ah, museums are important for preserving our history so that it is lost to future generations. but our physical museums, places themselves a relic of the past. this is one of the best museums in the world. the human touch in saint petersburg to help refuse the director here, and i bet he has met with the with for the clinicians that are both. i'm no go. you have to be on a high blood ski. know we do mom of a flash. yeah,

because i thought that would have moved enough. i just wonder if you get a little record what's in which it is word for that you will do it. don't grow suggest this might be a good you too. bye o. brazil has been one of the countries hit the hardest by the coven pandemic. and recently jaya bolton, charles government has backed measures to east economic hardship for citizens. this included a 50 percent increase and welfare payments for brazil's poorest. but these payments will only continue until the end of the year. a move that several have blasted as a cynical, an opportunistic electoral ploy. so what's the cost of having a right wing leader versus the left wing leader like mueller da silva for

brazilians? and regardless of who was in power, what will this mean to the brazilian economy? will be diving into these topics and more. i'm christy i and you're watching the cost of everything. mm. i also, laurel and lula have both play their part in shaping brazil's political landscape. both men have built up a group of loyal supporters, who believe that their way is the correct and right way for brazil's future. over the last 4 years, jar both nara has risen to power by drawing on the rising discontent with the workers party government, which had been in power since 2003, and stood accused of grand corruption. also, nora, who was a long time member of congress and defender of military prerogatives portrayed himself as a political outsider, with conservative values. his rise was as much

a condemnation of previous left leaning governments as a victory for conservatism. in brazil. under his rule, he questioned the role of the supreme court and approved policies that have devastated the amazon rain forest. however, loyalty to his right government remain unconditional among a base dry, heavily among the police. the armed forces, big businesses and rural land owners. these land owners supported both and all because of his opposition. the workers parties, proposal for land reform and land be distribution. lula. on the other hand, has ruled from 2003 to 2010 after winning to 4 year terms and office, and helped to lift citizens out of poverty. he reduced deforestation by over 70 percent and pundum billions of dollars into social programs to help brazil's problems with inequality. he increased minimum wages, establish a family grant program that helped millions of families. however,

under lula business leaders argue that brazil just lost a competitive edge against international rivals. this actually may lula very popular. however, his success was marred by controversy as he was slapped with corruption charges that originate from a money laundering investigation known as operation carwash. he was found guilty in 2017, and not allowed to run for reelection in 2018. but the tides soon turned again as brazil supreme court overturned the conviction, citing technicalities. while we all know what that means, these technicalities cited that lula right to a fair trial had been compromised by a biased judge. so what does that stake here, and what does this mean for the future of brazil? and to help us break it down further on how the cost of moolah da silva, and j. e. are both scenarios. economic plans have affected brazilians, is william leinster professor of social movement and leader and local coordinator

lula. this campaign and fabio, the nini journalist and politics editor of 400 sol paulo, an author of euphoria and failure of great brazil, both of them joining us from south, palo brazil, fabio. what's the current status of brazil's economy? can we compare economies drain lula, da silva and ministration versus gyre. both scenarios, government well when louis presidents from 2003, 2010, it was a period of strong growth in brazil. lula enjoyed a very favourable and positive i international environment. ah, depressive commodities which are the bulk of brazil's exports, like iron ore, saw bees, but others as well. corn and it was very high at the time. oil us as well. ah, angela benefited from this bonanza, so to speak. a ball sonata is president, drink

a much more challenging periods. we've had the pedantic of course. now there's the war in ukraine. ah, and sobel sonata spirit, the bower, it was had a smaller rate of growth that then lewis. so las campaigning on trying to come back to the good old times of, of his 1st governments actually he was present twice was reelected. so to governments of mueller and de campaigning on brazil will be a happy country. again, people have food on the table. we have even money for us, mo, barbecue in on, on weekends and so on. and bull sonata air has been affected by a high inflation in low growth at which is part of a global phenomenon. and both now uses this deb this elements as, as, as sort of an excuse for what's been going on in brazil. but both the nato has also been affected. boston as government has also been affected by his, his very poor response to the pandemic. bosa, brazil,

i had issues buying vaccines for example. and so would the economy was affected by, by, by, by this the government's response should have been damaged, was recovered a bit later denina den was predicted at but, but let more, more recently, are present both not managed to for proving congress a few, a social benefits a she a several measures in congress that are putting more money into the mouth of resilience. 1 and he's also fresh put pressure on states to reduce text on fuel, for example. so inflation is coming down little bit because the price of fuel, of gasoline is coming down. but isn't it? but is spite of this slight improvement in the out in the economic outlook of brazil the less a few months?

the situation still are not very good. so i was not, has been affected a lot by dick and on the issue. and especially when lula compare situation, we have today brazil to the situation we had when he was the president. the country is very back obviously. and there are substantial financial cost associated with each election cycle. so what are some of these cost and who is alternately responsible for bearing these costs? very, very straight here because there's a lot it for probably coming to the elections. last year's last the last year we, he served when he had reached candidates always in advantage in the elections and now it's introduce you can see it in the streets. you can see for example, people, people, candidates ah, was good opportunities in his elections because of the quality that public funding

brings to the selection. this is the answer. well he and my friend bobby, as any thank you so much for coming on today from sao paulo, brazil, and after the break, brazil polarizing topics such as abortion rights, taxes, religion, and gun ownership has been quantified the cost of the new gun laws and brazil. it can be counted in dollars. we have another great panel, i guess when we come back with none of what is before, by the united states all by you when he's actually fighting a war, essentially to prove in the it on the surgeon. so for rushing forward once again in, in this region and saw that, that is one of the limits i've, what is it, is it possible

is your media reflection of reality in the world transformed what will make you feel safe? isolation, community? are you going way or are you being led to some well, direct what his true war, his way in the world corrupted. you need to descend a join us in the depths or remain in the shallows. some nations may be able to turn a blind eye to atrocities and other companies,

united states of america is different. wearable people long to be free. they will find a friend in the united states. ah, with a little bit about it evolved anybody basie, sincerely, city and draw you look at the incentives of each cigarette. color revolutions is one among several means to reach the goal of conquering foreign lands and bringing them onto the help of u. s. western economic interest people in sadie, i did that he did to it. i go by the demo, lexia learning, returning coral are sol, suite, best say low their soft power america. and the final goal of these theme revolutions is to ensure that there are no independent players in the world anymore.

ah, there are many polarizing topics and politics these days. abortion rise taxes, religion, and gun ownership. they are universal, no matter which country you go to. so let's take a closer look at brazil's changing stance on gun ownership. in 2018, the year before j air boston became president. brazil had one of the highest homicide rates among the developed countries. $27.00 per 100000 people. this compared with the 5 per 100000 in the u. s. and the point 5 per 100000 in china in 2018 both and are decided that guns will help to defend people as an equalizer. brazil had since added more than 400000 licensed firearm owners. and these owners had to undergo a psychological and technical applique to screening show proof of employment and

explain why they want a firearm as a prerequisite. so now the big question is with the population firearm owners more than doubling the violence increase or decrease instead of surging crime declined sharply in brazil in 3 years. under both scenario, the homicide rate has fallen 34 percent to $18.00 per 100000. that's a pretty impressive figure already, but it actually gets better homicide cost society a lot. the impact a psychological and economic and it starts in the detectives on the street trauma surgeons that the hospital, the economic loss of the victim from production and not to mention tourism dollars loss as certain places become deemed unsafe. one study that attempted to quantify this estimates the average economical cost of each homicide to be $17200000.00. last spring in dr. kristen smith,

professor of african and african diaspora studies at the university of texas and fabio the nini politics editor of full how the soft paulo, an author of euphoria and failure of great brazil. so chris, then we just talked about the cost of homicide on society and how that figure has been greatly reduced after bolton are changed the gun ownership laws. what are the other costs associated with this change, such as the firearm exporters who are now taking advantage of this increase in market share? i mean, i think it's important to recognise the conservative backdrop to this decision. i think that brazil has always had a policy no, no, no private gun ownership. and so this is a huge, it was a huge social change. when he, when he implemented this particular new law. and i think that the,

the aspect of it that are not readily apparent. so people are the fear of vigilante that are off. so now circulating wildly because of and so i, i actually hesitate to associate the drop in the homicide rate with gun ownership. i don't think that that actually i personally don't think that that's the connection there. i think that in actuality there probably would have been a drop in homicide rate anyway, simply because of the 19th and then make and other factors in the country. and so i think we have to really be careful to see one with the other. but i do know that there is a general sense of fear among chicken, the working class folk, and particularly people of color to black people in brazil who really fear

vigilante. and violence strictly racially, most close motivated violence at their expense. and so that's one of the things that i think that people don't necessarily see there. and also not really understanding the, the class and race that mention of gun ownership. and so the most of the people who have been pleased with this decision have been right. and that's something to keep in mind. and fabia, what is our tank on the cost of changing our ship and miss al? well, both scenarios, one of his main policies doing government has been trying to increase the legal framework for brazilians to own guns and to carry guns. and he's a, he's a, he's a, a military man. he's a, a retired captain from the army and he is supported by gun owners all around the country and military and from

a policeman and so on. so his so that the issue of guns has been very heavy on both of those agenda has always been very heavy since the day she was a congressman. and he was a deputy for 28 years. and he had the spect form of gun ownership. and his has, his tried to expand it very much. he hasn't be able to do any everything that you wanted because some of he's degrees and acts were deemed illegal by the supreme court and even by congress. but his manage to change some minor rules that indian have resulted in more brazilians having access to guns and more brazilians have access to ammunition. at the same time, the levels of, of criminality of homicide specially homicides have been coming down in brazil for, for quite some time, brazil's, a levels of crime. commonality are not the best, of course,

but they have been improved the improving for the last 2 years. both and i was trying to link one thing to the other, which is, i think, and most pundits believe it's a bit of an exaggeration because the fact that prime has been going on in brazil owes to a lot of things. it's a demographic will change. it's a social economic change it's, it's a legislation, a change of the but also not as been trying to stick to, to show a cause and effect relationship between a him giving more access to brazilians, to guns and this phenomenon he's, he's been repeating this in his campaign a lot, but i would say it's just, it's a bit premature. just stablish this link, turning back crystal. another big threat to brazil society is that pose by illegal mining. organizations are now pushing for a crackdown on unregulated gold flows. because now illegal mining impacts the

sectors reputation. so what are the costs associated with these black market minors? no, definitely. i think this is a huge issue and i actually think it's important to put illegal mining together with other factors. like be illegal, seizure of land and climate change, deforestation because all of them go hand in and i think that we have to remember that this in the legal market around old and my name is very much tied to a desire to disenfranchise indigenous and black people from their land in brazil, it is also part partly what speeds and, and kind of phone mans a very wild west approach to the north east, northeastern politics north and north eastern politics and the political landscape

there. and so a lot of the illegal mining should be associated with large land holding elite and, and corporate official fishing corporate how do i say that corporate stakeholders, corporate stakeholders, i'm coming in and being able to explain the environment and ways that i don't have any accountability within the state structure and i think that's one of the most unfortunate down side of this. i think that there's always been a legal binding fabi out. isn't illegal mining hurting bazillions? alternately it is a huge cost. i wouldn't have a number here on top of my mind,

but the legal money is a huge, probably brazil and bo sonata has sympathy for for these illegal miners. most of these minors are my need, the ever. so for example, did digitals, lance, which is of course illegal of these illegal minors cause all sorts of deforestation, environmental problems, health issues towards the business, people's ha gillies and so on both so that'll defense will sonata and his allies, especially in the agricultural sector defense, a change the law, they are, they, they try, they're trying to change the law. there's it. does it actually a projects a bill in congress to change the law in order to make it possible for a minor said other economic activities to happen inside indigenous less for example. but there's huge opposition to this move by the indigenous

environmentalists left wing parties and pundits in universities and so on. so it's, it's a big struggle. and kristen another make aisha here is to for station in the rain forest, which is often referred to as the lungs and the are the for station has skyrocketed under most in are and was reported to have broken all records in the 1st 6 months. a 2022. so what's your take on the issue and how are both candidates addressing this? yeah, i mean, i think deforestation. probably one of the most. i mean, it's hard church, it's hard to think about what, what are the most alarming after effects of this administration. but i think deforestation is definitely one of the most alarming. i think that it can, i think it's important to remember that this is part of a general or general political plan to really stabilize black and indigenous communities to have special land in the north,

the amazon region, and the northeast and push on the ways that both allows which have everything to do with his desire to really undo many of the advancement that have happened around environmental protection. but also. busy around land, right? and i think that that's something that we cannot, you know, we can't do more and we can't decide now that this is a multi tiered issue. it's a multi dimensional, it's more and it has to do with the illegal logging in the amazon region, but it also has to be farming in the amazon region and particularly particularly cattle cattle raising and so farming. and so these 2 industries have been

at the root of a lot of the before a station that's been happening in that area. and have also been at the root of undermining the the advancement that indigenous and black residents have had in land claimed for their ancestral land. and so, you know, there's a, there's a way that all of these issues go together. and i think that one of the, one of the pit, so the conversation has been an attention to environmental dimensions with this. and not a lot of attention to, to the race in class. that means and the counting of dimensions of it. and i think you have to look at them altogether because it's part of a broader violet. and i will actually think of

genocidal aspect of this administration that is. ready undermining the black in addition to populations that will be to thing itself and, and that has a lot to do with not only as i mentioned before, legal mining, but also legal dami, creating dams in places that devastate and split out community based if we deforestation logging on all of these things are leading to devastating flood destabilization of the earth. and what do i mean by that land live? all of these kind of environmental disasters that are happening in, in the northern and eastern region across the country that are related to deforestation of which we're particularly talking about the amazon. all of these

things that are happening are really part of a broader and systematic neglect that the post and ministration has engaged and, and not only just also are but also wilfully incentivized. i'm environmental degradation, which i think is just appalling and alarming. and, and something that we should all be deeply, deeply concerned about latin pac. there are thank you, bought dr. kristen smith and fabi as a need for joining us today. now when it comes to brazil's economy, there are winners and losers. this was the most polarized race. in decades, brazil's presidential elections come at a time when latin america's new, pink time appears to be gathering pace. left of center candidates have one elections in mexico, argentina, bolivia, peru, and honduras. in recent years,

this new group of presidents, place climate policies and gender issues at the forefront of their policies. so who will, when, when it's all said and done, well it be the brazilian economy? well, it's people when it's a close call, but it's a fact that the brazilian economy is really starting to struggle. now in the aftermath of the pandemic. thanks for watching. i'm christy i and i'll see you next time on the cost of everything. ah, ah, museums are important for preserving our history so that it is a loss to future generations. but our physical museums, places themselves a relic of the past. this is one of the best museums of the world, are home, apart from st. petersburg to help refuse the director here and i bet the house

you know, what is the school by the united states all by you really actually fighting a war, essentially to prove when the better done the surgeon. so russian follower, once again in, in this region. and saw that that is one of the, the porters limits i've watched as it is, it's possible, ah, ah, at the end of the 18th century britain began the illegal opium trade in china. this hard drug causing addiction and literally destroying the human body became a gold mine for business men from the foggy albion. however,

the ruling chinese jing dynasty tried to resist and to stop the illegal trade, which provoked the wrath of the london business community. in 1840 without a declaration of war, the english fleet began to seize and plundered chinese coastal fords. the poorly armed and poorly trained chinese army was unable to provide adequate resistance. the jing empire was forced to hand hong kong over to england and open its boards for trading the lethal good. in 1856, france and the united states joined in the robbery of china. the anglo french troops defeated the chinese occupied beijing, and committed an unprecedented robbery. destroyed and blundered, the wealth of the un mean you and palace, the defeat of the jing dynasty and the do opium wars lead to the transformation of the celestial empire into a semi colony of european states and started it's age of humiliation and the sale

of opium took on colossal proportions and lead to the horrible deaths of millions of ordinary chinese ah, china slums. the earth floor shooting dawn was if cold a weather balloon that drifted over us territory. despite numerous assurances that it did not suppose a threat to america. also the power less than a teaspoon of dry hand for a little bit about this amount. this is just about the amount of a teaspoon. we have 1st hand descriptions of biological factories on wheels and on . rails also does have claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of innocent iraqis 20 years and pushed the invasion of iraq at the u. n. we continue our special coverage of the legacy behind.