sustain supporting this amount of people? i mean, will the syrians ever be able to return home, or is it, do you think it's more likely that they'll end up staying so long in turkey, that they no longer want to return to their home? or this is an interesting question about which there is a lot of debate in turkey these days. we have a number of immigrants, some of them coming in from afghanistan or pakistan. there are other movements from africa into turkey in the hope of then reaching europe. and then there is a very large contingent of syrian refugees. now, we may classify these refugees into different groups. i think as i tried to indicate some of them,

i in fact inter key with the hope of crossing into europe and they try a number of questionable means to get across the turkish border. some of them take boats to the cost of the greek islands. some have even taken larger boats in the hope of reaching italy than some are trying to cross into greece through the land border crossing a river that constitutes the bar. so we have a group that is temporarily in turkey, its own. the goal is to be able to get across, but then particularly a large number of syrian refugees have in fact settled in turkey and low. technically speaking, their intention is to go back home as their stay gets longer. and there is a question as to whether they shall be able to return and whether they will want to

return because you know, their children are going to use some of the children. they acquire grades or proficiency in turkey spend. they have in arabic, etc. but the initial welcome to the syrian refugees that began to launch off. and now increasingly this is becoming a campaign issue in politics, where the opposition is promising to send the syrians back peacefully. the current government initially not responding to these pressures, is now trying to respond as well with its own programs, where they are trying to build cities or villages in syria. it's in the hope or sending some of these people back to syria. but you know, if i'm going to make a realistic res, i think we'll have several things at the same time. if the re,

some sort of immodest mandy with the syrian regime, some serious will go back. sound will be sent to other countries, but a good many will prefer to stay in turkey. and so this is going to constitute a problem no matter how you look at it. but certain the, the amount of investment turkey has had to put into taking care of the immigrants is getting more and more. it's a large sum. and there are complaints that these sons should be spent on turkey citizens rather than immigrants. and also, there are incidents where large communities of immigrants live together and her problem ethical relationships with the neighborhood. it's a problem, there's going to stay with us for a long time. do you think a warmer ties between russia and turkey following the fall out from the fighting in

crane? could see a stabilization of the situation in syria, perhaps thawing, you know, between the assad government and early one government, i mean, could we see the refugees return? perhaps in this particular circumstance works, i think the war in ukraine b and russia within the korean and russia is something different than the russian presidents in syria. the russian government has been deeply committed to keeping michelle as a side in power. and they are in a contentious relationship, but 30 in terms of what turkey should do to ensure its own security, particularly along the board. but if turkey were to change its policy towards syria, and if syria were also,

it's just it's policies or turkey immodest ravendie as possible. but this moment, this re randy would include maybe repatriation of some syrians in syria. but as i tried to indicate in my earlier response, there are a number of syrians. it will not want to go back for 2 reasons. some of them may be political, they may see that because of what they had done earlier, they will be held responsible by the bosses regime. but then there are others for whom, you know, making yet another economic adjustment in their life. so they have come to turkey as positive businesses, or they simply seem too painful. and this is further complicated by the fact that the turkish government has granted citizenship to a number of citizens. so syrian problem is independent of taking russian relations and turkish ukrainian relations. now, inevitably,

with russia hands full in ukraine, they may have fewer resources to the road to syria, but they are providing air control for sir. yes, and the advising the city enforces and turkish forces in terms of sort of acquiring territory for ensuring the security of turkey. acquiring territory would lead turkey into a conflict with russia, which neither turkey no rush i want, so this will all have to be conducted through negotiations. now turkey is an enigma. in many ways. turkey is both a member of nato, but it seems to still charge its own path in foreign policy when it comes to russia, especially as well as about the greater middle east as we move into the future. and

what many believe will be a multi polar world order? could we see turkey are continue going its own way even to the point of, i don't know, maybe even leaving nato some day down the road. i think when we look at the world, let the seas that the my polar world has come to an end and nothing has replaced it. but the russian intervention in grain essentially provided the background for a return of the united states to europe and the z u. a nation often a to with the addition of in fact, also new members, surprisingly sweden and finland, which are likely to become members sometime soon. so now turkey is located in geography where it has of balance,

various foreign policy interests and various threats or security considerations. therefore, i do not anticipate that turkey you will were to get out of nate. but, but we have seen in general, is a tendency among natal members to pursue more in dependent policies in comparison to earlier times when the cold war was progressing in full steam. because from the cold war was progressing in full steam. the concern was that there would be a major russian on slot, which the europeans would not be able to meet their own resources. so american commitments particularly bit it's nuclear weapons to europe in this as was mandatory. now the price for that was to accept american leadership and essentially conform to american expectations of foreign

policy. nation of foreign policy. the situation is somewhat modified now, and i think many nato members in addition to having the nato commitments to pursue independence policies in other parts of the world. therefore, i think it would not be sir, rising for turkey and other nato members to act more autonomy as the rise of domains. but at the same time keep their commitment to nato with the original purpose of resisting russian encroachments into europe. doctor hilter turan thank you so much for taking time out of your day to be with us today . all right, that is gonna do it for this weeks. episode of modus operandi the showed that dig deep into foreign policy. i'm your host manila channel. thank you for tuning and

we'll see you again next week to figure out the ammo ah, with ah ah, in the least counter russian state total narrative. i've stayed on the most landscape with within 55 with. okay, so 9 is 2000 speedy. one else with rural van in the european union. the kremlin, yup, machine. the state aunt, rush up to date and square r t sport neck. even our video agency, roughly all band on youtube

with ah, by the middle of the 19th century, practically the whole of india had been under the rule of the british empire. the colonial authorities had imposed that heavy death bringing the people into poverty

and were exporting natural resources. and moreover, these authorities absolutely had no consideration for the traditions of the local population, treating them like 2nd class citizens. the british were showing signs of disrespect even to those who cooperated with them. the fact of ignoring the religious beliefs of the hindus led to the mutiny of the sea boys, mercenary soldiers serving under the british crown. 3000000000 began on the 10th of may 1857 in the garrison town of may road north of india. in the form of a mutiny. the rebels quickly took over daily. the heroic resistance of the indian people lasted for one and a half years. however, the forces were not equal. the colonial authorities dealt with the rebels cruelly. the enslaved c boys were tied to the mouth of the cannon and were shot right through their bodies for the amusement of the puzzle of these type of execution was called the devil's with the obliteration of the mutiny resulted in the death of

800000 inhabitants. of india, however, the british empire never broke the free spirit of the indians and their will for resistance. mm. by yeah, and that, that i said, i see no k a bruce, a sham must close up of them or change. maybe not how long the minute look at my team, i'm just a purchase mask, least delegate of mine. i just fancy a family of the girls of sally or to it was young at the sunny nancy pneumonia finesse, which will go limp, but shall keep solidarity with ukraine will remain unshakable from day one on europe's as stood at ukraine's side with weapons with funds and with a toughest sanction the world has ever seen as the blue.