[000:00:00;00] ah, the news. hello, i'm manila chan you are tuned into modus operandi the show that explores the methods and patterns of foreign policy all around the world and the history that reverberates in our lives today. now on this episode of the ammo will explore the continent of africa, the world's mind for everything from precious gemstones and diamonds, to ever increasingly critical minerals such as cobalt and lithium needed for modern day tech gadgets. so who's cozying up to the still developing region?

then later tenure latest presidential elections were fraught with drama and debate . accusations of balance, staffing and stolen election sounding more like the u. s. 2020 elections than not. so who will lead one of africa top economies for the coming year? we'll discuss all that and more coming up. all right, let's get into the ammo. me the recent passing of queen elizabeth the 2nd has revive the decades old conversation about precious gems being returned to africa after what some described as having been stolen from the continent during the colonization period from the 1800s to around the start of world war one the star of africa diamond, which currently rest the top, the sceptre of the british royal family is a $500.00 carrot, clear cut, diamond mind in south africa. 1905. it's slightly smaller sister diamond clapped from b original. 3100. carrots fits in the royal crown,

but today the minerals being mined and africa are owned by what seems like just about everyone on the planet there in your cell phone, lithium and cobalt to vital minerals needed for every electronic gadget in the world. from your phone to laptop your tablet, chances are pretty good. that you have a little piece of africa in your possession and don't even realize it. to discuss this, we'll turn to koala who's seni? she is a ph. d, student in environmental science and engineering with a focus on the impact of resource extraction for low carbon technologies at the shanghai jour tongue university cola, the d r. c, the democratic republic of congo, supply some 70 percent give or take of the world's cobalt. now, cobalt is an essential or used in lithium batteries. china seems to be the number

one contract and buying up this resource. does this effectively also give china more influence in the country from a geopolitical perspective? so, as you fab actually, it's correct. on the r, c provides more than 60 percent of the global kobolds business. and of course, a large shares at the global level. and college is extremely important for the global transitions towards low carbon technology. and it's used in the term i'm batteries. it's also used like super allies and other key industries that are near that as a global level. actually not only china, but also other of flooring mining which national industries are involved in the market. and for instance, land core is the major mining industry that extracts

a cobble is andy sauce with british. what you nation old in addition to is there is china molybdenum, which is a state's own company, and it's extract around 10 percent of the total couples in china. how we're in is sorry, in the r c. however, what is important to not to hear that once the cobblins is extracted in the are see 90 percent of it is been processed in china. so the largest recession and, but it's the stations of the r c happens in china and these, or is not on the affecting the r c, but is affecting the globals like chain for couples. how long? how many more years into the future? can countries like d, r c, depend on cobalt as their main export? i mean,

will. these economies in africa have to switch perhaps to another mineral resource to sustain their economies? so the importance of the college ins, mccracken republic of congo will be significant also in the following years. and it's his actually projected the demand of the public is the projected to increase we the years and to reach a peak around to 2050. what can the other countries do is actually to us hearts recycling, couples and recycling. it's like from spectrum resources and other, for example, used to me i batteries and these will actually reduce the mining impacts

in democrats. republicans on the african continent has been basically the world jewelry store for more than a century is demand for precious stones like diamond specifically, that's still a core export for the continent. and what changes have been made in that industry over the years as it pertains to human rights and other working conditions. so it depends of course of the country and depends on the resource which is mind in specific. there are claims that there was abuses in the mining industry must be like in the are choosing all mining that are run by cuts because most scale and where miners worse we tend to be regulated. and because of the global low carbon transition needs on increasing demand of critical minerals in which like the african continent, is abundance. the chad,

the problems such as the platinum groups, such as such as like the canyon rubidium, aluminum, always minerals are importance of 4 of the industries at the global level and the african nation share a large like like a percentage in the global supply chain. there there where negative impact related to the mine and industries, but at the same time, positive one. because countries in africa have a strong institutional framework actually are getting benefits from it. for instance, in morocco, more than 10 percent of the mining industry represents the local g d p. and this figure is around 7 percent in south africa. so we believe it's through portland to have

a strong institutional framework and to integrate regulations and policies to make the mind industry more sustainable and more inclusive so that the local communities can be protected and also the rights of minors. colo, we know that africa is the 2nd largest continent on earth, only behind asia. there is a tremendous amount of land with what one must imagine is full of valuable earth minerals. can you give us a sort of a broad sense of the mineral resource, wealth of africa, kind of like as a continent the african nations are reach in resources and for, for instance, as we have mentioned earlier, more than 60 percent of cobbled is mind in the r c, and if you think about like platinum group,

more than 90 percent alone is mind in south africa in addition to a large share of manganese and chromium. and there are several minerals that we need in our daily lives that we need for providing a solution to climate change. because these minerals are used and implemented in our clean technologies. the issue here and how we can actually promote other resorts endorsements in the african nation and how we can lower the mining environmental damages still. but the african nations can in the modern time, avoid the resource course. and historically speaking, how much of africa's resource wealth has actually gone to native africans versus say, international powers?

so it started clear speaking as we might all be familiar with in the all centuries, the african nation were attracted with mineral or wealth and also the natural and human capital. and those so many imperialistic countries have actually exploited african resources. nowadays, the african nations are more aware about the importance of protecting the ecosystem and giving benefits to their local communities. for instance, the african union into 2009 lounge. the african might envision the objective is to provide a series of guidelines and strategists to make their

industry more sustainable. however, one key issue here is that actually most of the african nations of they explore the minerals as oars as the concentrates. and they lack of acknowledges that they can implement for mineral albany 50 ation. so what they can do in modern time and to like, integrates different, acknowledges to process and to fabricate is a resources like from or to final product and to have an imagined role in the global supply chain. how are african countries working today to best use their natural resources for the benefit of their native population?

so one that, as we discussed earlier, is the african american invasion, which actually provides are ready to release of our regulations and how do some, how to make of the mining industry more holistic, more inclusive to work. there are local governments, a number that this was taken by several countries is to regulate the system. so to provide a sort of solid minute explanation that will in a way of protect the mining resources from flooring attraction away and to make the mining on more profitable for their local communities. and also certain countries like bush tjuana, for instance,

they implemented estimates of strategies to train local entropy nurse and also to provide like the local mining industries. we've a number of trainings and the assistance so that they can be more inclusive to the local community. are their outside major players who are assisting in this process and how or why. so because as we have talked about earlier for republic of congo, the major mining players are flooring industries like glenn corps and come up kind them read them like which is a chinese company. so they, these flooring money industries,

they fill the responsibility of providing some services for the local communities based on their claims actually blank or they be announced that they are a number of provisions to train local communities and to provide medical assistance to build schools for children and also 2 of 5 malaria by providing some side to the local community around the mining areas. also, the chinese mining states on companies claimed that they are doing assistance to local managers by promoting education, scientific corporation,

and also medical assistance. however, it is a very questionable whether these companies or be foreign assistance is really making a big change for local communities or rather lighting of the resources and damaging the system off the mining areas last week. how is this green energy push impacting africa? so green energy provide both opportunities and challenges for african nations opportunities because we could see that the resource and omens of the african nations can be beneficial to the economic growth to build infrastructures, to provide jobs for the local when it is. but at the same time,

the challenges comes when these ambitions meet, like a will governance and political abilities and whether countries that are abundance in these minerals. they don't have institutional framework that can protect the mineral resources and their resource richness and endorsement. so it is important in this regard for african nations to boost of the legal system and to boost strategy is that integrates more holistic and sustainable approach of 4 of the mining industry cola. who's seni? thank you so much for sharing your insights with us today. and when we return allegations of election fraud, vote tampering, and there we say it collusion. no,

we're not talking about the u. s. 2020 presidential election, but rather the 2022 kenyan elections that saw protest and rejection of the results will be right back to discuss kenya on the m. o. ah lou. a in the least counter russian state. little never. i've unfortunately no slam skiing with house for a group in the $55.00 would be okay, so mine is $25.00 must be the one else with we

will van in the european union, the kremlin jeff machine, the state on to russia for date and c, r t spoke next. even our video agency, roughly all bands on youtube with me. so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy even foundation, let it be an arms race is on often very dramatic development. only personally, i'm going to resist. i don't see how that strategy will be successful, very critical time time to sit down and talk

more when i was showing wrong, when i just don't hold any world that you have to shape out. this thing becomes the advocate and engagement equals betrayal. when so many find themselves worlds apart, we choose to look so common ground. the news in kenya a hotly contested and contentious election cycle for 2 men running for president ry lo, dingle, the former prime minister of kenya and william rudo, the deputy president, or someone called the vice president of kenya. now, according to local polls, the popularity of these 2 men seemed evenly split with just

a slight lead in favor of dingle. now here's the twist. even though william rudo was the vice president of the outgoing president who, who ru, kenyatta, b incumbent president through his support behind why, lo dinner rather than his own v. p. so with dinner and rudo, nearly neck and neck, and the poles, the extra push coming from kenyata, the son of the very 1st democratically elected president of kenya, gave supporters the impression that o dingo would take the victory. however, when results returned, showing a router when violence broke out in hotspots all over, kenya now claims a fraud irregularities bias from the election board. and even the high court railer odor took his case to the top only for the court to stay. the election results

in favor of rudo despite 4 out of 7 election board members disputing the numbers and now william rudo has been sworn into office as kenya's, newest president. so joining us to discuss the election drama in kenya is abra yomi, as the calloway. he is the publisher and editor of the pan african news wire in senegal. thank you for being with us today. the election board returned the total number of votes that accounted for over a 100 percent of the registered voters. and this raised a lot of red flags for dingo supporters. plus there were a number of election board officials who dissented on the certification of william rudolph victory. how do you read that whole situation? well, i'm not sure what the political composition of the ad b e c,

the independent boundaries and electoral commission and what that is based on their work for people who just sent it far and result of a corporate alicia. as it has taken this issue to the king supreme court, hopefully in a few days. and they will come back with a decision in regard to whether the elections will legitimate or whether the elections will have to be done over. now we saw this several years ago where although we kenyatta was initially proclaimed the victor, there was an order from the supreme court to re run the elections. the elections where we run about the rambo dinner. said they were withdrawn from the race due to the irregularities in the b e. c. and also due to the violence that was taking place in the country was killed and injured,

a number of people inside of kenya. so hopefully, this year there will be a decision by the supreme court, which will be respected by the majority of people in kenyan junior is the largest economy in east africa. it plays a very important he teaches role throughout the entire region. even barring the contest in small number of ballots, that was, you know, over the number of registered voters. the dingo versus rudo race was already a tight one. can you briefly summarize 4 of the platforms of these 2 men? i mean, what differentiated them? why do they have comparable numbers in popularity? well, they both come. and yadda, for example, comes from a political dynasty and junior. his father was the 1st political leader of king

of danger. general digger is the father of wild junior, who was in opposition for the 196972, out of the kenyan african national incumbent. that port rancho danger in this election, but it was not enough implemented, decisive victory. perhaps there was a decision made and after the previous election that over what support of dang election since he was barred from my from for the 3rd term. however, william mucho did not agree with that. and he is own political alliance, which i did quite well in the elections i, he was declared the winner, although they have been not just the other issue. so unfortunately,

the courts and hopefully the cause and the aftermath of the decision by the union supreme court. the canyon high court has just returned a decision to uphold the victory of william root. ho. will we see more political violence in kenya, one way or the other? yeah, i think this is the correct decision. it took perhaps a week for the results to be a now officially, i think they wanted to make sure that they had everything in order before a public announcement was made. we can only hope, as has been proven over the last month that the country will remain peaceful and stable. otherwise, i was going to be very, very difficult for the people in tenure to deal with the current economic slowdown is taking place in the country. it's also a problem of drought in some parts of junior, as well as the neighboring somalia. and ethiopia,

it's very important. we came to stay stable so they can provide leadership for the current situation. and if you are where you have an internal pamphlet is causing a lot of dislocation injuries and deaths and also in somalia with the ongoing insurgency there. and the need for human assistance. so opinion has to be a leadership play a leadership role. and all of these efforts in east africa, i've only as a cow way of the pan african news wire. thank you so much for joining us today. so as the u. k. close is a chapter of history. what the burial of queen elizabeth kenya and many former colonies began to write a new chapter in theirs as the world looks to africa, to help supply the global demand for mineral. that's going to do it for this weeks episode of modus operandi. the show that dig deep into foreign policy. i'm your host manila chan. thank you for tuning in. we'll see you again next week to figure

out the ammo. the me use i a a . what is she just a good esl sheet from so toward coming up with bush bush from which manually would you go along with a sip of denial for maria pool

ecologist? yes. yeah. all of them. are you still with me one minute when you react, when you play the flute leading was you know what my next voice talk did you and you are a stick with to mr. she with genius william lou. lou do do his paperwork with them here. it's no, it's not would you, but as it will who you can, but the loose, a smart tv still to with the clear with. i notice that i can, i does now with article it, can you post cookie that flow on it from the water neutral tissue?

them yet from facia viciously by the same layers with potent is the aggressor today. i'm authorizing the additional strong today. russia is the country with the most sanctions imposed against it. a number that's constantly growing. i figure which of the problem is, of course it's becoming bill in your senior mostly mine the we're, we're, we're banding all imports of russian oil and gas news. i know they pay a lot with regard to joe by imposing the

sanctions on russia has destroyed the american economy. so there's your boomerang. a with 3 russian service men die in a ukrainian, a drone attack on an air base in the central russian region of serrato wanting the disturbing images are going up next. several ukrainian sub it says are killed by russia security service while attempting to cross into the country. the group carried western supply weapons as well as improvised explosive india is army, is set to deploy around a $120.00 quays i ballistic missiles, which are able to change the direction mid flight. also,