ah ah mm there is no question that our climate is changing and how it will affect life on this plan. it is a great interest. will we be able to adapt glaciers which are formed over tens of

thousands of years can give us important information into our climate and how it has changed over time. what a scary is our glaciers are melting at an alarming rate to learn more, we can hear to mount albus, to speak to victor, couple of them. he has a gracie ologist who devoted his entire life to the topic. it is a fascinating at times dangerous and very important job. lou lacy is our natural indicators of climate change. it's becoming a sunday, they will disappear. today we're seeing the same trend in almost every mountain system as a shrinking just getting smaller. ah, do we need to worry about viruses coming into our system? definitely something to consider. who is there anything we can do as humans?

are we helpless in this process? the only way to slow down the melting of glazes is through a massive intervention of what your nuclear war scenario. all the glazes in the world would stump, melting even being able to do my job and do something useful for humanity. so i hope is my prime motivation. victor. good, have you out here. thanks for having us in your office. has it we're. it's hard to believe that these groceries will disappear some day. how much time do we actually have? no. okay. then you would go down here with the sunday they will disappear, but they'll be here for our generation in the next few generations. the glaciers here in the caucasus follow certain cycles or the one cycle last about 1800 years when it was here in the 1st century b. c. the glaciers were at that peak and then like i've got them, it began to shrink and almost disappeared. around the 5th century 80. but we also,

we refer to the period between that time and the 10th century as the r, he is break in place. he ation door mercy era research near our he has showed that the peoples of the north caucasus freely moved south because there was no ice on the mountain path, is that you could easily cross to the other side. it will cycle will repeat and we can extrapolate from the data we have to predict the next period. usually the last big, the so called minor ice age was between the 17th and 19th century seat of the letter about about 600 years to that in about 4 centuries. the won't be any place he has in the caucuses. unfortunately, a couple of just a few isolated spots will remain on the course. the ice won't disappear from the caucus is altogether done like a will be some places where glaze he has remained, but there will be very few of them. you would have thought you watching well, so you've been studying one particular glacier, john, quite for your career for decades. now. how has that changed over time?

the needs of what the scientist had been closely studying the journey, quite glazier since 1968 thought says this for over 50 years already the boys repeated somewhat typical average size and altitude. the nikolai should have that disclosure is in a valley near some, but you can see it all the way back there. that was sitting in a saddle between 2 summits in moscow, state university has been in charge of researching it element by studying this class. here we can see patterns that are relevant for all ice in this area. even even the whole caucus is region cello. the research shows that the glaciers are receding, little becoming smaller in size, volume, and height, with a thinning outta nick, available in the 1960 s, the glazier covered 3.2 square kilometers. the we're now it's 2.5, but the other but good with her. it's last about 20 to 25 percent in 50 years. that both the little orbital. what the cooper so as gracious or seed or as they change over time. the weather can change as well. have you seen any changes in the

weather or any consequences of glacial glaciers receiving here in this specific area? lydia keith used only you load the cookbook over the last 50 years that the glazing has been monitored. the general trend has been towards a gradual increase in precipitation levels and it's a good thing for the glazier. good them goodbye the accumulation of ice in the glazier depends on the total amount of precipitation. you see that my heart bleeds for glaciers here because i study them and would like them to exist for as long as possible homecare muscle. but unfortunately, this trends cannot offset the opposing tendency related to the summer period when glaciers lose mass. but that's the result of changes in solar radiation levels and their temperature. fuel places are natural indicators of climate change and changes in climate determine how glaciers behave. air temperatures arising everywhere across the globe, which is a strong and steady trend. it's becoming warmer, which is why as a result, the glacier is losing mass at an increasingly rapid rate or to midwinter. the

balance between these 2 processes accumulation and ablation must just tapping towards a loss of mass did out. so the glaciers are presently losing mass density with it and the trends of the summer season now prevailing for now at least that 0 percent over the modest is even if positive trends of the winter season or in the new z moorefield understand now is said that a glacier can be kind of like a time machine from the moment it was formed until today. can you read glaciers like a book? what kind of information can you get from them and how do you actually extract that information? the in the bulletin you got the lucy just we do turner vinegar the monitoring activities at the glass. here today include mostly direct observation. when we take direct measurements, it could be snow gauging surveys or measuring the snow melt level using a variety of tools like rods. and then we verify the obtained results by comparing them to geodetic measurements, music, to your physical survey, data,

et cetera. we'll get that would be new. however, with this only concerns present day monitoring, where we make observations, has we work with that information about the time before we came here, can only be extracted from the depths of the glacier. and you need to pull out an ice cold by drilling iglesia weight throughout it. fitness is a kind of data repository where information is stored about events in the distant past. actually, the history that can be retrieved from the glazier does not go back endlessly though still the glacial mass renews. here in the valley, glaciers of the caucuses, we were fined ice, dating back dozens of thousands of years. but the john, quite close here, for example. the full cycle of ice mass exchange completes every 110 years. in some other places, older ice can be found in some glacial cavities where it stays intact to longer. what will nothing urgent but with glaze, he has like this one story. he can only get information about climate change over the past 100 to 110 years. but if we extract an ice go hm. what exactly, what information can we get when i score this?

we can discern annual layers in the sample. they'll show us the mass balance in the glazier each year. be in and we can identify the exact year by isotopes and other techniques facility if we drill a well at a spot where complete meltdown of ice never occurs. we can count how many layers we have with the date, the layer we're interested in the way then we get the value of mass balance for that particular year in that particular spot, which is composed of 2 terrific methods, including radioisotope, dating science, to distinguish between these parameters we can see how the temperatures and precipitation levels changed throughout these 100 to 110 years old will give it a if it is looked up. we can also evaluate the changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere over a certain period of time. if we analyze the impurities will harris holes, et cetera, captured in the ice field again. then a plethora of analytic methods can be used to evaluate the environmental situation and climatic parameters at a given time in the past. that's how it all works that i want to more with with,

but of isn't it? so i have to ask a lot of people, think of science is just paperwork and numbers, but your job can be dangerous. there's long expeditions. there's cracks in the ice . there's bad weather or avalanches, let's say, what's most danger situation that you've ever encountered? have you ever been scared for your life? talk to me a little bit about that aspect. gooder soother willie mountains have always spelled danger for humors above. they're not safe. when we're working on iglesia, we have to think about the safety of the procedures we're carrying out. first of all, is a club with no scientific result is worth a lost human life. can you do it? however, we can anticipate and avert any danger? the britney, this is one of the main tasks that explorers of the mountains pursue, is toyed and to find the potential danger city and take measures to increase their safety as best they can. broadly speaking, we have to walk across crevice surfaces and ice fall areas when working on the glacier, which requires proper mountaineering gear and techniques not including safe equipment

like harness it is all to do. that's what we teach our students and what we use at all times. however, certain events can't be anticipated above a lunches, for example, isn't, what would you that's why every time we get on to a slope, we have to assess the avalanche hazard of that particular location 1st, which is subway tickets or there are slopes, which are strictly prohibited to access in anywhere, the condition, no matter how convenient they might be for completing a scientific mission. and ideally we have to keep that in mind from the start up and trying not to plan any measurements on avalanche crone slopes. is that what we can't position our equipment there because we need to be able to access it at any time. unfortunately, you can't do this everywhere in the mountains who have it in because you have to pick locations carefully that off the global word, falling rocks or another danger grandmother will go off. they become, you rock slides are a frequent occurrence in the mountain. so in 2009 vickers, glacier monitoring bass was destroyed by an avalanche. fortunately nobody was hurt,

but to sending i sent to snow is a major threat to everyday life. here. the region is one of the most avalanche prone places in the world. rising temperatures are caused for the changing face of the terrain. got camaro has been battling snow classes here for over 30 years. he's on the military avalanche control squad. he knows these mountains better than anyone. eager to thank you very much for coming out to meet us i. i have to say that when we were coming down the mountain to actually meet you, victor and i witnessed an actual avalanche. so i have to ask, i are avalanche is happening more often. what was the frequency of avalanches has to do with climate change? because when you look up the roof, but it's the type of change, it's not directly related to global warming because i still have still, i have to admit, we're seeing more avalanche activity nowadays. for example, there was a massive pine forest near the village of tesco, which we store that's further over there. we'll go to school, but now it's just bunch trees we just looked on before. 19691. there were pine

trees everywhere, wasn't equal. they've gone now. avalanches have wiped them out of the past 50 years peacefully. so have you ever personally witnessed an avalanche and if so, tell me about that aspect and that was not a controlled situation. and how did you handle that? oh, don't not blue though. it was just all yes, i have seen avalanches in one of the in fact i was caught in one or a unit number on march the 8th, 1973 in that done by region. that's in the west and caucasus whittaker. now sports guy was with the crew, filming a science documentary awards new on our way down the mountain range. capitals, a massive snows lab, came crashing down, stored on his lawyer. luckily, i was just tossed aside with some, some spontaneous avalanches like this happened from time to time futile truth. you're going to stop by merrily in places that have no avalanche control even as

a ship, or what time of year do avalanches most happen. or when do they frequent to this area? should i be worried about an avalanche right now? you to watch it or look, even for a layman on that there are certain meteorological factors from no contract to determine whether it's safe or whether it's time to pack up and head down. little schoolgirl. first of all, what we're talking about heavy snow fall. oh, the longer it last issue, the more dangerous it becomes few in this new gap are that secondary or it's what we call when transport. when strong winds carry huge amounts of snow from one place to another, yet recovery piece even to of beginner. these 2 factors are very important to take into account to go beyond that. are there a warning system in place? we shall not, in any case, you should always rely on your own observation the same. i mean, can you right now, of course, run it still very early for avalanches early. it could threaten the valley, so you're perfectly safe as the most to which social spoke with. so i know that

they send off cannon charges and there are different ways that you can control an avalanche. you're the expert, your experience is unparalleled because this area is known for avalanches. what is the best way to control the situation? so doing this through the united states, russia and canada with the 1st and probably the only countries to implement state run avalanche protection systems. by the way, europe has no such system as a sheet. you know, many years of experience. we've learned that the best approach is a combination of different measures and they looked 1st off, various avalanche defense structures at the i, the avalanche gallery video, the snow retention structures we passed. we're on our way here glue. scott, these are combined with a number of active measures as a sheet, but like i said, i'm a really important thing is to combine anti avalon structures. so with active interventions that shoot that the such as showing you and other preventative efforts,

which is good i . so as gracious get smaller, they reflect less sunlight out into the space which makes the greenhouse effect on earth increase, which makes glaciers melt. are they killing themselves in this case? look this brain iglesia, whether it's shrinking or growing, reflect more sunlight lynette, surrounding bedrock or otherwise, earth bushes. so the main point here is that the glacier creates a local climate which is cooler bullet, a closed door above the glazier. the temperature is typically lower compared to the surrounding mountain area. aggravation. one of the effects of these places in the ducal or is there anything that we can do to may be slow down the process of glaciers melting and glaciers we're seeing. is there anything we can do as humans, or are we helpless in this process? deal of social security in the shrinking of glaciers due to global warming is not

so much a product of human activity, but rather a consequence of certain external factors. women should they need the only way to slow down the melting of places is through a massive intervention. remember, more than that, if, for example, that could, we could cover an entire glazier with a layer of rocks. yes, there are other, more unconventional methods. for example, although it may sound depressing other nuclear war scenario, but almost a usually, a scientists have come up with different simulations of how glaciers would react. in the case of a hypothetical nuclear conflict, i personally hope it remains a hypothesis is look though if we are talking about $4.00 to $5000.00 market on supplying the explosions would release vast quantities of thought aerosols into the atmosphere. all of this would reduce our atmospheres transparency to such an extent that the global temperature on earth would drop to minus 20 degrees celsius or according to some predictions down to minus 50 degrees celsius were mentioned. so

that means as a result, all iglesias in the world would stop melting, yet other chances of salad, while this is an effective way to slow down the melting was the, the committee, i hope this scenario remains purely hypothetical through. so if i understand also correctly in the 10th centuries here in this region, the glaciers drastically receded. and then there was the little ice age bus called to if a piece is just one of the cycles more and there have been multiple cycles like this over the millennia, normally. but these cycles do not follow the classical sine wave pattern. so place is increase in size quite rapidly. hitcho's, right? it takes a very long time for them to shrink and disappear completely because as was the case during the r, he's breaking place. the ation from the 5th to the 10th centuries felt hope all of them disobey. so one question i have is, is this all connected in one giant ecosystem globally? i'm do the change of glaciers here. have an effect elsewhere in the globe somewhere,

let's say in tenure my don't think so. i was the same effect of being observed across the globe due to climb, matic reasons of a global nature of the cosmic nature. if you will, below a today we're saying the same trend in almost every mountain system removed to places are shrinking if they're getting smaller. but it's not a permanent process and it's not a uniform across different ecosystems. emily, it's true glaciers are shrinking fast across most of the globe. if at all right now, it's particularly evident in the rocky mountains, north america, you the, in the alps, they do not civic or the coda mountains in the sub i cowski territory and russia hope scholarship. yet at the same time, there are mountain ranges where glaciers are doing quite well. let go of the world with the many glaciers in north scandinavia are increasing their mass and even advancing the color shoots. scandinavia is in a better place in this regard than many other regions showed that until recently the late 1996 my medical the same positive trend was observed in

a number of other mountain ranges earlier. for example, around the greenland shield wood in new zealand, the m, even in the caucuses of similar block in the late 19 eighties. early 19 nineties, there was a period when placing as we're doing much better than now. through any part of the day, you'll even stopped receding yell, some were increasing in mass than you. so also my understanding is that as war, glaciers melted adds fresh water to the oceans. and that can slow down the gulf stream, which can cause temperatures to drop in europe. on how fast can we expect that to start happening? or is it already happening for compare to a certain extent, it happens all the time and the more glazier is melt. you, the more meltwater is released torture. but if this isn't as simple as that, we're going from releasing more water because of increased melting. some money that those places are also shrinking for the floors of the area is getting smaller. that that was opened the product of a great run off, multiplied by a smaller area,

doesn't result in more water. it would, after a while glaze, he'll run off, we'll start decreasing new and it's happening already held the deal of gas glazier seem to be responding to climate warming that you hand on melting more. but it doesn't mean that the volume of fresh water will continue to increase forever weather. now something that you touched on earlier in our private conversations is about the idea of fresh water for populations. is that as glaciers recede, there will be less fresh water for civilians touch me a little bit about that. no, no, this is the key thing to remember when we plan glass your monitoring history. essentially, iglesia ology, the scientific study of glaciers has 2 practical goals. first, to learn about how water resources are changing the level of the water is human kinds, main, natural resources in from out 2nd to protect us from disasters of as for fresh water resources. it's true that it's been a major concern in some countries for a while, not only but different countries have different approaches to it. and what in the

varied areas of central asia shrinking lacey as mean less run off, which could lead to catastrophic consequences in the future? it's beginning to be felt even today. they're reservoirs are getting less water than what they were originally expected to hold last year. you had guessed on face the issue of insufficient water for hydro electric power plants at that was did. they even started preparing people for the idea that there might be rolling heritage is due to low water levels in the reservoir. this problem is only going to get worse and i would, than i think we'll see more frequent instances of that as glazes melt. patricia patricia from unit though of a clinical issue where you mentioned about more frequently catastrophes. what we've seen in the movies are, we know that the she water is going to rise and that the coastal cities could be obliterated by floods are where does science fiction? i am reality meet like what do we really expect or do we not even know yet? so is this such, did he miss 64 meters? is the classic threshold by which the sea level is expected to rise. in theory it

would have been that won't happen. yet when you really do ice on earth that will least at this stage of the planetary evolution is never going to be completely lost to study. are you i'm talking about the ice mass in greenland, antarctica, et cetera. would it belongs to the ship. essentially what we're saying about the evolution of the ice cover mostly has to do with mountain ice or through zillow, but all mountain systems of the world combined only amounts to about 3 percent of the total ice reserves. hilda, most of it in antarctica with them of them for this mass of ice to milton is cook with, we'd need a planetary cataclysm through what i would call a cosmic level event, like an asteroid crashing into our planet with her staying on the idea of where fantasy meets our reality, or we know that in antarctica, they have discovered viruses deep in ice. and we know that in china recently. the same thing has happened. is that something that we need to worry about were coming off of a pandemic here? or do we need to worry about ancient virus is coming into our system nuclear

clipper. so i think this is something that needs to be looked into. unusually the idea that there may be ancient micro organisms which could be released after ice melt makes sense. but it's not a concern for the whole world to lose sleep over him and limit that although doctors ecologist and other relevant specialists should be the ones to judge well emitter, definitely something to consider louis mythical religion. now we've talked a little bit about this presently as well as your job can be dangerous, but it is really interesting. it's really cool. what keeps you motivated? what about your job is fascinating to you. the me personally, the no, at the cost the is the elite researcher has his own reasons. but then for me, mountains are the most aesthetically pleasing part of the world surface. and we both got to what's interesting about mountains is that the neighboring valley is, can have entirely different landscapes and you offer different views. but well, other, when you're on a plane, you need to go to other regions or other countries for a change of scene. both to hear things change very quickly. the youth of mountains

are so diverse watching with the media. there are so called modern looking alpine type mountains, like the caucuses or the alps themselves. look at the there are older, smoother ranges from french which can still be very high like that. yeah. and shun will more much lower these needle like mountains which look like something from a moon scape in patagonia argentina. away my favorite region. what the very beautiful mountain, central unforgettable it for me working in the mountains, is a joy robot. the able to being able to do my job and do something useful for humanity. so i hope that is my prime motivation, the global global models, countries that need to manage their water resources for the purposes of hydraulic engineering, or simply economic activity as a whole needs data from different mountain systems with what we're doing here in the caucasus, for example, above which is really important for international databases gillem, there is a certain political dimension to the study of glazes who is that, for example, right now we're working on iglesia, part of which is in

a foreign country in georgia. you're the one that we use to be able to take measurements across the entire glacier. we need to cover a 100 percent of the area to determine the mass balance because it's more difficult now because the less, there is a border and sure, i don't like to discuss politics, but it's something you have to take into account there. but because political developments are increasingly impacting on glaciers, which will take water use in central asia for the mac or a serious conflict emerging between neighboring countries like care gets down and tajikistan. so again, just give chilly and argentine or, or another example of what they had major differences on where to draw the border. i believe all of this requires glazier logical knowledge to resolve below. i'd like people to know more about iglesias who discipline, who butcher other. ah victor, thank you very much for showing me around your office. it has been a true pleasure. i'll hope to come back and spend some time with you again some time. let's see. well, thank you for

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