watching hope to see her again unwell, depart, ah, with mm ah, ah, museums are important for preserving our history so that it is lost to future generations. but our physical museums, places themselves a relic of the past. this is one of the best museums in the world or from a touch in st. petersburg. to help roughly is the director here and i bet he has met ah, louise to come to the russian state will never be as tight as i'm phoning. being no

slant scheme div, asking him then i'll send them up for a group in the 55 when. okay, so my niece, madeline speaking when else with will ban in the european union. the kremlin. yup. machine, the state on russia for date and split our t spoke neck even our video agency, roughly all band to on youtube with . mm. ah, brazil has on one of the countries hit the hard by the coven pandemic. and recently

gyre ball snarls government has back measures to east economic hardship for citizens. this included a 50 percent increase and welfare payments for brazil's poorest but these payments will only continue until the end of the year. a move that several have blasted as a cynical, an opportunistic electoral ploy. so what's the cost of having a right wing leader versus the left wing leader like mueller da silva for brazilians? and regardless of who was in power, what will this mean to the brazilian economy will be diving into these topics and more. i'm christy i and you're watching the cost of everything. mm. with also laurel and lula have both play their part in shaping brazil a political landscape. both men have built up a group of loyal supporters who believe that their way is the correct and right way

for brazil's future. over the last 4 years, jar both nara has within to power by drawing on the rising discontent with the workers party government, which had been in power since 2003, and stood accused of grand corruption. also, nora, who was a long time member of congress and defender of military prerogatives portrayed himself as a political outsider, with conservative values. his rise was as much a condemnation of previous left leaning governments as a victory for conservatism. in brazil. under his rule, he questioned the role of the supreme court and approved policies that have devastated the amazon rain forest. however, loyalty to his right government remained unconditional among a base dry, heavily among the police. the armed forces, big businesses and rural land owners. these land owners supported both and all because of his opposition. the workers parties, proposal for land reform and lands. the distribution lula on the other hand,

has ruled from 2003 to 2010 after winning to 4 year terms and office, and helped to lift citizens out of poverty. he reduced deforestation by over 70 percent and pundum billions of dollars into social programs to help brazil's problems with inequality. he increased minimum wages, establish a family grant program that helped millions of families. however, under lula business leaders argue that brazil just lost a competitive edge against international rivals. this actually may lula very popular. however, his success was marred by controversy as he was slapped with corruption charges that originate from a money laundering investigation known as operation carwash. he was found guilty in 2017, and not allowed to run for reelection in 2018. but the time soon turned again as brazil supreme court overturned the conviction, citing technicalities. while we all know what that means,

these technicalities cited that lula right to a fair trial had been compromised by a biased judge. so what does that stake here, and what does it mean for the future of brazil? and to help us break it down further on how the cost of mueller da silva and j year both scenarios, economic plans have effected brazilians, is william leinster professor of social movement and leader and local coordinator lula de. so let's campaign and fabio, the nini journalist and politics editor of $400.00 sol paulo, an author of euphoria and failure of great brazil, both of them joining us from south paula brazil, fabio. what's the current status of brazil's economy? can we compare economies during lula da silva and ministration versus gyre? both scenarios, government well when louis presidents from 2003, 2010, it was a period of strong growth in brazil. lula enjoyed

a very favourable and positive i international environments. ah, the price of commodities which are the bulk of brazil's exports like iron ore, saw bees, but others as well. corn and i was very heights at the time. oil us as well. ah, and a little of benefits from this bonanza, so to speak. both sonata is president drink a much more challenging periods. we've had the pedantic of course, not as the war in ukraine ah, and sobel sonata spirit, the bower was, had a smaller rate of growth that then lewis. so las campaigning on trying to come back to the good old times of, of his 1st government actually he was president twice was re elected so to governments of lula and de campaigning. on brazil will be a happy country. again, people have food on the table. we have even money for us, mo, barbecue, on weekends and so on. and bull sonata air has been affected by

a hines lation in low growth, at which is part of a global phenomenon. and both now uses this in this elements of s as sort of an excuse for what's been going on in brazil. but both the nato has also been affected. boston as government has also been affected by his, his very poor response to the pandemic. bosa, brazil ah, had issues buying vaccines for example. and so would the economy was affected by, by, by this, the government's response to the pandemic was recovered a bit later. den delta dental was predicted that but, but let more more recently are present both are not managed to for proving congress a few, a social benefits a she a several measures in congress that are putting more money into the mouth of

resilience. 1 and he's also pressure put pressure on, on states she reduced text on fuel for example. so inflation is coming down little bit because the price of fuel of gasoline is coming down. but even it is spite of this slight improvements india, india economy, outlook of brazil. the less a few months, the situation still are not very good. so i was not as being affected a lot by dickon on the issue. and especially when lula compare situation, we have to they brazil to the situation we had when he was the president. the control is very back obviously, and there are substantial financial cost associated with each election cycle. so what are some of these costs and who is alternately responsible for bearing these costs? very, very strange here because there's a lot it for probably falling to the elections last year's last elections.

we historically had reached candidates always in advantage in the elections. and now it's, if we reduce, you can see in the streets. you can see that for example, people, people, candidates, ah, we're good opportunities in his elections because of the quality that public funding brings to the selection. this is the answer. well he and my friend bobby, as any, thank you so much for coming on today from sao paulo, brazil, and after the break razzles poor, i thing topics such as abortion rights, taxes, religion, and gun ownership has been quantified the cost of the new gun laws and brazil can be counted in dollars. we have another great panel and guess when we come back with november 22nd 2022 outraged orthodox christians confronted ukrainian security

service officers looking entrances and exits to keep the oldest monastery. they were looking for russian spies among the monks. we mean deal of seeming a reason for the brutal crack down one church. his parishioners said, song, a song about, ah me, it's wrong being reason enough to condemn any old adult christian attack in prison and even kill them. russia, what are you shopping in to pick it up? how many miles store your store across layla fenusse total thought as you used to stop a new phone. i used to miss davia. this seems to me we just saw them. ah,

some nations may be able to turn a blind eye to atrocities. another company, the united states of america is different wearable people long to be free. they will find a friend in the united states. ah, with you, little bit about a big old cindy basie, shirley city draw. you look at the full day in service of each city color reco notions, is one among several meetings to reach the goal of conquering foreign lands and

bringing them out of the help of usaa west economic interests. people been cited ultima, pete, it's what i grew by the democrats. yeah. new trinity color. so no, we just say loader's shop to pile. whenever you get to the final goal of these seem revolutions to ensure that there are no independent players in the world anymore. key ah, there are many polarizing topics and politics these days. abortion rise taxes, religion and gun ownership. they are universal no matter which country you go to. so let's take a closer look at brazil's changing stands on gun ownership. in 2018 the year before j year both sanara became president. brazil had one of the highest homicide rates among the developed countries. $27.00 per 100000 people. this compared with the 5

per 100000 in the u. s. and the point 5 per 100000 in china and 2018 ballston are decided that guns will help to defend people as an equalizer, brazil had since added more than 400000 licensed firearm owners. and these owners had to undergo a psychological and technical applique to screening show proof of employment and explain why they want a firearm as a prerequisite. so now the big question is with the population of firearm owners more than doubling? did violence increase or decrease? instead of surging crime declined sharply in brazil in 3 years. under both scenarios, the homicide rate has fallen 34 percent to $18.00 per 100000. that's a pretty impressive figure already, but it actually gets better homicide cost society a lot. the impact psychological and economic and it starts in the detectives on the

street trauma surgeon that the hospital, the economic loss of the victim from production and not to mention tourism dollars loss as certain places become deemed unsafe. one study that attempted to quantify this estimates the average economical cost of each homicide to be $17200000.00. last spring in doctor kristen smith, professor of african and african diaspora studies at the university of texas and fabi as a meanie politics editor of full. how does star paulo an author of euphoria and failure of great brazil? so chris, then we just talked about the cost of homicide on society and how that figure has been greatly reduced after bolton are changed the gun ownership laws. what are the other costs associated with this change, such as the firearm exporters who are now taking advantage of this increase in market share? i mean, i think it's important to recognise the conservative backdrop to this decision. i

think that brazil has always had a policy no, no, no private gun ownership. and so this is a huge, it was a huge social change. when he, when he implemented this particular new law. and i think that the, the, the aspect of it that are not readily of parents, the people are the fears of vigilante that are off. so now circulating wildly because of and so i, i actually hesitate to associate the drop in the homicide rate with gun ownership. i don't think that that actually i personally don't think that that's the connection there. i think that in actuality, there probably would have been

a drop in homicide rate anyway, simply because of the cobra, 1900 and then make and other factors in the country. and so i think we have to really be careful to stay at one with the other. but i do know that there's a general sense of fear typically working class folk and particularly people of color to black people in brazil who really fear vigilante and violence. typically racially, most close motivated violence at their expense. and so that's one of the things that i think that people don't necessarily see there. and also not really understanding the, the class and race i mention of gun ownership. and so the most of the people who have been pleased with this decision have been right. and that's something to keep in mind. and fabia, what is her tank on the cost of changing gun ownership and miss al wearable

scenarios. one of his main policies doing government has been trying to increase the legal framework for brazilians to own guns and to carry guns. ah, he's a, he's a, he's a military man. he's a, a retired captain from the army. and he is supported by gun owners. all around the country and military and from a policeman and so on. so his so that the issue of guns has been very heavy on both of those agenda has always been very heavy since the day she was a congressman. and he was a deputy for 28 years. and he had the spect form of gun ownership. and he's had his try to expand it very much. he hasn't be able to do everything that you wanted . because some of these degrees and acts were deemed illegal by the supreme court and even by congress. but his manage to change some minor rules that indian have

resulted in more brazilians having access to guns and more brazilians have the access to ammunition. at the same time, the levels of, of criminality of homicides, especially homicides, have been coming down in brazil for, for quite some time. brazil's a. busy levels of crime commonality are not the best of course, but they have been improved the improving for the last 2 years, both and i was trying to link one thing to the other, which is, i think in most pundits believe it's a bit of an exaggeration because the fact that crime has been going on in brazil owes to a lot of things. it's a demographic change. it's a social economic change, it's, it's a legislation, a change and the, but also not as been trying to stick to, to show a cause and effect relationship between a him giving more access to brazilians,

to guns and this phenomenon he's, he's been repeating this in his campaign allots, but i would say it's so it's a bit premature. just stablish this link, turning back crystal, another big threat to brazil society is that posed by illegal mining. organizations are now pushing for a crackdown on unregulated gold flows because now illegal mining impact the sectors reputation. so what are the costs associated with these black market minors? no, definitely. i think this is a huge issue and i actually think it's important to put in legal mining together with other factors like be illegal, seizure of land and climate change, deforestation because all of them go hand in hand. i think that we have to remember that this in the market around old and my name is very much tied to a desire to disenfranchise indigenous and black people from their land. in brazil,

it is also part partly what speeds and, and kind of phone mans a very wild west approach to the north east, northeastern politics north and north eastern politics and the political landscape there. and so a lot of the illegal mining should be associated with ah, large land holding elite and, and corporate official fish and corporate how do i say this corporate and stakeholder corporate stakeholders? i'm coming in and being able to explain the environment and ways that i

don't have any accountability within the state structure. and i think that's one of the most unfortunate downsides of this. i think that is always going to legally binding bobby out, isn't illegal. lining hurting bazillions alternately, it is a huge cost. i wouldn't have a number here on top of my mind, but illegal money is a huge problem in brazil and bo sonata has sympathy for for these illegal miners. most of these minors are mine the, the ever. so for example, in digital lands, which is of course illegal of these illegal miners cause all sorts of, of deforestation, environmental problems, health issues towards the vision of peoples. achilles and so on, both so that'll defense was another. and his allies,

especially in the agricultural sector, defense, a change in the law. they are, they tried their tried to change the law. there's a doesn't actually a projects, a bill in congress to change the law in order to make it possible for a minor said other economic activities to happen inside indigenous less for example. but there's huge opposition to this move by the indigenous environmentalists are left wing parties and pundits in universities and so on. so it's, it's a big struggle. and kristen, another big issue here is to for our station in the rain forest, which is often referred to as the lungs of the earth. the for station has skyrocketed under most and was reported to have broken all records in the 1st 6 months or 2022. so what's your take on the issue and how are both candidates addressing this? yeah, i mean, i think deforestation. probably one of the most,

i mean it's hard. it's hard to think about what, what are the most alarming after effects of this administration. but i think deforestation is definitely one of the most alarming. i think that it can. i think it's important to remember that this is part of a general or general political plan to really stabilize black and indigenous communities who have special land in the north, the amazon region, and the north east. and push on the ways that both allows which have everything to do with his desire to really undo many of the advancement that have happened around environmental protection. but also. busy around land, right? and i think that that's something that we cannot, you know,

we can't make more and we can't decide that this is a multi tiered issue. it's a multi dimensional, it's more and it has to do with the legal logging in the amazon region. but it also has to do with farming and the amazon reaching and particularly it's getting particularly cattle, cattle raising and so farming. and so these 2 industries have been at the root of a lot of the before a station that's been happening in that area. and have also been at the root of undermining the the advancement that indigenous and black residence have had in laying claim to their ancestral man. and so, you know,

there's a, there's a way that all of these issues go together. and i think that one of the, one of the pitfalls that the conversation has been an attention to environmental dimensions of this. and not a lot of attention to, to the race in class. that means and the counting elements of it. and i think you have to look at them altogether because it's part of a broader violet. and i would actually think kind of genocidal aspect of this administration that is undermining the black. in addition, there's population that will be to sustain itself and, and that has a lot to do with not only as i mentioned before, legal mining, but also legal dami, creating dams in places that devastate and split out communities based if we deforestation,

logging all of these things are leading to devastating floods, destabilization of the earth and wind me by that land live. all of these kind of environmental disasters that are happening in, in the northern and eastern region across the country that are related to deforestation. but we're particularly talking about the amazon. all of these things that are happening are really part of a broader kind of systematic neglect that the both not an administration has engaged in. and not only just kind of go from there also, but willfully incentivize in environmental degradation, which i think is just appalling and alarming and, and something that we should all be deeply about

a lot on pac there. thank you both dr. kristen smith and fabi as any, are joining us today. now when it comes to brazil's economy, there are winners and losers. this was the most polarized race in decades. results presidential elections come at a time when latin america's new pink time appears to be gathering pace. left of center candidates have one elections in mexico, argentina, bolivia, peru, and honduras. in recent years, this new group of presidents, place climate policies and gender issues at the forefront of their policies. so who will win when it's all said and done, will it be the brazilian economy? well, it's people when it's a close call, but it's a fact that the brazilian economy is really starting to struggle. now, in the aftermath of the pandemic, thanks for watching. i'm because the i, and i'll see you next time on the cost of everything i the

ah museums are important for preserving our history so that it is a loss to future generations. but our physical museums, places themselves a relic of the past. this is one of the best museums in the world, the human touch and st. petersburg. how from his, the director here, and i bet he has met with him. with the discovery of the new world. at the end of the 15th century, there appeared atlantic slave dre. the slave traders from european countries started building forth on the western coast of the african continent to transport the african inhabitants to america,

to be forced into hard labor. until the middle of the 17th century, portugal had played the main role in this atrocious business. then great britain, france and the netherlands took the leadership for this fan of 400 years of legal and illegal slave trade. about 17000000 people were forcefully shipped across the atlantic. not including those who died on the way due to unbearable living conditions. modern historians estimate that for each slave ship to america, there were 5 who died while captured during transportation and cruel obliteration of rebellion. this ruthless people tre, practice by the leading european countries, took away tens of millions of african lives. the organisation of united nations classifies that trans atlantic slave trade as one of the gravest human rights

abuses in the history of humanity. this is the biggest act of deportation of people ever seen by mankind. ah ah ah yes, these idea of november 22nd 2022 count raised orthodox christians, confronted ukrainian security service officers, locking entrances and exits to keep the oldest monastery. they were looking for an alleged russian spies among them.