re secretary janet yellen is being all over africa for the past 10 days, essentially, reminding them to add here to western sanctions and not to cooperate with russia. more details along with ah ah, the

me. hello, i'm manila chan. you are tuned into modus operandi the show that dive deep in the global foreign policy and international relations to examine their methods and patterns and its history at reverberates in our lives. today. space is perceived to be neutral territory regardless of earthly tension. the final frontier is supposed to be the borderless zone where nationality doesn't exist. but with more and more countries building their own space programs, will we soon see the cosmos as the next battlefield will discuss it. all right, let's get into the ammo. the me, we look up at it every day. most notably, we pay attention to it at night space. we look up to the sky at night and marvel at the light delivered by the moon. in the old days,

it was the space race between the united states and then the u. s. sr to triumphantly plant the nations flag on it face the soviet sputnik one was the 1st spacecraft, a satellite to be exact, to be launched into space that was back on october 4th 1957. a few short years later in april of 1961 russian cosmonaut your garron became the 1st person in space . then about a month later nasa astronaut american alan shepard followed suit, setting off an unofficial space race between east and west. now on the ground, the cold war was heating up. the 1900 sixty's, were a volatile era for the west. with us being entangled and wars across se, asia and ramped up hostilities against the soviets. much of that playing out in cuba and in a divided germany at that time. and when the final year of that to mulch with

decade, the u. s. pulled ahead in the space race. july 969 saw american astronauts neil armstrong and buzz aldrin. becoming the 1st people to set foot on the moon, the us flag planted proudly on the lunar surface. without conceit nor concession on the ground, the us and u. s. s. our would later collaborate in space culminating in this historic 1st the one me when we open early

history by 975, the docking of the american apollo spacecraft to the soviet saw use capsule. american astronaut, general tom stafford and his russian counterpart, general alexi leon of scene here in what's now known as the 1st handshake in space . marking the 1st joint international mission. the apollo saw use task project and what some referred to as the 1st falling of relations between the u. s. and soviet union. now that handshake turned to men from 2 very different countries into legends. now i had the great honor of interviewing general stafford and leon are many years back. and they told me that handshake in space lead to a life long friendship, b. f. f. best these here on earth until general leonor passed away in 2019, at age 85. but there, handshake and subsequent friendship served as

a harbinger for relations between their respective home countries. almost mirroring one another by the 1900 ninety's. after the fall of the soviet union, the united states and russia were regularly cooperating in the field of science in space. by the early 2, thousands nasa relied on launches to the international space station out of the russian owned by con, or cosmic drone. and over the last 2 decades, new players to the game, china, india, the you, japan, and many others believe it or not. * a whopping 72 countries have some sort of space program. however, only 14 countries have the ability to launch objects in the space. even fewer just 6 countries have functional, substantive space programs. in the traditional sense that you're probably thinking . but the most jarring and disruptive of any of these basic founded by

billionaire you are mosque and a couple of other private sector commercial endeavors, such as blue origin by amazon billionaire, jeff bezos, or serial entrepreneur sir richard branson version. not to mention the 10s of thousands of satellites up, they're used for everything from your g p. s to military spying and everything in between. everyone is up in space. it's getting so bad that space junk is becoming a topic for concern. because who wants a piece of satellite falling into their yard, right? well now, with so many people armed with the technology and worse weaponry to go into space, a new multi polar space race is brewing. so as they say, what can go wrong for that will turn to professor of based law at the university of nebraska professor from launder, dunc professor bonder don't,

has served as adviser to the dutch government, several foreign governments as well. the european commission, the european space agency, the u, when the o e. c d, the list goes on professor thank you for joining us. first professor, you are a based lawyer. what exactly is a space lawyer? i mean, to the surprise of many, myself included. this is an actual area of law tell us about this specialty and how it actually works. well, that's a great question. and many people i assume when they hear the word space. ready think about suing somebody else in, in court on a space issue, or that is not what most space lawyers do not yet, that may change in the future with more and more private space activities, but currently space lawyers i to the people who are engaged as part of the private sector management team in among the legal issues on contracts. applying the

licenses there are space lawyers work for governments in posing licenses and developing further regulations on how space deducted their space for volts in each member, organizations like nations, telecommunications, same type of stuff. then you have reached a number of people like me teach space more in the context, research investigates, she what the problems are and what the solution would be. now also a lot of consultants around i'm also consultants. ready part of what i do, which means that i advice, private, operate this government's organizations yesterday, tional space explores, which is basically the mobile pop up s the most, most or all the timely issues and then only at the bottom. and there are perhaps a few people who actually go to court and she someone else because of the space

mission. many countries now have a space program, and when the old days it was really a space race between the u. s. and soviet union. but today, there is nasa, there is the russian program, the chinese have one, india, europe as a joint effort among various countries. so how much space law work is it? i don't know, perhaps comparable to maritime law in many respects, cities and what would be the most fundamental barrison maritime roll? the large extent us with the areas of the high seas, which is where every, every stage and principal we want to once invest our specific international obligations from straining nets, freedom and the same baseline applies to outer space as well as space is also a fleet area i usually. ringback referred to as low global commons, which kind of gives us some rational area. there's no single state which we call

the 2, which means that space law, limitations that seem to be developed on an international level by 3 to ball. and that's also a maritime law. and going back to the 1st part. ready the fact that we have more and more states and space, you mentioned only the most boring ones, but there are also countries like brazil views. yeah. jerry are many smaller countries also means of course that you have more and more states or something. state one the one hands are interested in a fair share rules what they do. ready the space they want to be protection about the liability of that the same time. it makes it more difficult to get all those states from the same page when it comes to what she actually picked up. so that since the development international space more is a larger challenge than it was back in. ready days just needed to so we do need 9

states to agree and basically russians and follow since currently several space programs run by both nations and the private sector are once again i in the moon. the chinese have already sent an unmanned explorer to the far side of the moon. nasa intends to go back to the moon in a few years and even stand up a lunar space station. the chinese have expressed a similar goal. can any state lay claim to the moon? i mean, if not the, the whole thing maybe just parts of the moon. know most mostly in the sense, like you could say this is now my territory is kind of an extra threshold from inside of united states or china or anything like that. the most important piece of space more than 167 office based treaty, which by the way, is officially recognized by all the states. anyone who is something out of space has signed up to that so that we provide a baseline that outer space

b t and makes very clear that's no one can appropriate it as the sheets, any part of the space on this. let's see if i can space real estate sales become a thing. and what would that sort of law even look like? would this look like, i don't know the wild, wild west in the 1800s with gold miners just simply link cleaned up a plot of land. i mean, can one just lay claim to 5 acres on mars and 20 heck there's on ferries? well, in the it has already happened that because there was already $980.00, there was an american businessman managed to convince local authorities that following such laws on how a fire russian coach obtain property over lands in the united states. while wished that they applied to the moon and he played as since we are both by setting parts of the box is strictly speaking is false because the fact that he used

us last year apply to the moon is in evidence contradiction to the fact that room is not part of the united states, so whatever last the united states for supplies other countries as well may have been page. busy for allowing 5 citizens like the ownership over 5 parts of lance, that's more only applies to the frontier issue. and since the moon pendleton part of any punchy or because florida space streaky, which i spoke about earlier, which does not apply to. again, it hasn't kept many people from buying parts, but each time there was a period when this was me, high or noose, and every 2 weeks i bought an email or phone or someone say, can i buy this? should i buy this? i bought this for me. i was always there shape, you know, you can buy the same watch for off the price for me, which tells you, you know, this basically, i don't want to use the words, but instead what i'm saying,

which means strong, right? all right, so for some trusting individuals out there dreaming of owning a piece of the moon, or mars, or another celestial body, it may be prudent to check with the space lawyer before proceeding with that deal. but for nation lawyers are an essential necessity in this uncharted territory. more than ever, when we return, we'll discuss the growing possibility of military rising. the moon said type the m o will be right back i ah ah ah

ah. in carmack sanchez. i am here to play with you. whatever you do, you do not watch my yourself seriously. why watch something that's so different. my little opinion that you won't get anywhere else work with please. i do have the state department, the c i, a weapon makers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations. choose your fax for you. go ahead. i change and whatever you do. don't watch my show stay main street because i'm probably gonna make you uncomfortable. my show is called direct impact, but again, we don't want to watch it because it might just change the way you think. when i was shown seemed wrong when i

just don't hold any world. vfc proud disdain becomes the advocate an engagement. it was betrayal. when so many find themselves worlds apart, we choose to look so common ground. the space is a bit more complicated now with not only sovereign states, i'm the moon once again. but now we have entered the era of commercialization of space. private sector space tourism is now a reality, and so is the potential of militarize in the moon. professor from

vander dunc is staying with us to continue this conversation. so professor, there are thousands and thousands of satellites floating around up there. space tourism is fast becoming tangible for more people. i mean, still a very small elite few, but still it's a reality now. is there any fear within the space community bit space, junk or space traffic could cause catastrophic or even deadly accidents? i mean, how was, i don't know what else to call it, but how is space commuting going to work? well that's, that's absolutely a very important issue. so far, the main concerns are with that with the course space because there are no that many space objects which once show 5 the energy as you basically talk about some of the largest set lives, which are very well shoot or maybe a space station maybe called the russians, few months ago rush, she's dropping the space station or something which was posing them. but that's not,

i mean that's just a few space object which are big enough despite we. ready so the main insurance, currently i with stuff happening a lot of the space and then huge. sure. not just the space to is before any set like activity part is the problem is is that doesn't speak with some spark slide. even a chinese article. yes. a national soon or course. ready great damage to. ready all upset like so these concerts are actually there. i want to say that as a lawyer, as more fisher more can obviously it helps mitigate that. but we're nearly needs to be honest to really this is to develop the willingness to spend money on that. most plans patched you take out the most dangerous satellites which are no longer a consult. ready or to clean up a. ready re reaction,

we stuff like that certain parts which are already being removed, the space junk space. we just the form. there are fair that given the political problem here on earth that it has bled over into space, where once upon a time, the so called final frontier was where earthlings of all nationalities were able to not only co exist but cooperate for the greater good of mankind. now we're seeing countries withdraw from the i s. s. program. we're seeing earth hostilities and animosity convey in space programs. the newest example, the essay, the europeans cancelling their future contract with ross cosmos, the russian program. what would happen if this trend continues? well, except. busy a bad sense, you know, there's no 2 ways about it. this is best for unity in that space and every central server at the same time there are 2 issues which makes me which makes me

better still a possibility that it will not end in the worst case scenario. that space part. ringback of a war or something like that, right? for one, despite all the, all the bad stuff going back to russia and since they still work together on the space station, it's probably the only part the only area will still work together. but just to couple of days ago, space actually us company flew a us ashton or to us as small as japanese and the russian a small student space station. so for whatever reason, and through whatever miracles they have been able to keep the space station corporation outside of all the conflicts that are going on elsewhere, the boy pulse and mostly need her stuff to russia safe. of course, no one knows how long, how much longer that will survive,

but it tells you that there's something special about space. and for example, taking the wrong picture. going also back to the space junk issue. there isn't understanding. those really are gates of space, in which case manager was really in the same boat in one life boat, which is corporate. and everybody's in the same boat. everybody's in that boat. so there is this kneeling or this. this is this idea that that may prevent this from, you know, or prevent some, some of us, at least from, from simply the space for their own limited national benefits. it's not much space . john junk doesn't discriminate. you may blow up somebody orders or somebody else's set life, but the smell should put back to your home, your own shaft, lights, your own space. and it's ironic that went last december,

which was the russians, grew up their own set lives in our space just to show some muscle and show that it's something that happens to be able to don american set lives in the west michigan target practicing with the me off the dish, threat of the space that she in context of the space station safety sheets, which means that it shipped parts of space to be come too close for comfort to the space station. sure everyone in the space station scrambles or to whatever. ready vehicle is dr at that point space station kind of life or situation. so there isn't really much, it's without minute linear in that's situation of the russian space. the 2nd space, 6 people from the space station to lifeboat or 3 of the russians. so it tells you that by shooting up your stuff, you also can damage your own space operates. so again,

it doesn't before we move back happening in our space. but at least in which kind of checks on the feasibility of when the worst noting moreover that i don't think anyone has yet figured out our space would contribute gyms of actual. ready recommendations and stuff like that to a war space can be used for also. so we've gone and spare position has been used the voting minutes, i think. but if you really want to harm the phones while i situations, they are easier and much less cost me waste space structure. donald trump was marked for launching space force. but the star wars program actually existed during the reagan years. and after the fall of the soviet union, that program went dormant. now that space force is an official branch of the u. s. military is their cause for concern. that space will also become militarized.

milk, so much as people. for starters, that make clear that space has been achieved, minutes arise from the spots you know. busy major reason for the space. so thanks for students. this technology for purposes for spying, if you will. there were some other concerns as well. like with steve ship. ready some please want to. ringback show the rest of the world, the political system was superior one and one way of doing that was. ready space french, there was also clear, middle, and military situations from the get go, both sides and satellites for military purposes. so when people talk as if space is about 2 minutes rise, that's gross misconception because it has to rise from the start. what isn't, what is not militarized, and we're also military stations. actually. it is actual celestial bodies such as

the moon and march. so there you cannot find art nation conformity with the space g 5, any military base, any any station on average. but that does not apply to the point of space, so that's number one. and so far as far as i know, no weapons have actually been tested on the moon, the only thing which is possible that military personnel for scientific purposes. and again, we should realize that out of the 12, all of us actually set foot on the moon. never. when military for military were maybe 5, it's our or f response. so it's clear that this is sort of a misconception. warranty space. fortune particular, just much fun has been made of that. i'm not sure to be honest with some actually realize what a space for able to do. he's probably knowledge is going to start with minds

carrying guns and rolling over the wound or fight anyone, but just well, that's not what space force necessarily is all about. we should realize that russians and french and chinese have their own space forces. so when it comes to assessing whether this means escalation or risks off over the actual cold out the space that actually brings us to this to the intelligence. well, i simply don't know whether this is move or part issue issue reaction chinese and russian hosting dash based washing, which patients inject, if it's a reaction to escalation provoked by to be on the side or to which extends, develop all the space for us and more importantly, if that happens, if, if we find the wrapping up of the actual with a terry this knowledge base. whether that is nice shaking. ready escalation,

watch what we trigger some reaction from the from. ready russian. ready chinese, so it's, that's more of an intelligence few on wish to blame for escalation depending upon your knowledge of what's going on there. and i don't have that knowledge. professor france launder dunc at the university of nebraska, thank you so much for sharing your expertise with us. thank you very much. well, i guess space is sort of like the paradox of schrodinger's cat. the cosmos belong to no one yet everyone at the same time. so it's up to all of us on earth to agree that up there. we can't do the same that we've always done down here. that's gonna do it for this weeks episode. have modus operandi the show that dig deep into foreign policy. i'm your host manila chant. thank you for tuning and we'll see you again next week to figure out the ammo. ah,

ah ah. the claims of the king of the belgians leopold the 2nd to the congo where finally authorized by the leading european countries in 18. 85 in the very heart of the african continent. a state under the rule of the belgian monarch was declared since the beginning, the congo free state was total may him for the local population and functioned as a universal concentration camp. the majority of the population, including women and children, were forced to work on the rubber plantations. those who failed to fulfill their

quota were beaten and mutilated. to keep the congolese people under control. the king set up the so called forest bleak which wear punitive detachments that cast terror on the captured country and its inhabitants. fearing that their subordinates would simply waste bullets hunting for wild and the officers demanded that the soldiers gave an answer for every bullet used. and as proof presented a job hand of an african, it was not uncommon when trying to justify the use of the ammunition. the colonist amputated the hands of not only those who were dead, but also of those who were kept alive. the atrocious exploitation of the congo turned into a real genocide. in only 20 years, the policy of the belgians led to the death of nearly 10000000 people. alongside the holocaust, that genocide of the congo population is considered to be one of the grimmest pages in the history of mankind.

with headlines right now and are you into national iran reportedly summons. so ukrainian, diplomat for questioning off the ukraine's presidential adviser, says an attack on iran would be expected to them, had claims its provided support as realty group found for the countries right. expect them not to interfere in the bilateral relations between the pakistan and russia. hypertonic form and if they are saying that the cooperation between his mom about moscow continues covering energy, trade, and infrastructure projects. the country does face of the energy problem despite crippling western sanctions.