but more programs are right ahead see what showing where you are to date in moments from the team and myself, you know, with at this hour, american and coalition forces are in the early stages of military operations to disarm iraq, to free its people, and to defend the world from gray who's with we will bring to the iraqi people, food and medicines in supplies, and fleet with

almost one year into the conflict. no major western leader is called for talks to bring peace to ukraine and europe. instead, we're witnessing dangerous escalation. the great tank debate has settled. will it be fighter jets next? where does the said with ah needs to come to russian state patrol never. i've stayed as i phone and the most landscape div us. mm hm. then goes house lamps and up for a week within the 55 we did. okay,

so 9 is $25.00 must be the one else calls with we will van in the european union. the kremlin media machine, estate aunt rush up to date and school ortiz spoke next. even our video agency, roughly all band to on you to a fairly to school the 26th in clifford shelf with mm. ah . since the 1st for them was held in 1640 and the massive people, fakeholing,

reverend them have been the best tool to address the constitutional route, territorial, and other issues directly by the people. use it on today. the 360 view. we're going to look at referendums around the globe. and if referendums continue to be the most effective way for society to reminded leaders to actually as the power ah, a referendum is defined as a direct vote on a law proposal or political issue. now it sounds simple in theory, but everything else and politics can be made to be extremely complicated. if a political class wishes it to be, europe counts for 2 thirds of all national referendum held in the world. this is mainly due to switzerland who alone counts for more than a 3rd of all national referendums, and 2 thirds of referendums held in a democratic society. now we saw in 2016, a record number of popular direct democracy votes or national referendums around the world. $26.00 countries held national referendums,

which had far more than the last record year of $991.00 in 1992, where most of those votes were held as a response to the political developments following the cold war. now the class, the communism and the soviet union, which spurred the use of referendums all around the world. you know, the 1st vote on the case you membership and the columbia piece agreement were 2 of the most significant. and as we saw with u. k. breck that vote one referendum was not enough. another had to take place when the outcome was not what they really wanted. referendums are not just for large issues which impact the entire country. they also can apply to individual territories, districts, or states. now these reference or type of rebellion and in the present, most about social issues which go against the national policy already in place. this is where interest groups can influence government by either threatening to call a referendum. if proposed legislation is not satisfactory or call referendum and hope the people will choose their side. now in the past, this is

a tool mainly used by conservatives against more liberal policies, which extended government reach. harvard, today's referendums to find themselves mainly about environmental movements and immigration policies. so we're more on this. here's our international report. i referendum is supposed to be a vote given by word to the people over the government. we have seen this many times in history. most recently, nearly 4000000 cubans voted in favor of a referendum to legalize same sex unions. an adoption of seal driven by homosexuals that preliminary resorts, so 66.87 percent of votes in favor with 33.13 percent against many christians as social conservatives of post amendment. while the islands government was criminalized at homosexuality,

this referendum was accepted. the niece of the late leader castile my dear le, has taken the lead in advocating for l. g b t. right. president miguel de s can name who has promoted the law. celebrated the passing referendum. tweeting out love is now the law. while referendum is supposed to be people power over their government. this past year, the you in stepping to stop the referendum from region 2 seem to separate from ukraine. the un general assembly is accusing moscow of attempts that illegal annexation and calling a member states to ignore the results of referendums in 4 former east ukrainian regions. on joining russia, the $143.00 to $5.00 boat followed the general assemblies refusal to secret ballads . this was a request by russia due to the intense pressure from the us and its allies to

condemn ma school for trying to acquired the regions. russia, you and, and boss a lower. celia newman zia, are you for many countries. it may be very difficult to express their views publicly due to the existence of other countries, despite immense pressure for nations joining bratia in voting against the un resolution. this where bela rose syria, me cut out well and north korea. it is important to note just how many countries chose to abstain from the boat. there were $35.00, including china, india, south africa, pakistan, thailand, cuba, vietnam armenia. algeria, before launching its special military operation, ukraine, russia recognize the sovereignty of the misc lugens people's republics. argued give, fails to represent and protect people, leaving their residents up to other regions,

voted by wide margins in public referendum to declare independence and joint russia . precedents loving me to put in sign only vacation treaties with the for new russian regions. however, the un general assembly can then put these actions as illegal saying the 4 regions are temporarily occupied because of russia. aggression in violation of a crane stay, rhetorical integrity and sovereignty that you and press are all nations to refuse to recognize the region as part of russia. moscow argue referendums are the only way for the people to exercise their rights and make their own decision on what country they want to be part of and protect themselves from their former government . referendums have been use throughout history to make changes by a government system in 1991. for example, banking base,

ask waters to decide whether or not to reintroduce a parliamentary government. this led to the president, becoming the constitutional head of faith and allowed parliament to elect the president. these also moved the position of prime minister to become the executive head of the country. i mean, completely got read of the rule of the vice president says the stern critics have said parliament has failed to become the center point, the banker base political and legislative activities. this is because parliament has been this functional, i'm ruling parties will completely bypass it when making los amber chemist elana for 360 view by 3 you study they came will be back after the break with more on global reference with the ah,

look forward to talking to you all, that technology should work for people. a robot must obey the orders given by human beings accept where such order that conflict with the 1st law show your identification. we should be very careful about artificial intelligence and the point obviously is to great trust. rather than fear i would like to take on various jobs with artificial intelligence, real summoning with a robot must protect its own existence with oh, is your media reflection of reality?

in the world transformed what will make you feel safe? isolation, whole community? are you going the right way or are you being led somewhere? direct. what is true? what is faith? in the world corrupted, you need to descend a join us in the depths or remain in the shallows. who is the aggressor today? i'm authorizing additional strong sanctions. today, russia is the country with the most sanctions imposed against it. a number that's constantly growing. a bullying incident in which the

morning were, were bending all imports of russian oil and gas new g i . g, a with regard to joe biden, imposing these sanctions on russia has destroyed the american economy. so there's you boomerang. ah ah, welcome back. joining us now is dr. richard albert freshman government at the university of texas. he is at work focuses on the role of referendums worldwide. he's also the author of a recent edited volume entitled, the limits and the legitimacy of reference. welcome professor professor, tell us about your research and what you have found in your work regarding

referendums, array, and research about constitutional change. so how constitutions all around the world change? they change by amendment, a change by revision, change by interpretation. they change by revolution. a change by replacement, i write about that from a comparative perspective, from a doctoral perspective, historical and also your article. so the books that i've written, the books, i've edited articles that are written all deal with these kind of subjects. with specific regard to referendums, i found some fascinating results and my research about referendums all around the world. let me give you 3 of the results that i found that to me are quite interesting. one, when you put a referendum question to the people, they're likely to vote yes if it's

a constitutional referendum. so about 94 percent of all constitutional referendums in the history of the world have been approved by the people. this is a finding that appears in a book that i recently quoted, it called the limits and legitimacy referendums to chapter written by zach elkins and alex hudson. a fascinating finding. second thing that's very interesting is that some constitutions around the world actually make it mandatory for referendums to be held in relation to constitutional amendments. very, very interesting. 3rd and final interesting point that i'll mention there are, doesn't that i can mention 3rd and final that i'll mention just now. even when constitutions do not make it mandatory, or even mention a referendum in their constitutions,

when it comes to how to amend the constitution. sometimes political actors all use a discretionary optional referendum when they seek to amend the constitution. so these are 3 fascinating elements. i think about the use of referendums all around the world. do we see any geographical distribution of referendums throughout the world? did they tend to take place in certain regions or even under certain types of governments? we see referendums all around the world. so whether or not the country is a common law country or a civil law country, whether it's american or european, whether it's a presidential system or a parliamentary system. referendums really haven't all around the world. now for example, in the united states, there has never been a national referendum, or there are hundreds of state wide referendums that happen all the time of in

canada where i'm from. we've had 3 national referendums, but in many provincial referendums, recently there was a referendum in cuba. there was one in she lay there been some in ukraine, russia. they're always referendums in switzerland. so they happen all over the world to reverend ends. and their results tend to surprise or do we find a polling can usually accurately predict the outcome. the most recent example i can share with you comes from chile. so chile just held a nationwide referendum on whether or not to ratify the proposed constitution. leading up to the day of the referendum, it was very close. people weren't sure whether the people would vote yes or no on adopting the new constitution. but i think most analysts believe that the answer would be no. but not by much. and then the referendum was held on september 4th,

if i'm not mistaken. and the result came back. surprising and shocking to everyone, because just how poorly the advanced polls fared in predicting how the people would vote. and so i, i'm not surprised that polls don't get it right just as i'm not surprised that polls don't get election predictions correctly. we know what happened in 2016 here in the united states, for example, that happens often around the world. so where my friend has actually considered legitimate and when are they considered illegitimate? referendums are a powerful tool for authoritarians. they're powerful because authoritarians can abuse them. and they can send a message to the world that the people are standing firmly with them.

and that's a problem, it's a problem because when you can abuse referendums in this way, you distort the true views, the true feelings, the true hopes and aspirations of the people and you're doing so for 2 purposes, as an authoritarian leader, you're doing so for a domestic purpose and you're doing so for an external purpose domestically you're rigging the rules of the vote and breaking the outcome of the vote to signal to your people that they stand with you as the leader. you're also doing so for the world, this is like a public relations campaign to show the world that the people are standing with you . and so even if you're departing from the norms of international law, from the norms of democratic governance, when you hold a referendum and you rigged the rules so that it suggests that the people are standing with you as the leader. the world sees that and you as the authoritarian

leader, wants the world to believe that you have the support of your people. now we know better. we know better when authoritarian leaders misuse and abuse referendums. we know what they're doing, but that doesn't obviate the reality that the people in the country may not know. and that's a problem. okay, professor tiff between us, are you actually ever surprised by the result of a referendum? i'm, i'm never surprised about the results of referendums because i don't purport to know what the people believe. that's why we're all referendums. you asked earlier about what makes a referendum legitimate? i think a couple of things need to go into the design of a referendum in order for us to be confident about the outcome. so there are inputs that you put into the design of the referendum and then the output is the result. so some things that you must input into the design in order to be confident of the

legitimacy of the outcome. one, the people have to go into the ballot box to vote. fully informed and aware of the consequences and implications of their vote. that was not the case and breaks it, for example, right. that's why you had a lot of people suggesting that there should be a 2nd confirmatory vote after the 1st vote, because a lot of people were shocked after they voted. yes, rex it in the likely this means we're leaving that you. this means that i have maybe to get a new job. and so the design of the referendum has to be such that the people are fully aware of the consequences and implications of a vote either yes or no. in order to help them do that. those for holding the referendum have to be willing to fund informational campaigns. that's best done by having an independent 3rd party institution that's responsible for managing,

administering, and running referendums in some countries. this is a electoral branch that operates independently of the political actors who are elected. that's the best way to do it. but you see this electoral branch of electoral body, this independent body would go around and hold these roving informational sessions for people in different parts of the country to learn about the referendum stakes about everything that it entails and to ask questions. another thing that i think is useful to design a referendum is to fund opposite science. so you have money, public monies that are available to a yes campaign with its own spokespersons and representatives, and a no campaign with its own spokespersons in representatives. so that's also very important. one more thing for design of the actual question itself must be

such that it's seen as fair referendum in psychology. very, very closely connected because you can phrase a question in a way that leads you to a particular kind of answer. and so it's very important that in the phrasing of the referendum question, the question be posed and with it's neutral, impartial, and crystal clear. so these are just 3 things that i think are important as inputs in the design of a referendum that can then lead you to be confident in the outcome of the referendum in terms of its legitimacy. there are many other things that we can talk about when it comes to the design, but those are 3 very important things. so what is the future of referendums globally moving forward into the 21st century? but we see more or less of them, and how will they be used? i predict 2 things about the future of our friend homes in all the world. one is

that when new constitutions are written, you're going to see more and more constitutions require. the use of referendums, in connection with amending the constitution, revising the constitution, and replacing the constitution to you're going to see increasing recourse to referendums all around the world. whether or not existing constitutions make referendums a requirement. and this is because there is an irresistible siren song that referendums, i think i issue to leaders. it's an irresistible call to go to the people to ask them for their input to get that input and then close yourself. as the leader in a veneer of sociological legitimacy, the kind of sociological legitimacy that comes only from the will of the people as

expressed in a direct vote. which is what a referendum is. so those are my 2 predictions about the future of referendums in the world. if you don't like them to bet, because we're going to see a lot more of them everywhere in the world. well, thank you, professor richard albert, to professor government at the university of texas. many countries like to say their use of rough random's solidifies their country is a democracy. and in many cases it is a good benchmark. while many referendums do occur underneath democratic regimes throughout history, authoritarian regimes have also had their share of referendums from napoleon to nazi germany, to romania and so forth. just like with elections. those and power can limit opposing views, controlled choice for strict voters and produce false results or even dismiss if those results are not to their liking. while telling the outside they to our

democracy because they let the people have the power of choice. however, usually in those cases, it is obvious going in to the referendum as well as with the results. there is little credibility, but the accusation of a false referendum can be just as insulting to the voters as well. and back to those in power upset with the results of a referendum, especially if it's overwhelmingly against their position. discrediting the process is the only tool left to try and justify their position in africa. only 9 of the $92.00 referendums, which had been held have failed to produce a 90 percent. yes. vote. one of the biggest changes in india history was a referendum to abolish the monarchy, which was held in 1975 and overwhelmingly support of 97.5 percent of voters resulted in 6 them becoming an indian state was actually wonder though when results referendum where the people voted,

are so overwhelmingly to one side. what did you say about those who are against whose side are they? exactly. i am sky. he is. and this has been your 360 view. other news which matters to you until next time. ah huh. ah, do this for you, melissa. this will stream all the nickos or not, but miss loose. not at all. what cold showed, not their bodies for the georgia look was laquia and read it to actually so center course rush. yeah, them for you, daniel, is doing your nearest amendment each or smart also, some will take which if somebody middle kenesaw policeman us last so with on the kid to mozilla, you georgia. i'm which i said in your see ha, yeah,

no more so than a glove the under seymour style you grace a. do not see talk loud because you'll be brought. dyslexia tested in more towards each and loud upgrade up while you'll be put it down that you're not alone. but i mean, nice said i wanted show you that, you know, nice easy to learn us languishing cargo or slip or better to talk else quarter is much lower. but as the way it is, i think you've crane mm. does exist, should exist, and it is precisely the best option i suspect for its future is to find that amalgam of the cultures that are within it and turn it into something unique and flourishing. that that would define it

in distinction but not conflict, but simply the difference between itself and its neighbors. mm hm. rick sanchez and i'm here to plead with you. whatever you do, you do not watch my your shelf seriously by watch something that's so different opinions that you won't get anywhere else work of it please. or do you have the state department to see a weapons makers, multi $1000000000.00 corporations, choose your facts for you, go ahead. i change and whatever you do. don't watch my show, stay mainstream, because i'm probably going to make you uncomfortable. my show is called direct impact, but again, you probably don't want to watch it because it might just change the way things

oh, well, never be a victory for russia. a solution with newton a done by she located me. the korean war is a proxy war. this is a war between russia and the united states. naz on, on, made it comes to not should get done in carbon dioxide. america forces are, and you're not in your gauging conflict, you're brushing, forges. the american forces are here to defend nato allies. what happens that nato escalates even more than the special military operations become a war with the national and that doesn't is much. so i see it. i see you with what i mean we've. so i use 3 issue a unique and he's dealt with in your sewage. near i speak of the girl who's

a russia telephone diploma surrogate, left off say he's received a message from the u. s. secretary of state, delivered by his egyptian counterpart, while on a visit to moscow with south africa, mos declaring a national state of disaster that they'd crippling energy prices that regularly seize blackouts across the country. and u. k. intelligence services deployed a psychological war for you that to the balkans to counter russian norris while at the same time admitting they were factually through the findings.