be got, you know, not being transformed over the yet, but actually behind their so called simulation. these actually get continued exploitation and operational africa. and it's people and it's resources without much more duration for actually the africans themselves. oh, have a mind to have our breaking news story. there's the hour from jerusalem, where at least 7 people have reported dead and 10 more injured in a shooting at a synagogue. the city comes on international holocaust collaboration day. ah. is ready, police have confirmed the incident is a tower attack. the gun man has allegedly been shot dead by offices, emergency services are operating at the scene. the incident has been condemned by us officials as quote, absolutely horrific with rational authorities calling get a cynical act for the latest updates on that breaking news

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ah, it raining officials in their western backers endlessly tell us that ukraine is experiencing extreme shortages of just about everything. however, there is no shortage of shameless propaganda generated for western public consumption. and it should be no surprise. ukraine is as corrupt as ever ah mm there is no question that our climate is changing and how it will affect life on

this planet is of great interest. will we be able to adapt glaciers which are formed over tens of thousands of years can give us important information into our climate and how it has changed over time. what a scary is our glaciers are melting at an alarming rate. to learn more, we came here to mount ellis, to speak to victor propose that he has a gracie ologist who devoted his entire life to the topic. it is a fascinating at times dangerous and very important job. lucy is our natural indicators of climate change. it's becoming a sunday, they will disappear. today we're seeing the same trend in almost every mountain system to put in place. he has a shrinking me just like getting smaller. ah, do we need to worry about viruses coming into our system?

it's definitely something to consider with is there anything we can do as humans are we helpless in this process? the only way to slow down the melting of places is through a massive intervention, a nuclear war scenario of all the glazes in the world would self melting even being able to do my job and do something useful for humanity. so i hope it is my prime motivation. victor. good, have you out here. thanks for having us in your office. has it we're. it's hard to believe that these groceries will disappear on day. how much time do we actually have? no. okay. then you would go then you would sunday they will disappear, but they'll be here for our generation in the next few generations. the glaciers here in the caucasus follow certain cycles are the one cycle last about 1800 years

when it was here in the 1st century b, c. the glaciers were at their peak, and then like of course, then it began to shrink and almost disappeared. around the 5th century 80. but really we refer to the period between that time and the 10th century as the r he is break in place. he ation door mercy era research near our he is showed that the peoples of the north caucasus freely moved south because there was no ice on the mountain path, is that you could easily cross to the other side if this cycle will repeat. and we can extrapolate from the data we have to predict the next period. usually the last big, the so called minor ice age was between the 17th and 19th century seat of the letter about about 600 years to that we're doing it in about 4 centuries. the won't be any place he has in the caucasus. unfortunately, a couple of just a few isolated spots will remain on the course. the ice won't disappear from the caucus is altogether done like a will be some places where glaze he has remained, but there will be very few of them. you would have thought you watching well, so you've been studying one particular glacier, john,

quite for your career for decades now. how has that changed over time? the news on what the scientist had been closely studying the journey quite dressier since 1968 such as this other for over 50 years. already that was repeated somewhat typical, average size and altitude. the nigger should have that disclosure is in a valley, and sometimes you can see it all the way back there. that nimble sitting in a saddle between 2 summits ago in moscow state university has been in charge of researching it element by studying this class. here we can see patterns that are relevant for all ice in this area. even even the whole caucus is region cia. the research shows that the glaciers are receding, little becoming smaller in size, volume, and height. and with a thinning outta nick, available in the 1960s, the glazier covered 3.2 square kilometers. the we're now it's 2.5 losing the other but up good. so it's lost about 20 to 25 percent in 50 years. that both the little orbital, what the cooper so as gracious or seed or as they change over time.

the weather can change as well. have you seen any changes in the weather or any consequences of glacial glaciers receiving here in the specific area? lead nicky youth used on the you load for good were over the last 50 years that the glaze he has been monitored. the general trend has been towards gradual increase in precipitation levels. and it's a good thing for the glazier. got them over the accumulation of ice in the glazier depends on the total amount of precipitation. you seen that my heart bleeds for glaciers here because i study them and would like them to exist for as long as possible unshared muscle. but unfortunately, this trend cannot offset the opposing tendency related to the summer period when glaciers lose mass. but that's the result of changes in solar radiation levels and their temperature got you. places are natural indicators of climate change and changes in climate determine how glaciers behave. air temperatures arising

everywhere across the globe, which is a strong and steady trend where it's becoming warmer, which is what it as a result. the glazier is losing mass at an increasingly rapid rate or to mid winner . the balance between these 2 processes accumulation and ablation must just tapping towards a loss of mass, did out so douglas years are presently losing mass density with the trends of the summer season. now prevailing for now at least that's the ever pushed out over the modest is even if positive trends of the winter season. but underneath the newer build, understand now it is said that a glacier can be kind of like a time machine. from the moment it was formed until today, can you read glaciers like a book? what kind of information can you get from them and how do you actually extract that information? the in the bulletin you got the lucy just middleton her. the nigger, the monitoring activities at the glazier today include mostly direct observation. when we take direct measurements, it could be snow gauging surveys or measuring the snow melt level using a variety of tools like rods. so then we verify the obtained results by comparing

them to geodetic measurements, to your physical survey, data, et cetera, we'll get, that would be we'll go over with this only concerns present today. monitoring where we make observations, has we work with that information about the time before we came here, we can only be extracted from the depths of the glacier and you need to pull out an ice score by drilling iglesia weight throughout it. thickness is a kind of data repository where information is stored about events in the distant past. culturally, the history that can be retrieved from the glazier does not go back endlessly though still the glacial mass renews. here in the valley glaciers of the caucuses, we were fined ice, dating back dozens of thousands of years. but the john, quite close here. for example, the full cycle of ice mass exchange completes every 110 years. in some other places, older ice can be found in some crazy old cavities where it stays intact to longer what one of them but with glazier is like this one story can only get information about climate change over the past 100 to 110 years, but if we extract an ice cor,

model exactly what information can we get from an i score if we can discern annual layers in the sample, or they'll show us the mass balance in the glazier each year. and we can identify the exact year by isotopes and other techniques that it's, if we drill a well at a spot where complete meltdown of ice never occurs. we can count how many layers we have, what date the layer we're interested in that way. then we get the value of mass balance for that particular year in that particular spot, which is composed of 2 terrific methods, including radioisotope, dating science. to distinguish between these parameters, we can see how the temperatures and precipitation levels changed throughout these 100 to 110 years ago. but it is looked up. we can also evaluate the changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere over a certain period of time. if we analyzed the impurities walker results et cetera, captured in the ice field again. then a plethora of analytic methods can be used to evaluate the environmental situation

and climatic parameters at a given time in the past. that's how it all works, but i want to move it with, but it isn't it. so i have to ask a lot of people, think of science is just paperwork and numbers, but your job can be dangerous. there's long expeditions. there's cracks in the ice . there's bad weather or avalanches, let's say, what's most danger situation that you've ever encountered? have you ever been scared for life talking a little bit about that aspect? gooder soother willy mountains have always spelled danger for humans above. they're not safe. when we're working on iglesia, we have to think about the safety of the procedures we're carrying out. first of all, it is a club with no scientific result is worth a loss to you in life when you do it, however, we can anticipate and avert any danger brittany, this is one of the main tasks that explorers of the mountains pursue, is toys and to find the potential dangerously and take measures to increase their safety as best they can. broadly speaking, we have to walk across crevice surfaces and ice fall areas when working on the

glacier, which requires proper mountaineering gear and techniques not including safety equipment like a harness is all did it and what we teach our students with it and what we use at all times if however, certain events can't be anticipated above a lunches, for example, isn't it? what would you, that's why every time we get on to a slope, we have to assess the avalanche hazard of that particular location. first, which is subway tickets or there are slopes, which are strictly prohibited to access in anywhere. the condition, no matter how convenient they might be for completing a scientific mission. and ideally we have to keep that in mind from the start up and try not to plan any measurements on avalanche crone slopes. is that what we can't position our equipment there because we need to be able to access it at any time. unfortunately, you can't do this everywhere in the mountains who have it in because you have to pick locations carefully that off the global word, falling rocks or another danger grandmother with garcia. it's like um you rock slides are a frequent occurrence in the mountain. so in 2009 vickers,

glacier monitoring bass was destroyed by an avalanche. fortunately nobody was hurt, but descending ice and snow is a major threat to everyday life. here, the region is one of the most avalanche prone places in the world. rising temperatures are cause of for the changing face of the terrain. the hot commodity has been battling snow classes here for over 30 years. he's on the military avalanche control squad. he knows these mountains better than anyone. eager to thank you very much for coming out to meet us. i. i have to say that when we were coming down the mountain to actually meet you, victor and i witnessed an actual avalanche. so i have to ask, i are avalanches happening more often? what was the frequency of avalanches has to do with climate change? because when you look up the roof, but it's the type of change that is not directly related to global warming because i still still, i have to admit, we're seeing more avalanche activity nowadays. for example, there was

a massive pine forest near the village of tesco, but true story that's further over there. we'll go to school, but now it's just bunch trees we just looked on before. 19691. there were pine trees everywhere, wasn't equal, but they've gone now. avalanches have wiped them out of the past, 50 years to piece up you. so have you ever personally witnessed an avalanche and if so, tell me about that aspect and that was not a controlled situation. and how did you handle that? o w though it was just all yes, i have seen avalanches wortha, in fact, i was caught in one or you knew number on march, the 8th, 1973 in that don't by region. that's in the west and caucuses, were wonderful. and of course guy was with the crew filming a science documentary award. so you're on our way down the mountain range. a massive snow slab came crashing down foreigner for his lawyer. luckily, i was just tossed aside somewhat continuous avalanches like this happened from time

to time futile shoot. you can stop by merrily in places that have no avalanche control organization. and what time of year do avalanches most happen or? or when do they frequent to this area? should i be worried about an avalanche right now? you to watch units or look even for a layman, showing that there are certain meteorological factors from no contract to determine whether it's safe or whether it's time to pack up and head down the school girl. first of all, which we're talking about, heavy snow fall of the longer it last issue, the more dangerous it becomes, even this new gap audit. secondly, what it's, what we call when transport, when strong winds carry huge amounts of snow from one place to another. if you pick up to repeat even to a beginner, these 2 factors are very important to take into account to go beyond that. there are warning systems in place which we're shown, which in any case, you should always rely on your own observations. i'm your gun right now, of course, run it still very early for avalanches for

a late could threaten the valley. so you're perfectly safe if it wants to which social spoke with. so i know that they send off cannon charges, and there are different ways that you can control an avalanche. you're the expert, your experience is unparalleled because this area is known for avalanches. what is the best way to control the situation of the juniors through the united states, russia and canada with the 1st and probably the only countries to implement state run avalanche protection systems. by the way, europe has no such system as a sheet. you know, many years of experience, we've learned that the best approach is a combination of different measures and they looked 1st off, various avalanche defense structures at the i, the avalanche gallery video, the snow retention structures we passed. we're on our way here glue. scott, these are combined with a number of active measures in is a sheet that but like i said on my lot,

the important thing is to combine anti avalon structures. so with active interventions, shoot that the such as showing you and other preventative efforts, ortiz. ah, so as gracious get smaller, they reflect less sunlight out into the space which makes the greenhouse effect on earth increase, which makes glaciers melt. are they killing themselves in this case? look this brain iglesia, whether it's shrinking or growing, reflect more sunlight lynette surrounding bedrock or otherwise wrote books. so the main point here is that the glacier creates a local climate which has cooler bullet, a close door above the glacier. the temperature is typically lower compared to the surrounding mountain area, a converge, that's one of the effects of these places in the decal. oh sure. is there anything that we can do to may be slow down the process of glaciers melting in

glaciers we're seeing, is there anything we can do as humans or are we helpless in the process? deal of so so the question you the shrinking of glaciers due to global warming is not so much a product of human activity, but rather a consequence of certain external factors. we mentioned they needed the only way to slow down the melting of lacy as is through a massive intervention. remember, when was that? if, for example, that could we could cover an entire glazier with a layer of rocks? yes, there are other, more unconventional methods. for example, although it may sound depressing other nuclear war scenario, but almost a year. so the scientists have come up with different simulations of how glaciers would react. in the case of a hypothetical nuclear conflict, i personally hope it remains a hypothesis is look though if we are talking about $4.00 to $5000.00 mega tons from the explosions would release vast quantities of sotera cells into the atmosphere. all of this would reduce our atmospheres transparency to such an extent

that the global temperature on earth would drop to minus 20 degrees celsius or according to some predictions down to minus 50 degrees celsius were mentioned. so the mules, as a result, all iglesias in the world would stop melting yet, or the chances of salad. while this is an effective way to slow down the melting was the security, i hope this scenario remains purely hypothetical through. so if i understand also correctly in the 10th centuries here in this region, the glaciers drastically receded. and then there was the little ice age bus called to if a piece is just one of the cycles more and there have been multiple cycles like this over the millennia, normally. but these cycles do not follow the classical sine wave pattern. food places increase in size quite rapidly. hitcho's, right? it takes a very long time for them to shrink and disappear completely because as was the case during the r, he's breaking place the ation from the 5th to the 10th centuries filled up, all of them disobey. so one question i have is,

is this all connected in one giant ecosystem globally? i'm do the change of glaciers here. have an effect elsewhere in the globe somewhere, let's say in kenya, my don't think so. i was the same effect of being observed across the globe due to climatic reasons of a global, the nature of the cosmic nature, if you will. the blizzards today we're seeing the same trend in almost every mountain system. remove lacy as a shrinking. you thought? i think getting smaller, but it's not a permanent process and it's not a uniform across different ecosystems. emily, it's true glaciers are shrinking fast across most of the globe. it all right now it's particularly evident in the rocky mountains of north america, either in the alps. they did not civic or the coda mountains in the sub i koski territory and russia hope scholarship. yet at the same time, there are mountain ranges where glaciers are doing quite well. let go of their built with the many glaciers in north scandinavia are increasing their mass and even advancing the color shoots. scandinavia is in a better place in this regard than many other regions. the shirts of it until

recently, the late 1990 single minute of the same positive trend was observed in a number of other mountain ranges earlier. for example, around the greenland shield. good in new zealand, the m even in the caucasus left, him you dark blue in the late 19 eighties, early 19 ninety's. there was a period when place he has. we're doing much better than now or any part of the regularly even stopped receding yell. some were increasing in mass. so also my understanding is that as war, glaciers melded ads, fresh water to the oceans. and that can slow down the gulf stream which can cause temperatures to drop in europe. and how fast can we expect that to start happening? or is it already happening? gunther, to a certain extent, it happens all the time and the more glaciers melt you, the more meltwater is released, torture. but this isn't as simple as that. we're going from releasing more water because of increased melting. you some money that those places are also shrinking

other floors or the area or is getting smaller or is that that was the and the product of a great run off nice applied by a smaller area doesn't result in more water. it would after a while place he'll run off, we'll start decreasing new and it's happening already. have the deal of gas glazier seem to be responding to climate warming that you hand on melting more. but it doesn't mean that the volume of fresh water will continue to increase forever weather. now something that you touched on earlier in our private conversations is about the idea of fresh water for populations. is that as glaciers recede, there will be less fresh water for civilians touch me a little bit about that. no, no, but the other, this is the key thing to remember when we plan glass your monitoring history. essentially, iglesia ology, the scientific study of glaciers has 2 practical goals. first, to learn about how water resources are changing, the level of the water is human kinds. main natural resource which it in for about 2nd to protect us from disasters of as for fresh water resources, it's true that it's been a major concern in some countries for

a while. not only but different countries have different approaches to it. and what in the varied areas of central asia shrinking lacey as mean less run off, which could lead to catastrophic consequences in the future? it's beginning to be felt even today. there reservoirs are getting less water than what they were originally expected to hold just a little bit last year, just on face the issue of insufficient water for hydro electric power plants above the even started preparing people for the idea that there might be rolling outages due to low water levels in the reservoir school. this problem is only going to get worse and i would, than i think we'll see more frequent instances of that as glazes melt. patricia chip a muted though quickly because you were, you mentioned about more frequent catastrophes. we've seen in the movies, we know that the she water is going to rise and that the coastal cities could be obliterated by floods are where does science fiction? i am reality meet like what can we really expect or do we not even know yet?

so is this such, did he miss 64 meters? is the classic threshold by which the sea level is expected to rise in theory, it would have a that won't happen when you play laser ice on earth that will least at this stage of the planetary evolution is never going to be completely lost to study. are you, i'm talking about the ice mass in greenland, antarctic, her, et cetera, would it belongs to the ship. essentially what we're saying about the evolution of the ice cover mostly has to do with mountain ice or through zillow, but all mountain systems of the world combined only amounts to about 3 percent of the total ice reserve. hilda, most of it in antarctica with them of them for this mass of ice to milton. we spoke with we'd need a planetary cataclysm through what i would call a cosmic level event, like an asteroid crashing into our planet or the right. staying on the idea of where fantasy meets our reality. or we know that in antarctica, they have discovered viruses deep in ice. and we know that in china recently. the same thing has happened. it. is that something that we need to worry about?

we're coming off of a pandemic here. or do we need to worry about ancient virus is coming into our system, new gov, the epa that i think this is something that needs to be looked into the new. so the idea that there may be ancient micro organisms which could be released after ice melt makes sense, but it's not a concern for the whole world to lose sleep over him. in the with that, although doctors ecologist and other relevant specialist should be the ones to judge william, it's definitely something to consider louis mythical religion. now, we've talked a little bit about this presently as well as your job can be dangerous, but it is really interesting. it's really cool. what keeps you motivated? what about your job is fascinating to you. the me personally there no, at the cost the is the elite researcher has his own reasons. but then for me, mountains are the most aesthetically pleasing part of the world surface. and we both got the, what's interesting about mountains is that the neighboring valley is, can have entirely different landscapes and you offer different views. but we're

lucky when you're on a plane, you need to go to other regions or other countries for a change of scene. dr. here are things change very quickly for you throughout the mountains are so diverse watching with the media. there are so called modern looking alpine type mountains like the caucuses or the alps themselves. look at the, there are older, smoother ranges from thence which can still be very high, like the t and shun will more much love. there are these needle like mountains which look like something from a moon scape in patagonia argentina. away my favorite region. what the very beautiful mountain, central unforgettable it for me working in the mountains, is a joy robot. the able to being able to do my job and do something useful for humanity. so i hope it is my prime motivation, the global global models, countries that need to manage their water resources for the purposes of hydraulic engineering, or simply economic activity as a whole needs data from different mountains systems with what we're doing here in the caucasus. for example, about which is really important for international databases. you, him, there is

a certain political dimension to the study of glazes who's looking for example, right now, we're working on iglesia, part of which is in a foreign country in georgia. usually we used to be able to take measurements across the entire glacier. we need to cover a 100 percent of the area to determine the mass balance because of it's more difficult now because the less, there is a border unfair. i don't like to discuss politics, but it's something you have to take into account there. but because political developments are increasingly impacting on glaciers, which will take water use in central asia for the mac or a serious conflict. emerging between neighboring countries like care gets down and tajikistan. so again, just give chilly and argentina or another example to what they had major differences on where to draw the border. i believe all of this requires glazier logical knowledge to resolve. below. i'd like people to know more about ecclesiastes, who discipline bush. you are. victor, thank you very much for showing me around your office. it has been

a true pleasure. i hope to come back and spend some time with you again sometime. leslie will thank you for ah, with who is the aggressor today? i'm authorizing the additional strong sanctions. today. russia is the country with the most sanctions imposed against it. a number that's constantly growing. a list of course, if you click on the billing you're seeing the most in mind that we're,

we're, we're banding all imports of russian oil and gas news. i know they, frankly, with joe biden, imposing these sanctions on russia has destroyed the american economy. so there's your boomerang, look forward to talking to you all. that technology should work for people. a robot must obey the orders given by human beings except where such order is a conflict with the 1st law show your identification. we should be very careful about artificial intelligence and the point obviously, is to create trust rather than fear with take on various job with artificial intelligence, real summoning with

obama protective own existence with ah, ah, breaking news, this, our 7 people are killed and nearly a dozen more injured in a shooting at jerusalem synagogue. the attack confirmed the avatar as being confirmed the terror attack. by is way, the police happened on holocaust commemoration days. the the live pictures from the same a was an enemy. multiple walker launch assistant strike on modern asi follows russian troops in their 5th battle for a stronghold of ukrainian force isn't i don't.