there were 5 who died while captured during transportation, and cruel obliteration of rebellion. this ruthless people tre practice by the leading european countries, took away gens of millions of african lives. the organisation of united nations classifies that trans atlantic slave trade as one of the grave is to human rights abuses in the history of humanity. this is the biggest act of deportation of people ever seen by mankind. ah, ah, hello, i'm manila chan you are tuned into modus operandi the show that dive deep in the global foreign policy and international relations to examine their methods and patterns, and it's history that reverberates in our lives today. space is perceived to be

neutral territory regardless of earthly tensions. the final frontier is supposed to be the borderless zone where nationality doesn't exist, but with more and more countries building their own space programs. will we soon see the cosmos as the next battle field will discuss it. all right, let's get into the ammo. ah, we look up at it every day, most notably, we pay attention to it. and night space. we look up to the sky at night and marvel at the light delivered by the moon. in the old days, it was the space race between the united states and then the u. s. sr to triumphantly plant the nation's flag on it. faith, the soviet sputnik one was the 1st spacecraft, a satellite to be exact, to be launched into us faith that was back on october 4th 1957. a few short years

later, in april of 1961 russian cosmonaut uri garen became the 1st person in space than about a month later nasa. astronaut american allen shepherd followed suit, setting off an unofficial space race between east and west. now on the ground, the cold war was heating up. the 1900 sixty's, were a volatile era for the west, with the us being entangled in wars across the southeast asia and ramped up hostilities against the soviets. and much of that playing out in cuba. and in a divided germany at that time, and when the final year of that to mulch with decade, the u. s. pulled ahead in the space race. july 969 saw american astronauts neil armstrong and buzz aldrin. becoming the 1st people to set foot on the moon, but us flag planted proudly on the lunar surface without conceit nor concession on

the ground. the us and u. s. s. our would later collaborate in space, culminating in this historic 1st the one me w. o. o we open we were all they are in by 975. the docking of the american apollo spacecraft to the soviet saw use capsule . american astronaut, in general, tom stafford and his russian counterpart, general alexi leon of scene here in what's now known as the 1st handshake in space

. marking the 1st joint international mission. the apollo saw use test project and what some referred to as the 1st falling of relations between the u. s. and soviet union. now that handshake turned to men from 2 very different countries into legends. now i had the great honor of interviewing generals, stafford and leon are many years back. and they told me that handshake in space led to a life long friendship, b, f. f. s. d 's. here on earth until general leonor passed away in 2019 at age 85. but there, handshake and subsequent friendship served as a harbinger for relations between their respective home countries. almost mirroring one another by the 1990s, after the fall of the soviet union, the united states and russia were regularly cooperating in the field of science in

space. by the early 2, thousands nasa relied on launches to the international space station out of the russian owned by con, or cosmic drone. and over the last 2 decades, new players to the game. china, india, the you, japan, and many others. believe it or not, a whopping 72 countries have some sort of space program. however, only 14 countries have the ability to launch objects in the space. even fewer just 6 countries have functional, substantive space programs. in the traditional sense that you're probably thinking . but the most jarring and disruptive of any of these basic founded by billionaire you are mosque and a couple of other private sector commercial endeavors, such as blue origin by amazon billionaire, jeff bezos, or serial entrepreneur sir richard branson, a virgin, not to mention the 10s of thousands of satellites up there used for everything from

your g p. s to military spying and everything in between. everyone is up in space. it's getting so bad that space junk is becoming a topic for concern. because who wants a piece of satellite falling into their yard, right? well now, with so many people armed with the technology and worse weaponry to go into space, a new multi polar space race is brewing. so as they say, what can go wrong for that will turn to professor of based law at the university of nebraska professor from launder, dunc professor bonder don't, has served as adviser to the dutch government, several foreign governments as well. the european commission, the european space agency, the u, when the o e. c d, the list goes on professor thank you for joining us. first professor, you are

a based lawyer. what exactly is a space lawyer? i mean, to the surprise of many, myself included. this is an actual area of law tell us about this specialty and how it actually works. well, that's a great question. and many people i assume when they hear the word space. ready think about suing somebody else in, in court on a space issue, or that is not what most space lawyers do not yet, that may change in the future with more and more private space activities, but currently space lawyers i to the people who are engaged as part of the private sector management team in among the legal issues on contracts on buying the licenses. there are space lawyers work for governments in posing licenses and developing further regulations on how space deducted their space for volts in each

member. organizations like the nation sort of telecommunications, the same type of stuff. then you have a recent number of people like me who teach space more in the context. research investigates. she what the problems are and what the solution. we now also a lot of consultants around i'm also consultants. ready part of what i do, which means that i advice 5 rates and governments government stations. situational space explores which is basically the mobile top of estimates. busy most all the time of the issues and then only at the bottom. and there are perhaps a few people who actually go to court and seen someone else because of the space mission. many countries now have a space program, and when the old days it was really a space race between the u. s. and soviet union. but today, there is nasa, there is the russian program, the chinese have one, india, europe as

a joint effort among various countries. so how will space law work? is it i don't know, perhaps comparable to maritime law, in many respects, cities and the most fundamental barrison maritime raul. the large extent us with the area of high seas, which is where every, every stage in principle, we want to once invest our specific obligations from straining that feed him. and the same baseline applies to outer space as well. space is also a fleet area. i usually referred to as low as global commons, which kind of gives us some rational area. there's no single state which is called the 2, which means that space law limitations that have to be developed on an international level by 3 people. and that's also a maritime law. and going back to the 1st part of the question, the fact that you have more more states and space,

you mentioned only the most one once, but they're also countries like brazil views. yeah, i, jerry are many smaller countries also means of course that you have more and more stage of something a stage one, the one hands are interested in a fair set of rules or what they do in the space. they want to be projects and then about the liability of that the same time it makes it more difficult. all those states on the same page when it comes to what she actually picked up. so that since the development of more international space more is a larger challenge than it was like a roll. ready basement just needed to so we do need the states to agree and basically the rest of the world follow since currently several space programs run by both nations and the private sector or once again i in the moon. the chinese have already sent an unmanned explorer to the far side of the moon. nasa intends to go back to the moon in a few years and even stand up

a lunar space station. the chinese have expressed a similar goal. can any state lay claim to the moon? i mean, if not the, the whole thing. maybe just parts of the moon. know most mostly in the sense, like you could say this is now my territory is kind of an extra terrestrial province of united states from china. the most important piece of space more than 1067 office based treaty, which by the way officially recognized are all important states. anyone who is something out of the space this signed up to that. so. ready that we provide a baseline, that outer space 3 t and hard to make very clear. that's no one can appropriate it as the sheets, any part of the space or can space real estate sales become a thing. and what would that sort of law even look like? would this look like, i don't know, the wild,

wild west in the 1800s with gold miners just simply link cleaned up a plot of land. i mean, can one just lay claim to 5 acres on mars and 20 heck, there's on fairies? well, in the sense that there's already happened that because there was already $1080.00, there was an american businessman who managed to convince local or far into the following such laws on how a fire russian coach obtain property over lands in the united states. and the wild list, but they applies to the moon any place. since we got multi 1000000 by 7 parts. the box is strictly speaking is false. we push the fact that he used us last year apply to the moon is in evidence contradiction to the fact that moves no part of the united states. so whatever last united states or supplies to other countries as well may have in place for allowing 5 citizens like you need ownership over 5

parts of lance. that's more only applies to an issue. and since the penalty part of any punchy down because of article, the basic which i spoke about earlier does not apply to again, hasn't kept many people from for buying parts. but each time, there was a period when this was me, high or noose, and every 2 weeks i bought an email or phone or someone say, can i buy this? should i buy this? i bought this one doesn't mean that was always there. shape. you know, you can buy the, say, watch for off the price for me, which tells you, you know, is basically, i don't want to use dirty words, but instead what i'm saying, which means strong, right? all right, so for some trusting individuals out there dreaming of owning a piece of the moon, or mars, or another celestial body, it may be prudent to check with the space lawyer before proceeding with that deal.

but for nation lawyers are an essential necessity in this uncharted territory. more than ever, when we return, we'll discuss the growing possibility of military rising. the moon, the type, the m. o will be right back. i ah, ah ah .

look forward to talking to you all that technology should work for people. a robot must obey the orders given by human beings, except where such order that conflict with the 1st law of the patient. we should be very careful about artificial intelligence. and the point obviously is to grapes truck rather than fear i would like to take on various job with artificial intelligence. real summoning with a robot must protect its own existence with blue

face is a bit more complicated. now with not only sovereign states, i in the moon once again, but now we have entered the era of commercialization of space. private sector space, tourism is now a reality, and so is the potential of noah to rising. the moon professor from vander dog is staying with us to continue this conversation. so professor, there are thousands and thousands of satellites floating around up there. space tourism is fast becoming tangible for more people. i mean, still a very small elite few, but still it's a reality now. is there any fear within the space community that space junk or space traffic could cause catastrophic or even deadly accidents? i mean, how was, i don't know what else to call it, but how is space commuting gonna work? well that's, that's absolutely a very important issue. so far,

the main concerns are with that much cost space because there are no that many space objects which should be empty. and you would basically talk about some of the largest shut lives, which are very well shoot or maybe space station. maybe gold rushes, few months ago. the patch sheet dropping the space station or something which was approaching them. but that's not, i mean that's just a few space object which are big enough despite we. ready so the make sense currently i with stuff happening a lot of the space and then is huge. sure. but just the space to is before any satellite activity part is the problem is that doesn't speak with which is part of the sly, even a chinese article as a national soon or cause. ready great damage to where. ready all upset life. so these concerns are actually there. i want to say that as a lawyer,

as fisher more can obviously it helps mitigate that. but what really needs to be honest, i really wish that was to develop a willingness to spend money on the electrical plan stretched. you take out the most dangerous satellites which are no longer a consult. ready or to up. ready re reaction we, there's stuff like that certain parts which are already being for the space junk space. we just the form there are fair that given the political problem here on earth, that it has bled over into space, where once upon a time, the so called final frontier was where earthlings of all nationalities were able to not only co exist but cooperate for the greater good of mankind. now we're seeing countries withdraw from the i s. s. program. we're seeing earth hostilities and animosity conveyed in space programs. the newest example, the essay,

the europeans cancelling their future contract with ross cosmos, the russian program. what would happen if this trend continues? well, it's. busy a bad sense that we know there's no way to bother you if he's in that space and have a sense of service at the same time. there are 2 issues which makes me, which makes me still a possibility that it will not end in the worst case scenario. that space part of a war or something like that, right? for one, despite all the, all the bad stuff going back to russia and since they still work together on the space station, it's probably the only part the only area will still work together. but just to couple of days ago, space actually us company, flu, a u. s. s. and or to us as small as japanese and the russian

a small student space states. so for whatever reason, and through whatever miracles they have been able to keep the space station corporation outside of all the conflicts that are going on elsewhere, the boy pulse, mostly new stuff to russia. safe. of course. no one knows how long how much longer that will survive, but it tells you that there's something special about space. and for example. ready taking the wrong picture, going also back to the, to the space junk issue. there isn't understanding those really are dates and space in which case manager was really in the same boat, one life boat, which is. ready corporate and everybody's in the same boat, everybody's in the boat. so there is this feeling or this, this is this idea that, that we resent is from, you know, or prevent some,

some of us, at least from on simply being space for their own limited national benefits space. john junk doesn't discriminate. you may blow up somebody orders or somebody else's life, but the smell should come back to you on your own chef like your own space. and it's ironic that last december, which is for war the russians blew up their own set lives in our space just to show some muscle and show that if something bad happens, we are able to shoot american satellites with us, mr. target. practicing with the be all fish threatened the space that she had a conference of the space station safety sheets, which mean that it shipped parts of space to be come to close for conference in the space station. sure everyone in the space station scrambles or whatever. ready vehicles doctor at that point, space station kind of life situation. so that really watch it's without

a minute without limited in that's situation of the russian space. the 2nd space, 6 people from the space station to lifeboat or 3 of them are actions. so it tells you that by shooting up your stuff, you also can damage your own space operates. so again, it doesn't before we move bad things happening in our space, but at least it's just kind of checks on the feasibility of the worst. noting moreover that i don't think anyone has yet figured out. our space contributes gyms of actual weaponized, a ship and stuff like that to a war space can be used for also gone and spare position has been used the voting military conflicts. but if you really want to harm an opponent while i situation, they are easier and much less cost me waste space structure. donald trump was

marked for launching space force. but the star wars program actually existed during the reagan years. and after the fall of the soviet union, that program went dormant. now that space force is an official branch of the u. s. military is their cause for concern. that space will also become militarized. milk, so much as people. for starters, that make clear that space has been achieved. it's arise from the spots you know. busy major reason for the space. so thanks for students. this technology for purposes for spying, if you will. there were some other concerns as well, like like the steve ship, both countries want to. ringback show the rest of the world, the political system was spirit one and one way of doing that was. ready space french, there was also a middle situation from the get go, both sides, satellites,

for military purposes. so when people talk as if space is about 2 minutes arise, that's gross misconception because it has to rise from the start. what is, what is most militarized? and we're also military stations actually for kids use actual celestial bodies such as the moon and, and march. so there you can find art nation conformity with the space you find any military base, any any station or reference that does not apply to the point of space. so that's number one. and so far as far as i know, no weapons have actually been tested on the moon. the only thing which is possible is that your military personnel for scientific purposes. and again, we should realize that out of the 12, i should actually set foot on the mon. you never remember terry, for 185,

it's our or air force. so it's clear that that is sort of a misconception. warranty space. fortune particular, just much fun has been made of that. i'm not sure to be honest whether some actually realized what a space for would be able to do. he's probably, you know, this is going to start to push that mind carrying guns and rolling over the wounds or fight anyone just well, that's not what space force necessarily is all about. we should realize that russians and french and chinese have their own space for us. so when it comes to assessing whether this means escalation or risks or over the actual conflict with our spanish. but actually brings us to this to the intelligence rel, i simply don't know whether this, this move or part issue is jackson,

chinese and russian give hosting dash base for sure. which case it's injectors. it's a reaction to escalation, for both of you on the side or to which extends your developers over space for us. and more importantly, if that happens, if, if we find wrapping up the actual with a terry this knowledge base. whether that is me shaking. ready escalation which will trigger some reaction from the from. ready russian for the chinese, so that's more of the intelligence few on wish to blame for escalation depending upon your knowledge of what's going on there. and i don't have that professor fronds launder dunc of the university of nebraska. thank you so much for sharing your expertise with us. thank you very much. well, i guess space is sort of like the paradox of schrodinger's cat. the cosmos belong

to no one yet everyone at the same time. so it's up to all of us on earth to agree that up there. we can't do the same that we've always done down here. that's gonna do it for this weeks episode of modus operandi the show that dig deep into foreign policy. i'm your host manila chan. thank you for tuning and we'll see you again next week to figure out the ammo. ah ah ah ah ah

oh i think ukraine mm. does exist, should exist. and it is precisely the best option i suspect for its future is to find that amalgam of the cultures that are within it and turn it into something unique and flourishing. that that would define it in distinction, but not conflict, but simply the difference between itself and its neighbors. mm hm. i'm rick sanchez. and i'm here to play with you. whatever you do,

you do not watch my, your show seriously. why watch something that's so different. my little opinions that you won't get anywhere else, work of it please. or do you have the state department? the c i a weapons makers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations. choose your fax for you. go ahead. change and whatever you do. don't watch my show stay main street because i'm probably going to make you uncomfortable. my show is called direct impact, but i guess you probably don't wanna watch it because it might just change the way you think. so what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy confrontation, let it be an arms race is on offensive, very dramatic and development only personally and getting to resist. i don't see how that strategy will be successful, very difficult time. time to sit down and talk

ah, walk out from being a set posted malignant influence in the middle east to fueling the ukraine crisis to run. find itself, blame for stirring up trouble across the world. at least according to the u. s. secretary of state and is really prime minister who've been holding talks in israel . well, that comes in the wake about, drew an attack in around around the house, reportedly summoned a ukrainian diploma for questioning after it. official said on the attack on the country is expected to make plays. it's supporting rushes military. also i had on the phone for other countries. right. expect them not to interfere in the bilateral relations between pakistan and russia.