estimate that for each slave ship to america, there were 5 who died while captured during transportation, and cruel obliteration of rebellion. this roof list people tre practiced by the leading european countries, took away tens of millions of african lives. the organisation of united nations classified the trans atlantic slave trade as one of the greatest human rights abuses in the history of humanity. this is the biggest act of deportation of people ever seen by mankind. ah, ah, hello, i'm manila chan. you are tuned into modus operandi the show that explores the methods and patterns of foreign policy all around the world and the history that

reverberates in our lives today. now on this episode of the ammo will explore the continent of africa, the world's mind for everything from precious gemstones and diamonds, to ever increasingly critical minerals such as cobalt and lithium needed for modern day tech gadgets. so who's cozying up to the still developing region? then later, 10 years latest presidential elections were fraught with drama and debate. accusations of valid stuffing and stolen elections, sounding more like the u. s. 2020 elections than not. so who will lead one of africa top economies for the coming years? we'll discuss all that in more coming up. all right, let's get into the ammo. ah, the recent passing of queen elizabeth the 2nd has revive the decades old conversation about precious gems being returned to africa after what some describe as having been stolen from the continent during the colonization period from the

1800s to around the start of world war one the star of africa diamond, which currently rest the top, the sceptre of the british royal family is a $500.00 carrot, clear cut, diamond mind in south africa. 19 o. 5. it's slightly smaller sister diamond clapped from the original 3100. carrots sits in the royal crown, but today the minerals being mined and africa are owned by what seems like just about everyone on the planet there in your cell phone, lithium and cobalt to vital minerals needed for every electronic gadget in the world. from your phone to laptop your tablet, chances are pretty good. that you have a little piece of africa in your possession and don't even realize it. to discuss this will turn to koala who seni? she is a ph. d, student in environmental science and engineering with a focus on the impact of resource extraction for low carbon technologies at the

shanghai jour tongue university. cola, b, d, r, c, the democratic republic of congo, supply some 70 percent give or take the world's cobalt. now, cobalt is an essential or used in lithium batteries. china seems to be the number one contract and buying up this resource. does this effectively also give china more influence in the country from a geopolitical perspective? so as you fab actually it's correct, and the r c provides more than 60 percent of the global calls. because of course, a large shares at the global level. and college is extremely important for the global transitions towards low carbon technology. and it's used in the term, i'm batteries, it's also used like super allies and other key industries that are near that as

a global level, actually not on the china, but also other of flooring mining merch. national industries are involved in the market. and for instance, land core is the major mining industry that extract a cobble is andy sauce with british. what you national in addition to is there is china molybdenum, which is a states owned company and it's extract around 10 percent of the total couples in china. how it's very in the r c. however, what is important to not to hear that once the couplets is extracted in the are see 90 percent of it is been processed are in china. so the largest recession and body 2 stations of the earth you happens in

china and been, or is not on the affecting the r c, but is affecting the global light chain for couples. how long? how many more years in the future can countries like d, r c, depend on cobalt as their main export? i mean, will. these economies in africa have to switch perhaps to another mineral resource to sustain their economies? so the importance of the college in mccracken republic of congo will be significant also in the following years. and it's his actually projected the demand of the public is projected to increase the years and to reach a peak around 2050. what's can the other countries

do is actually to us hearts recycling, couples and recycling. it's like from spectrum resources. and other, for example, used to me i and batteries and these will actually reduce the mining impacts in my practice. republic of congo. the african continent has been basically the world jewelry store for more than a century is demand for precious stones like diamond specifically, that's still a core export for the continent. and what changes have been made in that industry over the years as it pertains to human rights and other working conditions. so it depends of course of the country and it depends of the resource. but you mind in specific. there are claims that there was abuse is in the mining industry, mostly like in the are choosing all mining that are run by cuts. most scale and

where miners works. uh, we have been regulated. and because of the global low carbon transition needs on increasing demand of critical minerals in which like the african continent, is abundance. the chad problems such as the platinum group, the jet, such as like the canyon rubidium, aluminum, or minerals, importance of 4 of the industries. it's a global level, and the african nation share a large like, like percentage in the global supply chain. there, there where negative impacts related to the mine in industries, but at the same time, positive one. because countries in africa, they have a strong institutional framework actually are getting benefits from it's for

instance in morocco, more than 10 percent of the mining industry represents the local g d p. and this figure is around 7 percent in south africa. so we believe it through portland to have a strong institutional framework and to integrate our regulations and policies to make the mind industry more sustainable and more inclusive so that the local communities can be protected. and also the rights of minors. colo, we know that africa is the 2nd largest continent on earth, only behind asia. there is a tremendous amount of land with what one must imagine is full of valuable earth minerals. can you give us a sort of a broad sense of the mineral resource wealth of africa, like as

a continent the africa nations are reach in resources and for, for instance, as we have mentioned earlier, more than 60 percent of cobbles is mines in the r c and if you think about like platinum group, more than 90 percent alone is mind in south africa in addition to a large share of manganese and chromium. and there are several minerals that we need in our daily lives that we need for providing a solution to climate change. because these minerals are used and implemented in our clean technologies. the issue here is how we can actually promote other resorts endowments in the african nation. and how we can lower the

mining environmental damages still, but the african nations can in the modern time, avoid the resource course. and historically speaking, how much of africa's resource wealth has actually gone to native africans versus fate international powers? so historically speaking, as we might all be familiar with in the all centuries, the african nation where attractive we've mineral or wealth and also the natural and human capital. and those so many imperialistic countries have actually exploited african resources. nowadays, the african nations are more aware about the importance of protecting the ecosystem and giving benefit to their local communities. for

instance, the african union in 2009 lounge. the african might envision the objective is to provide a series of guidelines and strategists to make their industry more sustainable. however, one key issue here is that actually most of the african nations of they explore the minerals as oars as the concentrates and they lack of votes. acknowledges that they can implement for mineral albany 50 ation. so what they can do in modern time as to like, integrates different technologists to process and to fabricate is

a resources like from or to final product and to have an imagined role in the global supply chain. how are african countries working today to best use their natural resources for the benefit of their native population? so one step, as we discussed earlier, is the african mine envision which actually provides already to be some of our regulations and how and start to do some how to make the mining industry more holistic, more inclusive to work. there are local governments and number that this was taken by several countries is to regulate the system. so to provide a work of solid minute explanation that will in

a way act the mining resources from flooring attraction in a way and to make the, the mining on more profitable for their local communities. and also certain countries like bush tjuana, for instance, they implemented a series of strategies to train local entropy nurse and also to provide like the local mining industry. we've a number of trainings and the assistance so that they can be more inclusive to the local community. are their outside major players who are assisting in this process and how or why? so because as we have talked about earlier for

republic of congo, the major mining players are flooring industries like glenn corps and come up kind them lead them like which is a chinese company. so they, these flooring money industries, they feel the responsibility of providing some services for the local communities based on their claims actually blank. or they announce that they, that's a number of provisions to train local communities and to provide medical assistance to build schools for children and also 2 of 5 malaria by providing some side to the local communities around the mining areas.

also, the chinese mining states on companies claimed that they are doing assistance to local managers by promoting education, scientific corporation, and also medical assistance. however, it is very questionable whether these companies or be flooring assistance is really making a big change for local communities or it's rather lighting of the resources and damaging the system off the mining areas. lastly, a, how is this green energy push impacting africa? so green energy provide both opportunities and challenges

for african nations opportunities because we could see that the resource and omens of the african nations can be beneficial to economic growth to build infrastructures, to provide jobs for the local communities. but at the same time, the challenges comes when these ambitions meet, like a will governance and political ability and whether countries that are abundance in the minerals, they don't have institutional framework that can protect the mineral resources and their resource richness and endowment. so it is important in this regard for african nations to boost of the legal system and to boost strategy is that integrates more holistic and

sustainable approach of 4 of the mining industry. kola who's seni. thank you so much for sharing your insights with us today. and when we return allegations of election fraud, vote tampering and there we say it collusion. no, we're not talking about the u. s. 2020 presidential elections, but rather the 2022 kenyan elections that saw protest and rejections of the results will be right back to discuss kenya on the m. o. ah ah ah, need to come to russian state total narrative. i've stayed on the most landscape

with 55 with this big. okay, so mine is 2000 speedy. when else with we will van in the european union, the kremlin media machine, the state on russia for date and square r t spoke. they're given our video agency, roughly all band to on youtube with a question. did you think it was with me? so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy even foundation, let it be an arms race is on,

often very dramatic. development only personally and getting to resist. i don't see how that strategy will be successful, very difficult time time to sit down and talk. the news in kenya, a hotly contested and contentious election cycle for 2 men running for president ry load dinner. the former prime minister of kenya and william rudo, the deputy president, or someone called the vice president of kenya. now, according to local polls, the popularity of these 2 men seemed evenly split with just a slight lead in favor of dingle. now here's the twist. even though william rudo was the vice president of the outgoing president who,

who ru kenyata be incumbent president through his support behind ry lo dinner rather than his own v. p. so with dinner and rudo, nearly neck and neck, and the poles, the extra push coming from kenyata, the son of the very 1st democratically elected president of kenya, gave supporters the impression that o dana would take the victory. however, when results returned, showing a router when violence broke out in hotspots all over kenya, now claims of fraud irregularities bias from the election board and even the high court railer o dinner took his case to the top only for the court to stay the election results in favor of rudo, despite 4 out of 7 election board members disputing the numbers. and now william rudo has been sworn into office as kenya's,

newest president. so joining us to discuss the election drama in kenya is abra yomi, as calloway. he is the publisher and editor of the pan african news wire in senegal . thank you for being with us today. the election board returned the total number of votes that accounted for over a 100 percent of the registered voters. and this raised a lot of red flags for dingo supporters. plus there were a number of election board officials who dissented on the certification of william rudolph victory. how do you read that whole situation? well, i'm not sure what the political composition of the ad b. c. the independent boundaries and electoral commission and what that is based on there were 4 people who the senate from us and a result of

a corporate alicia. as has taken this issue to the king, the supreme court hopefully in a few days time, they will come back with a decision in regard to whether the elections will legitimate or whether the elections will have to be done over. now we saw this several years ago where although we're kenyatta was initially proclaimed the victor, there was an order from the supreme court to re run the elections. the elections were, we run about the rattle dagger said they will withdrawn from the race due to erect irregularities in the b, e. c. and also due to the violence that was taking place in the country was killed and injured, a number of people inside opinions. so hopefully, this year there will be a bad supreme court which will be respected by the majority of the people in china

. junior is the largest economy in east africa. it plays a very important heated role throughout the entire region. even barring the contest in small number of ballots, that was over the number of registered voters. the dingo versus rudo race was already a tight one. can you briefly summarize for us the platforms of these 2 men? i mean, what differentiated them? why do they have comparable numbers in popularity? well, they both come to yada, for example, comes from a political dynasty and junior. his father was the 1st political leader of king of danger on degas is the father of, while daniel, who was in opposition, the 1960 s, and early 1972 in matters canyon africa,

national name, incumbent a port while old danger industry lacks. but it was not enough if he may decide to get to it. perhaps there was a decision made. and after the previous election, that over what support or election since he was barred from my from for the 3rd term. however, william mucho did not agree with that, and he is own political life, which i did quite well in the elections i. he was declared the winner, although they have been not just the other issue. so unfortunately, the courts and hopefully the cause and the aftermath of the decision by the junior supreme court, the kenyan high court has just returned

a decision to uphold the victory of william root. ho. will we see more political violence in kenya, one way or the other? yeah, i think this is the correct decision. it took perhaps a week for the results to be a now officially, i think they wanted to make sure that they had everything in order before a public announcement was made. we can only hope, as has been proven over the last month that the country will remain peaceful and stable. otherwise, i was going to be very, very difficult for the people in tenure to deal with. the current economic slowdown is taking place in the country. is also a problem of drought in some parts of junior, as well as the neighboring somalia. and ethiopia, it's very important again to stay stable so they can provide leadership for the current situation. and if we have an internal pamphlet that's causing a lot of dislocation injuries and deaths and also in somalia with the ongoing

insurgency there and the need for human assistance. so you have to be a leadership play a leadership role. and all of these efforts in east africa, i've only as a cow way of the pan african news wire. thank you so much for joining us today. so as the u. k. close is a chapter of history. what the burial of queen elizabeth kenya and many former colonies began to write a new chapter in theirs as the world looks to africa, to help supply the global demand for mineral. that's going to do it for this weeks episode of modus operandi. the show that dig deep into foreign policy. i'm your host manila chan. thank you for tuning in. we'll see you again next week to figure out the ammo the me

i oh, oh me. ah ah ah ah, ah. busy ah

ah ah you fucker with what is she just and what else? wolf do toward come to with bush bush, which for me to walk the bush along with a strip of miles or more, you need to put it going

on. you call you spin the attorney on my left, plenty reopening pulls the flute video. i don't know what my choice talk did if you are so visual she just was calling you about the video, awarded the hoops with just a quick missed issue with jenny william lou lou, do go to discuss billboard at the tone, please. yeah, it's no, it's not you. but as it hopefully you can lose this money still to with i'm with that flow all night from the warm dissertation to me. yet from fair share,

especially with with the white house pressured switches to suppress all take down accurate information about cobra. 19 that didn't go along with the government's guidance or that's according to the latest leaked revelations. 3 russian service men die and a ukrainian drone attack on an air base in the central russian region of sorts of wanting disturbing images. i had several ukrainian sub it says are killed by russia security service while attempting to across the country. the group carried western supplied weapons as well as in fight explosives plus cindy is our.