the more like the u. s. 2020 elections and not so who will lead one of africa top economies for the coming years? we'll discuss all that a more coming up. all right. let's get into the ammo. me the recent passing of queen elizabeth the 2nd has revive the decades old conversation about precious gems being returned to africa after what some described as having been stolen from the continent during the colonization period from the 1800s to around the start of world war one the star of africa diamond, which currently rest the top, the sceptre of the british royal family is a $500.00 carrot, clear cut, diamond mind in south africa. 19 o. 5. it's slightly smaller sister diamond clapped from the original 3100. carrots fits in. the royal crown, but today the minerals being mined and africa are owned by what seems like just about everyone on the planet there in your cell phone, lithium and cobalt to vital minerals needed for every electronic gadget in the

world. from your phone to laptop your tablet, chances are pretty good. that you have a little piece of africa in your possession and don't even realize it. to discuss this will turn to koala who seni? she is a ph. d, student and environmental science and engineering with a focus on the impact of resource extraction for low carbon technologies at the shanghai jour tongue university. cola, b, d, r. see the democratic republic of congo, supply some 70 percent give or take the world's cobalt. now, cobalt is an essential or used in lithium batteries. china seems to be the number one contract and buying up this resource. does this effectively also give china more influence in the country from a geopolitical perspective? so, as you fab actually,

it's correct. on the r c provides more than 60 percent of the global kobolds. because of course, a large shares estimate global level and college is extremely important for the global transitions towards low carbon technology. and it's used in the tim, i'm batteries. it's also used like super allies and other key industries that are needed as a global level actually not only china, but also other of flooring mining. national industries are involved in the market. and for instance, land core is the major mining industry that extracts a couple. it's andy, sauce waste. british, what you national, in addition of is there is china molybdenum, which is a states owned company and its extracts around 10 percent of the

total couples in china. how we're in, sorry, in the r c. however, what is important to not to hear that once the conflict is extracted in the are see 90 percent, the fit is been processed in china, so the largest recession and but the to see ations of the earth you happens in china and b o is not on the, affecting the r c, but is affecting the global light chain for couples. how long? how many more years in the future can countries like d, r c, depend on cobalt as their main export? i mean, will, these economies in africa have to switch perhaps, to another mineral resource to sustain their economies? so the importance of the college in mckorick

republic of congo will be significant also in the following years. and it's his actually projected the demands of the public is projected to increase the years and to reach a peak around 2050. what can the other countries do is actually to us hearts recycling, couples and recycling. it's like from spectrum resources and other, for example, used to me i batteries and these will actually reduce the mind and impacts in democrats. republicans on the african continent has been basically the world jewelry store for more than a century is demand for precious stones like diamond specifically, that's still

a core export for the continent. and what changes have been made in that industry over the years as it pertains to human rights and other working conditions. so it depends of course of the country and it depends on the resource, but his mind is specific. there are claims that there was abuses in the mining industry must be like in the are choosing all mining that are run by cuts, most scale and where miners worse uh, we tend to be regulated. and because of the global low carbon transition needs on increasing demand of critical minerals in which like the african continent, is abundance. the chad, the problems such as the platinum group, the jazz, such as like, there are commune, rubidium, aluminum or minerals are importance of 4 of the industries as

a global level and the african nation share a large like, like percentage in the global supply chain. there, there where negative impacts related to the mine in industries, but at the same time, positive ones. because countries in africa have a strong institutional framework, actually are getting benefits from it's for instance in morocco, more than 10 percent of the mining industry represents the local g d p. and this figure is around 7 percent in south africa. so we believe it's through portland to have a strong institutional framework and to integrate our regulations and policies to make the mind industry more sustainable and more inclusive so that the local

communities can be protected. and also the rise of minors. colo, we know that africa is the 2nd largest continent on earth, only behind asia. there is a tremendous amount of land with what one must imagine is full of valuable earth minerals. can you give us a sort of a broad sense of the mineral resources, wealth of africa, kind of like as a continent the africa nations are reach in resources and for, for instance, as we have mentioned earlier, more than 60 percent of cobbles is mines in the r c, and if you think about like platinum group, more than 90 percent alone is mind in south africa in addition to a large share of manganese and chromium. and there are several minerals

that we need in our daily life. but we need for providing solution to climate change because these minerals are used and implemented in our clean technologies. the issue here and how we can actually promote other resorts endorsements in the african nation and how we can lower the mining environmental damages still. but the african nations can, in the modern time, avoid the resort scores. and historically speaking, how much of africa's resource wealth has actually gone to native africans versus say, international powers? so historically speaking, as we might all be familiar with in the all centuries, the african nation were attracted with

a mineral or wealth and also the natural and human capital. and those so many imperialistic countries have actually exploited african resources. nowadays, the african nations are more aware about the importance of protecting the ecosystem and giving benefit to their local communities. for instance, the african union into 2009 lounge. the african might envision the objective is to provide a series of guidelines and strategies to make their industry more sustainable. however, one key issue here is that actually most of the african nations of they explore the minerals as or as

the concentrate. and they lack of the technologist, but they can implement for mineral benefits the ation. so what they can do in modern time is to like, integrates different technologists to process and to top, to pay. there is a resources like from or to final product and to have an imagined role in the global supply chain. how are african countries working today to best use their natural resources for the benefit of their native population? so one step, as we discussed earlier, is the african american invasion, which actually provides are ready to release of our regulations and how do some, how to make of the mining industry more holistic,

more inclusive to work. there are local governments and number that was taken by several countries is to regulate the system. so to provide a sort of solid minute explanation that will in a way the mining resources from flooring attraction in a way and to make the mining on more profitable for their local communities. and also certain countries like bush tjuana, for instance, they implemented a series of strategies to train local entropy nurse and also to provide like the local mining industries. we've

a number of trainings and assistance so that they can be more inclusive to the local community. are their outside major players who are assisting in this process and how or why we saw. because as we have talked about earlier for republic of congo, the major mining players are flooring industries like glenn corps and come up kind of read them like which is a chinese company. so they, these flooring money industries, they feel the responsibility of providing some services for the local communities based on their plains actually blank. or they

announce that they set a number of provisions to train local communities and to provide medical assistance to build schools for children and also 2 of 5 malaria by providing some sides to the local communities around the mining areas. also, the chinese mining states on companies claimed that they are doing assistance to local communities by promoting education, scientific corporation, and also medical assistance. however, it is very questionable whether these companies or be flooring assistance is really making

a big change for the local communities or it's rather lighting of the resources and damaging the system off the mining areas last week. how is this green energy push impacting africa? so green energy provide both opportunities and challenges for african nations opportunity. just because we could see that the resource and omens of the african nations can be beneficial to the economic growth to build infrastructures, to provide jobs for the local communities. but at the same time, the challenges comes when this ambition, me like a will governance and political ability and whether countries that are abundance

in the minerals, they don't pass institutional framework that can protect the mineral resources and their resource richness and endowment. so it is important in this regard for african nations to boost of the legal system and to boost strategy is that integrates more or list and sustainable approach of 4 of the mining industry. kola who's seni? thank you so much for sharing your insights with us today. and when we return allegations of election fraud, vote tampering and there we say it collusion. no, we're not talking about the u. s. 2020 presidential elections, but rather the 2022 kenyan elections that saw protest and rejections of the results

will be right back to discuss kenya on the ammo. ah oh oh oh oh i ah ah. busy ah

ah ah, so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy confrontation, let it be an arms race is on offense, bearing dramatic development only personally and getting to resist. i don't see how that strategy will be successful, very political time. time to sit down and talk with

ah, me, in kenya, a hotly contested and contentious election cycle for 2 men running for president rylon o' dingle, the former prime minister of kenya, and william rudo, the deputy president, or someone called the vice president of kenya. now, according to local polls, the popularity of these 2 men seemed evenly split with just a slight lead in favor of dingo. now here's the twist. even though william rudo was the vice president of the outgoing president who, who ru kenyata be incumbent president through his support behind ry lo dinner rather than his own v. p. so with dinner and rudo, nearly neck and neck, and the poles, the extra push coming from kenyata,

the son of the very 1st democratically elected president of kenya, gave supporters the impression that o dingo would take the victory. however, when results returned, showing a router when violence broke out in hotspots all over, kenya now claims a fraud irregularities bias from the election board and even the high court railer . oh, dinger took his case to the top only for the court to stay the election results in favor of rudo despite 4 out of 7 election board members disputing the numbers. and now william rudo has been sworn into office as kenya's, newest president. so joining us to discuss the election drama in kenya is abra yomi as the cow way. he is, the publisher and editor of the pan african news wire in senegal. thank you for

being with us today. the election board returned the total number of votes that accounted for over a 100 percent of the registered and this raised a lot of red flags for dingo supporters. plus, there were a number of election board officials who dissented on the certification of william rudolph victory. how do you read that whole situation? well, i'm not sure what the political composition of the ad b c, the independent boundaries and electoral commission and what that is based on their work for people who just sent it far as a result of a corporate alicia. as has taken this issue to the king supreme court, hopefully in a few days. and they will come back with a decision in regard to whether the elections will legitimate or whether the

elections will have to be done over. now we saw this several years ago where although we can, yada was initially proclaimed the victor. there was an order from the supreme court to re run the elections. the elections were, we run about the rattle dinner and said they were withdrawn from the race due to arrest irregularities in the b e. c. and also due to the violence that was taking place in the country was killed and injured. a number of people inside of kenya. so hopefully, this year there will be a decision by the supreme court, which will be respected by the majority of people in china. junior is the largest economy in east africa. it plays a very important he to did role throughout the entire region. even barring the contest in small number of ballots. that was, you know,

over the number of registered voters. the dingo versus rudo race was already a tight one. can you briefly summarize for us the platforms of these 2 men? i mean, what differentiated them? why do they have comparable numbers in popularity? well, they both come. kenyatta, for example, comes from a political dynasty and junior. his father was the 1st political leader of kinder of gender. general degas is the father while daniel, who was in opposition. the 1960 and early 1972 in africa, national incumbent present port gender in this election. but it was not enough if he may decide to get to it. perhaps there was a decision made. and after the previous election,

that over what support or election and since he was barred from money from for the 3rd term. however, william mucho did not agree with that, and he is own political allies, which i did quite well in the elections i. he was declared to one or although they have been not just the other issues. so unfortunately, the courts and hopefully the cause and the aftermath of the decision by the union supreme court, the kenyan high court has just returned a decision to uphold the victory of william root. ho. will we see more political violence in kenya, one way or the other? yeah, i think this is the correct decision. it took perhaps a week for the results to be a now officially,

i think they wanted to make sure that they had everything in order before a public announcement was made. we can only hope, as has been proven over the last the month that the country will remain peaceful and stable. otherwise, i was going to be very, very difficult for the people in tenure to deal with. the current economic slowdown is taking place in the country. is also a problem of drought in some parts of junior, as well as the neighboring somalia. and ethiopia, it's very important for you to stay stable so they can provide leadership for the current situation. and ethiopia, when you have an internal pamphlet, is causing a lot of dislocation injuries and deaths, and also in somalia with the ongoing insurgency and the need for assistance. so pena has to be a leadership leadership role. and all of these efforts in east africa,

i buy yomi as a cow way of the pan african news wire. thank you so much for joining us today. so as the u. k closes a chapter of history, what the burial of queen elizabeth kenya, and many a former colonies began to write a new chapter in theirs as the world looks to africa, to help supply the global demand for minerals. that's going to do it for this weeks episode of modus operandi the show that dig deep into foreign policy. i'm your host manila. chad. thank you for tuning and we'll see you again next week to figure out the ammo. mm ah.

a wrong one. all 3. i just don't move any world yet to shape out disdain because as a kid and engagement equals the trail, when so many find themselves worlds apart, we choose to look for common ground. ah, a question of them when you thought at home that you i mean you really above up, she was a little boy and a border with the my listen, look at you live muscles. if you look on the initial be one of club, not to get a dealer post on zillow, while museums can use to put value. and you would you do the ordering by y'all as

to which the done a similar to like want to put that on the believe just was a what i see these teeny bus is no growth. you motivation says this a gumbo sub ah yes. now i can, you know, if it's deploy box near to nothing, you know them up. kim's, in a book that probably the natural she radiates. young showcase is under nathaniel. that sounds good. it's a little boy. why is it up to a boy? ah,

ah, a quote i'm in my chair at the says, laura doesn't want that much extra mom, but i know it's a little bit whole ah, in $1834.00 france invaded algeria and straight away the french started inhabiting it to strengthen their position. the colonists, known as p a no ours took the best land from day one, the local population was put into an unequal position and was brutally exploited.

this caused mass discontent. the people of algeria began their long term fight for independence. in 1954, the banner of freedom was raised by the national liberation front. a guerrilla war against the occupants broke out. the french tried to suppress to rebellion using cruel measures. full villages were wiped out packs of georgia and executions of civil people, including pregnant women children and old people took place more than 2000000 people were put into concentration camps. however, these punitive measures didn't help the algerian patriots managed to induce france to start these negotiations. in 1962 evian accords were signed, voting algeria on the past towards independence. but this was achieved at a colossal price. algeria by rights is considered to be

a country of martyrs. according to the calculations of historians, the french colonists are responsible for the deaths of one and a half 1000000 algerians. ah, the russian service men dying a ukrainian drone, a tank on an ad base in the central russian region of surround. nikita also excels . it's un coordinator, declaring head persona non grata can be a patient painting and negative picture of the country security situation. but i will really know where we stand and where we going. we need partners and all people who come to dictate loyal to us or give us their opinions. and of course now the usaa is a direct threat to international audit, saying washington is behind regional turmoil. in many countries.