charming iraq, the more threat we posed to the american policy of regime change and so when weapons inspection teams left iraq in 1998, the world was blind. which means that when colin powell gave his presentation to the united nations security council in february of 2003, it wasn't just misleading. it was deliberately misleading. he knew what he was saying was false. and as a result, we went to war. these are some of the stories from the decades long conflicts. we bringing you more throughout the next 2 months. no special coverage on the 20th anniversary of one of america's longest wars. ah. for the very latest news updates keeping on our website all t dot com. we'll be back here with more especially with

brazil has been one of the countries hit the hardest by the coven pandemic. and recently, jaya bolton, charles government has backed measures to east economic hardship for citizens. this included a 50 percent increase and welfare payments for brazil's poorest. but these payments will only continue until the end of the year. a move that several have lasted as a cynical, an opportunistic electoral ploy. so what's the cost of having a right wing leader versus the left wing leader like mueller to silva for brazilians? and regardless of who was in power, what was name to the brazilian economy will be diving into these topics and more. i'm christy i and you're watching the cost of everything mm. with also laurel and lula have both play their part in shaping brazil

a political landscape. both men have built up a group of loyal supporters who believe that the best way is the correct and right way for brazil's future. over the last 4 years, jar both nara has risen to power by drawing on the rising discontent with the workers party government, which had been in power since 2003, and stood accused of grand corruption. also, nora, who was a long time member of congress and defender of military prerogatives portrayed himself as a political outsider, with conservative values. his rise was as much a condemnation of previous left leaning governments as a victory for conservatism. in brazil. under his rule, he questioned the role of the supreme court and approved policies that have devastated the amazon rain forest. however, loyalty to his right government remained unconditional among a base dry, heavily among the police. the armed forces, big businesses and rural land owners. these land owners supported both and all

because of his opposition. the workers parties, proposal for land reform and land redistribution. lula, on the other hand, has ruled from 2003 to 2010 after winning to 4 year terms and office, and helped to lift citizens out of poverty. he reduced deforestation by over 70 percent and pundum billions of dollars into social programs to help brazil's problems with inequalities. he increased minimum wages, establish a family grant program that helped millions of families. however, under lula business leaders argue that brazil just lost a competitive edge against international rivals. this actually may lula very popular. however, his success was marred by controversy as he was slapped with corruption charges that originate from a money laundering investigation known as operation carwash. he was found guilty in 2017,

and not allowed to run for reelection in 2018. but the time soon turned again as brazil supreme court overturned the conviction, citing technicalities. while we all know what that means, these technicalities cited that lula right to a fair trial had been compromised by a biased judge. so what does that stake here, and what does it mean for the future of brazil and help us break it down further on how the cost of lula da silva and j year. both scenarios, economic plans have effected brazilians. is william leinster professor of social movement and leader and local coordinator, lula da. so let's campaign and fabio the nini journalist and politics editor of fall. how does sol paulo, an author of euphoria and failure of great brazil? both of them joining us from south, palo brazil, fabio. what's the current status of brazil's economy? can we compare economies during lula da silvas administration versus gyre?

both scenarios, government well when louis presidents from 2003, 2010, it was a period of strong growth in brazil. lula enjoyed a very favourable and positive i international environments. ah, depressive commodities which are the bulk of brazil's exports like iron ore saw bees, but others as well. corn and i was very heights at the time. oil us as well. ah, and a little of benefits from this bonanza, so to speak. both sonata is president, dream, a much more challenging periods. we've had the pedantic of course, not as the war in ukraine ah, and sobel sonata spirit empower it, was had a smaller rate of growth that then lewis. so las campaigning on trying to come back to the good old times of, of his 1st governments actually he was present twice was reelected. so to governments of mueller and de campaigning on brazil will be a happy country. again,

people have food on the table. we have even money for us, mo, barbecue, in on weekends and so on. and bull sonata air has been affected by a heinz lation and low growth that which is part of a global phenomenon. and both now uses this in this elements as s, as sort of an excuse for what's been going on in brazil. but both nato has also been affected. boston as government has also been affected by his, his very poor response to the pandemic. bosa, brazil ah, had issues buying vaccines for example. and so would the economy was affected by, by, by, by this, the government's response to the pandemic was recovered. a bit later didn't deny den was predicted, but, but let more, more recently,

are present bill. so not managed to, to prove in congress a few, a social benefits a she. e, several measures in congress that are putting more money into the mouth of resilience. 1 ah, he's also fresh blood pressure on, on states to reduce text on fuel for example. so inflation is coming down little bit because the price of fuel, of gasoline is coming down. ah, but even eat. but is spite of this slight improvements in the out in the economy outlook of brazil the less a few months? the situation still are not very good. so i was not as being affected a lot by the can on the issue. and especially when lula compare situation, we have to the brazil to the situation we had when he was the president. the country is very big, obviously, and there are substantial financial cost associated with each election cycle. so what are some of these costs and who is ultimately responsible for bearing these

costs? very, very straight here because there's a lot for probably falling to the elections. last year's last elections. we historically had reached candidates always in advantage the elections and now it's if we reduce, you can see in the streets. you can see that for example, people, people, candidates. i was good opportunities in these elections because of the quality that public funding brings to the selection. this is the as well and my stand 5 years any thank you so much for coming on today from sao paulo, brazil. and after the break, brazil hor, i think topics such as abortion rights, taxes, religion and gun ownership has been quantified the cost of the new gun laws and brazil. it can be counted in dollars. we have another great panel,

i guess when we come back with ah, ah, you know what is be spoken by the united states all by you when he's actually fighting a war, essentially to prove in the it on the surgeon. so rushing forward once again in, in this region, and saw that that is, want to the limit i fought as it is. it's possible some nations may be able to turn a blind eye to atrocities and other the united states of america is different wherever people long to be free. they will find a friend in the united states. ah,

with you little bit about it all ready? basie. since only city, if you draw the look on the book, they incentives and we've cigarettes p color revolutions, is one among several meanings to reach the goal of conquering foreign lands and bringing them on to the help of u. s. weston economic interests. to put in sadie, i didn't that people, would i go by the democrats? yeah. during training coral act. so no, we must say low their soft power, many cap to the final goal of these seem revolutions to ensure that there are no independent players in the world anymore. oh, who needs to come to the russian state will never be

outside as i'm phoning. no santini with within the 55 when. okay, so my knees group, i'm speaking with will van in the european union? the kremlin? yup. machine. the state on russia for date and c. r t sport that even our video agency, roughly all band on youtube and pinterest and with ah, what we've got to do is identify the threats that we have. it's crazy confrontation,

let it be an arms race is often very dramatic. development. oh, so i'm going to resist. are those for you? how's that strategy will be successful? very critical arm time to sit down and talk ah, there are many polarizing topics and politics these days. abortion rise taxes, religion and gun ownership. they are universal, no matter which country you go to. so let's take a closer look at brazil's changing stance on gun ownership. in 2018, the year before july year bo sanara became president. brazil had one of the highest homicide rates among the developed countries. $27.00 per 100000 people. this compare with the 5 per 100000 in the u. s. and the point 5 per 100000 in china in

2018 ballston are decided that guns will help to defend people as an equalizer. brazil had since added more than 400000 licensed firearm owners. and these owners had to undergo a psychological and technical applique to screening show proof of employment and explain why they want a firearm as a prerequisite. so now the big question is with the population of far arm owners, more than doubling, did violence increase, or decrease. instead of surging crime declined sharply in brazil in 3 years under boldenall, the homicide rate has fallen 34 percent to $18.00 per 100000. that's a pretty impressive figure already, but it actually gets better homicide cost society a lot. the impact a psychological and economic and it starts in the detectives on the street trauma surgeons that the hospital, the economic loss of the victim from production and not to mention tourism dollars

loss as certain places become deemed unsafe. one study that attempted to quantify this estimates the average economical cost of each homicide to be $17200000.00. last spring in dr. kristen smith, professor of african and african diaspora studies at the university of texas and fabi as a meanie politics editor of full. how does sa paulo, an author of euphoria and failure of great brazil? so christ and we just talked about the cost of homicide on society and how that figure has been greatly reduced after bolton aro, change the gun ownership laws. what are the other costs associated with this change, such as the firearm exporters who are now taking advantage of this increase in market share? i mean, i think it's important to recognise the conservative back job to this decision. i think that brazil has always had

a policy no, no, no private gun ownership. and so this is a huge, a huge social change. when he, when he implemented this particular new law. and i think that the, the aspects of it that are not readily apparent to people are the fear of vigilante that are off. so now, circulating wildly because of and so i, i actually hesitate to associate the drop in the homicide rate with gun ownership. i don't think that that actually i personally don't think that that's the connection there. i think that in actuality there probably would have been a drop in rate anyway, simply because of the 19th and then make and other factors in the country. and so i

think we have to really be careful to stay at one with the other. but i do know that there's a general sense of fear among typically working class folk, and particularly people of color to black people in brazil who really fear vigilante, of them and violence to be racially most close, motivated violence at their expense. and so that's one of the things that i think that people don't necessarily see there and also not really understanding the, the class and race i mention of gun ownership. and so the most of the people who have been pleased with this decision have been right then that's something to keep in mind. and finally a, what is our tank on the cost of changing kind of ownership and miss l. wearable scenarios. one of his main policies doing government has been trying to increase

the legal framework for brazilians to own guns and to carry guns. and he's a, he's a, he's a military man, he's a, a retired captain from the army. and he is supported by gun owners. all around the country and military and from a policeman and so on. so his so that the issue of guns has been very heavy on ball . so that was agenda has always been very heavy since the day she was a congressman and he was a deputy for 28 years and he had this platform of gun ownership and he's had his tried to expand it very much. he hadn't be able to do any everything that you wanted because some of these degrees and ex were deemed illegal by the supreme court and even by congress. but his manage to change some minor rules that indian have resulted in more resilience. having access to guns and more brazilians have access to ammunition. at the same time, the levels of, of criminality of homicides,

especially homicides, has been coming down in brazil for, for quite some time. a brazil, a levels of truck community are not the best, of course, but they have been improved the improving for the last 2 years. and i was trying to link one thing to the other, which is, i think, and most pundits believe it's a bit of an exaggeration because the fact that prime has been going on in brazil owes to a lot of things. it's a demographic or change. it's a social economic change, it's, it's a legislation, a change, and that goes on that has been trying to, to, to, to show a cause and effect relationship between a, him, giving more access to brazilians, to guns and this phenomenon he's, he's been repeating this in his campaign allots, but i would say it's to, it's

a bit premature to just stablish this link. turning back, chris then another big threat to brazil society is that posed by illegal mining organizations are now pushing for a crackdown on unregulated gold flows because now illegal mining impact the sectors reputation. so what are the costs associated with these black market minors? no, definitely. i think this is a huge issue and i actually think it's important to put illegal mining together with other factors like be illegal, seizure of land and climate change, deforestation because all of them go hand in hand. i think that we have to remember that this in legal market around old and my name is very much tied to a desire to disenfranchise indigenous and black people from their land. in brazil, it is also part partly what speeds and,

and kind of phone mans a very wild west approach to the north east, northeastern politics north and north eastern politics and the political landscape there. and so a lot of the illegal mining should be associated with ah, large land holding elite and, and corporate official fishing, put corporate how do i say that corporate and stakeholder corporate stakeholders. i'm coming in and being able to explain the environment and ways that i don't have any accountability within the state structure. and i think that's one of

the most unfortunate downsides of this. i think that is always going to legal binding family out. isn't illegal mining hurting brazilians? ultimately, it is a huge course. i wouldn't have a number here on top of my mind, but illegal money is a huge problem in brazil and bo sonata has sympathy for for these illegal miners. most of these minors are mine the, the ever so, for example, in digital lands, which is of course, illegal of these legal minors cause all sorts of deforestation, environmental problems, health issues towards the vision of peoples. achilles and so on both so that'll defense was another and his allies, specially in the agricultural sector defense, a change in the law. they are they, they try, they're trying to change the law. there's a doesn't actually a projects,

a bill in congress to change the law in order to make it possible for a minor said other economic activities to happen inside indigenous less for example. but there's huge opposition to this move by the indigenous environmentalists are left wing parties and pundits in universities and so on. so it's, it's a big struggle. and chris, then another big issue here is to for station in the rain forest, which is often referred to as the lungs of the earth. the for station has skyrocketed under most in r and was reported to have broken all records in the 1st 6 months or 2022. so what's your take on the issue and how are both candidates addressing this? yeah, i mean, i think deforestation. probably one of the most, i mean it's hard. it's hard to think about what, what are the most alarming after effects of this administration. but i think

deforestation is definitely one of the most alarming. i think that it can. i think it's important to remember that this is part of a general or general political plan to really destabilize black and indigenous communities who have special land in the north, the amazon region, and the northeast. and push on the ways that both allows which have everything to do with his desire to really undo many of the advancement that have happened around environmental protection, but also around land. right. and i think that that's something that we cannot, you know, we can't make more, and we can't decide. now that this is a multi tiered issue. it's a multi dimensional,

it's more and it has to do with the legal. busy logging in the amazon region, but it also has farming and amazon beach and, and particularly particularly cattle cattle raising and so farming. and so these 2 industries have been at the root of a lot of the before a station that's been happening in that area. and have also been at the root of undermining the the advancement that indigenous and black residents have had in laying claim to their ancestral layer. and so, you know, there's a, there's a way that all of these issues go together. and i think that one of the,

one of the pitfalls that the conversation has been an attention to environmental dimensions of this. and not a lot of attention to, to the race in class. that means and the counting of dimensions of it. and i think you have to look at them altogether because it's part of a broader violet. and i would actually think kind of genocidal aspect of this administration that is undermining the black in a different populations that will be to sustain itself. and. and that has a lot to do with not only as i mentioned before, illegal mining, but also illegal dami, creating dams in places that devastate and spread out communities based. if we deforestation, logging on all of these things are leading to devastated flood destabilization of the earth. and what do i mean by that land live?

all of these kind of environmental disasters that are happening in, in the northern and eastern region across the country that are related to deforestation of which we're particularly talking about the amazon. all of these things that are happening are really part of a broader kind of systematic neglect, that supposed not in ministration has engaged and not only just kind of a but also, but also wilfully incentivized. an environmental degradation which i think is just appalling and alarming. and, and something that we should all be deeply concerned about. a lot on pack. there are. thank you both dr. kristen smith and fabi as a need for joining us today. now when it comes to brazil's economy, there are winners and losers. this was the most polarized race. in decades,

brazil's presidential elections come at a time when latin america's new, pink time appears to be gathering pace. left of center candidates have one elections in mexico, argentina, bolivia, peru, and honduras. in recent years, this new group of presidents, place climate policies and gender issues at the forefront of their policies. so who will win when it's all said and done, will it be the brazilian economy? well, it's people when it's a close call, but it's a fact that the brazilian economy is really starting to struggle now in the aftermath of the pandemic. thanks for watching. i'm christy i and i'll see you next time on the cost of everything. ah, ah ah.

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