the de russia was the country with the most sanctions imposed against it. a number that's constantly growing. a new city, mostly mine, or wish you were banding all in ports of russian oil and gas, or g i g with the letter from, you know, we're going to go to joe by imposing these sanctions on russia has destroyed the american economy. so there's your boomerang the news. hello, i'm manila chan. you are tuned into modus operandi the show that explores the methods and patterns of foreign policy all around the world and the history that reverberates in our lives today. now on this episode of the ammo will explore the

continent of africa, the world's mind for everything from precious gemstones and diamond to ever increasingly critical minerals such as cobalt and lithium needed for modern day tech gadgets. so who's cozying up to the still developing region? then later, 10 years later presidential elections were fraught with drama and debate. accusations of balance, staffing and stolen election sounding more like the u. s. 2020 elections than not. so who will lead one of africa top economies for the coming years? we'll discuss all that and more coming up. all right, let's get into the m. o. me, the recent passing of queen elizabeth. the 2nd has revive the decades old conversation about precious gems being returned to africa after what some described as having been stolen from the continent during the colonization period from the

1800s to around the start of world war one. the star of africa diamond, which currently rest the top, the sceptre of the british royal family is a $500.00 carrot, clear cut, diamond mind in south africa. 19 o. 5. it's slightly smaller sister diamond cleft from be original. 3100. carrots fits in. the royal crown, but today the minerals being mined and africa are owned by what seems like just about everyone on the planet there in your cell phone, lithium and cobalt to vital minerals needed for every electronic gadget in the world. from your phone to laptop your tablet, chances are pretty good. that you have a little piece of africa in your possession and don't even realize it. to discuss this will turn to koala who seni? she is a ph. d, student in environmental science and engineering with a focus on the impact of resource extraction for low carbon technologies at the

shanghai jour tongue university. cola, b, d, r. see the democratic republic of congo, supply some 70 percent give or take the world's cobalt. now, cobalt is an essential or used in lithium batteries. china seems to be the number one contract and buying up this resource. does this effectively also give china more influence in the country from a geopolitical perspective? so as you had actually, it's correct. on the r c provides more than 60 percent of the global kobolds. this is, of course, a large shares estimate global level and college is extremely important for the global transitions towards low carbon technology. and it's used in the tim, i'm batteries. it's also used like super allies and other key industries that are needed at a global level. actually not only china,

but also other of flooring mining merchant. national industries are involved in the market. and for instance, land core is the major mining industry that extracts a couple. it's andy sauce with british. what you national in addition of is there is china molybdenum, which is a state's own company and it's extract around 10 percent of the total couples in china. how we're in is sorry, in the r c. however, what is important to not to hear that once the conflict is extracted in the are see 90 percent of fits is been processed in china. so the largest recession and, but the stations of the r c happens in china,

and b, o is not on the, affecting the r c, but is affecting the global light chain for couples. how long? how many more years in the future can countries like d, r c, depend on cobalt as their main export? i mean, will. these economies in africa have to switch perhaps to another mineral resource to sustain their economies? so the importance of the college is mccracken republic of congo will be significant also in the following years. and it's his actually projected the demand of the public is projected to increase the years and to reach a peak around 2015. what can the other countries do is actually to us, hearts are recycling,

couples and recycling. it's like from spectrum resources and other, for example, used to me i and batteries and these will actually reduce the mining impacts in democracy. republicans on the african continent has been basically the world's jewelry store for more than a century is demand for precious stones like diamonds, specifically, that's still a core export for the continent. and what changes have been made in that industry over the years as it pertains to human rights and other working conditions. so it depends of course of the country and depends of the resort which is mind in specific. there are claims that there was abuse is in the mining industry, mostly like in the are twos in all mining that are run by cuts because most scale

and where miners worse we have been regulated. and because of the global low carbon transition needs on increasing demand of critical minerals in which like the african continent is abundance. the chads become such as the flashing on groups a jazz, such as like, there are commune, rubidium, aluminum august. minerals are important for the industries as a global level and the african nation share a large like like percentage in the global supply chain. there, there where negative impact related to the mine and industries, but at the same time, positive one. because countries in africa have a strong institutional framework, actually are a guest and benefits from it's,

for instance in morocco, more than 10 percent of the mining industry represents the local g d p. and this figure is around 7 percent in south africa. so we believe it's through portland to have a strong institutional framework and to integrate our regulations and policies to make the mind industry more sustainable and more inclusive so that the local communities can be protected. and also the rights of minors. colo, we know that africa is the 2nd largest continent on earth, only behind asia. there is a tremendous amount of land with what one must imagine is for a valuable earth, minerals. can you give us sort of a broad sense of the mineral resource, wealth of africa, kind of like as

a continent the african nations are reach in resources and for, for instance, as we have mentioned earlier, more than 60 percent of cobbles is mind in the r c, and if you think about like platinum, root, more than 90 percent alone is mind in south africa in addition to a large share of manganese and chromium. and there are several minerals that we need in our daily life. but we need 4 providers solution to climate change because these minerals are used and implemented in our clean technologies. the issue here and how we can actually promote other resorts endorsements in the african nation and how we can lower the mining environmental damage is still better

. the african nations can, in the modern time, avoid the resource course. and historically speaking, how much of africa's resource wealth has actually gone to native africans versus say, international powers? so it started clear speaking as we might all be familiar with in the all centuries, the african nation were attracted with mineral or wealth and also with the natural and human capital. and those so many imperialistic countries have actually exploited african resources. nowadays, the african nations are more aware about the importance of protecting the ecosystem and giving benefits to their local communities. for

instance, the african union into 1009 lounge. the african might envision the objective is to provide a series of guidelines and strategist to make their industry more sustainable. however, one key issue here is that actually most of the african nations of they explore the minerals as or as the concentrate. and they lack of acknowledges that they can implement for mineral albany 50 ation. so what they can do in modern time as to like, integrates, are different, technologists to process and to fabricate. there is a resources like from or to final product and to have an imagined role in the

global supply chain. how are african countries working today to best use their natural resources for the benefit of their native population? so one that, as we discussed earlier, is the african american invasion, which actually provides are ready to release of our regulations and how do some, how to make of the mining industry more holistic, more inclusive to work. there are local governments, a number that this was taken by several countries is to regulate the system. so to provide a sort of solid minute explanation that will in a way of protect the mining resources from flooring

attraction in a way and to make the, the mining on more profitable for their local communities. and also certain countries like bush twana, for instance, they implemented a series of strategies to train local entropy nurse and also to provide like the local mining industries. we've a number of trainings and the assistance so that they can be more inclusive to the local community. are their outside major players who are assisting in this process and how or why. so because as we have talked about earlier for

republic of congo, the major mining players are flooring industries like glenn corps and come up kind them read them like which is a chinese company. so they, these, the flooring money industries, they fill the responsibility of providing some services for the local communities based on their claims actually blank. or they be announced that they set a number of provisions to train local communities and to provide medical assistance to build schools for children and also 2 of 5 malaria by providing some side to look at the moon to surround the mining areas. also,

the chinese mining states on companies claimed that they are doing assistance to local managers by promoting education, scientific corporation, and also medical assistance. however, it is a very questionable whether these companies or be foreign assistance is really making a big change for local communities, or it's rather lighting of the resources and damaging the system off the mining areas. lastly, a, how is this green energy push impacting africa? so green energy provide both opportunities and challenges for african nations opportunities because we could see that the

resources, omens of the african nations can be beneficial to the economic growth to build infrastructures, to provide jobs for the local unit test. but at the same time, the challenges comes when these ambitions, meek, like a will governance and political ability and whether countries best are abundance in these minerals. they don't have institutional framework that can protect the mineral resources and their resource richness and endowment. so it is important in this regard for african nations to boost of the legal system and to boost strategy is that integrate more holistic and sustainable approach of 4 of the mining industry cola.

who's seni? thank you so much for sharing your insights with us today. and when we return allegations of election fraud, vote tampering and there we say it collusion. no, we're not talking about the u. s. 2020 presidential election, but rather the 2022 kenyan elections that saw protest and rejections of the results will be right back to discuss kenya on the mo ah ah, ah,

what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy, even foundation, let it be an arms race is on often very dramatic development. only really i'm getting to resist. i don't see how that strategy will be successful, very difficult. time. time to sit down and talk with you. i'm afraid that the days will continue cakes and then we may expect the escalation bill because i don't see any sincere demand for peace in europe. there is no peace with them. obviously,

there will be more sanctions introduced to aggravate situation, and they can decide to keep this war in the interest of the usaa administrators in a business with us with it with key at the washington keep the process from the dealer. molly complete, janessa was put in mind, you need to give us the phone up in the new building and wanted to see if we were to do just my mom. you also puts in for school that city and the privilege of over a year with

a huge a huge me in kenya, a hotly contested and contentious election cycle for 2 men running for president ry low dinner. the former prime minister of kenya and william rudo. the deputy president or someone called the vice president of kenya. now, according to local polls, the popularity of these 2 men seemed evenly split with just a slight lead in favor of dingo. now here's the twist. even though william rudo was the vice president of the outgoing president who, who ruled kenyata, be incumbent president through his support behind, right low dinner rather than his own v. p. so with o, dinner and rudo,

nearly neck and neck, and the poles. the extra push coming from kenyatta, son of the very 1st democratically elected president of kenya, gave supporters the impression that o dingo would take the victory. however, when results returned, showing a router when violence broke out in hotspots all over, kenya now claims a fraud irregularities bias from the election board and even the high court rayleigh o' dinner took his case to the top only for the court to stay the elect results in favor of rudo, despite 4 out of 7 election board members disputing the numbers. and now william rudo has been sworn into office as kenya's, newest president. so joining us to discuss the election drama in kenya is i bet you only as

a cow way. he is the publisher and editor of the pan african news wire in senegal. thank you for being with us today. the election board returned the total number of votes that accounted for over a 100 percent of the registered voters. and this raised a lot of red flags for dinner supporters. plus there were a number of election board officials who dissented on the certification of william rudolph victory. how do you read that whole situation? well, i'm not sure what the political composition of the i, b c, the independent boundaries and electro commission and kinda what that is based on their work for people who the senate fall and as a result of the corporate alicia. as i have taken this issue to the king supreme court hopefully few days time and they will come back

with a decision in regard to whether the elections will legitimate or whether the elections will have to be done over. now we saw there's several years ago where although we kinyata was initially proclaimed the victor, there was an order from the supreme court to re run the elections. the elections were, we run by the rattle dinner and said they were withdrawn from the race due to erect irregularities in the b, e. c. and also due to the violence that was taking place in the country was killed and injured. a number of people inside of kenya. so hopefully, this year there will be a decision by the supreme court, which will be respected by the majority of people in tenure. ginia is the largest economy in east africa. it plays a very important,

he teaches role throughout the entire region. even barring the contest in small number of ballots. that was, you know, over the number of registered voters. the again, versus rudo. race was already a tight one. can you briefly summarize for us the platforms of these 2 men? i mean, what differentiated them? why do they have comparable numbers in popularity while they both come? kenyata, for example, comes from a political dynasty and junior. his father was the 1st political leader of king or of daniel on degas is the father. while daniel, who was in opposition, the 196972 out of canyon african national 1000000 and convert that port while danger

in this election. but it was not enough. if the may decisive victory perhaps there was a decision made. and after the previous election that over what support or election and since he was barred from my from for the 3rd term. however, william mucho did not agree with that. and he is own political allies, which i did quite well in the elections i. he was declared to one or although they have been not just the other issues. so unfortunately, the courts and hopefully the cause and the aftermath of the decision by the genius supreme court, the kenyan high court has just returned a decision to uphold the victory of william root. ho. will we see more political violence in kenya, one way or the other?

yeah, i think this is the correct decision. it took perhaps a week for the results to be a now officially, i think they wanted to make sure that they had everything in order before a public announcement was made. we can only hope, as has been proven over the last month that the country will remain peaceful and stable. otherwise, i was going to be very, very difficult for the in tenure to deal with the current economic slowdown is taking place in the country. is also a problem of drought in some parts of junior, as well as a neighboring somalia in ethiopia. it's very important again to stay stable. so they didn't provide leadership for the current situation. and ethiopia, when you have an internal conflict, is causing a lot of dislocation injuries and deaths, and also in somalia with the ongoing insurgency there. and the need for assistance

. so can you has to be a leadership play a leadership role, and all of these efforts, any staff i buy yomi as a cow way of be pan african news wire. thank you so much for joining us today. so as the u. k closes a chapter of history, what the burial of queen elizabeth kenya, and many former colonies began to write a new chapter in theirs as the world looks to africa, to help supply the global demand for minerals. that's going to do it for this weeks . episode of modus operandi the show that dig deep into foreign policy. i'm your host manila chan. thank you for tuning in. we'll see you again next week to figure out the ammo. ah ah, ah ah,

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