can people, is bone deep. israel is a major, a strategic partner for the united states. it's rooted in the shared values of democracy and freedom. and the rule of law and those values remain essential. as president biden has said, the genius of the markers of american democracy and israeli democracy is that they are both built on strong institutions, on checks and balances, and on an independent judiciary. also visit to israel is yet another tab by jo biden's administration to play a media role here in the region in hand to try to de escalate the situation. since the beginning of this year had a number of high ranking american officials like national security advisors, secretary of state, visited israel, expressing their concerns over mounting tension is trying to de escalate the

situation. but as we can see, things are only boiling on the ground. so and thomas discovers the ancient secrets of li, like color next, and we'll be hearing some of the out with ah lake by call, a magical place, fantastical ice clean water is a dramatic geography. and of course, a unique echo system which is developed over the past 25 to 35000000 years. and of

course, a place like this just beckons you to come and experience it off for yourself. mm. confer with

to discover what's amazing ice is all about. we're going on board this hovercraft. jen will be joined by biologist maxime to say if he's been studying the wonders of by call and how can contribute to modern science and he'll be our guide today. ah. hey maxine hi i thanks for meeting us out here. i'm incredible view. i can say tell me 1st about buy call. it's pretty old. in fact, we don't really know how old, but at least up to 35000000 years old. why is it so different from other lakes and it shows no sign of drawing out what's the key to its longevity? but nobody go orchard?

yes or by call is ancient. an estimated to be around 25 to 35000000 years old or both. it's the most or 2nd most ancient lake on our planet about a key feature of my cow farmer is that it doesn't really get older, like all the lakes up on it. it's constantly growing or any continental lake slowly fades up even the moment it appears. they fill with silk in a process called sedimentation married and little by little have sediment, fills the lake to the top and it's no more number in by cal sediment also accumulate, sorry, but unlike other continental lakes fi, it constantly widens by col, is of tectonic origin, you will, it's a rift blake if you give us the building. the rift in the us crust is constantly growing. so every year, bye call is getting deeper by a centimeter. people can hear them break a sediment, doesn't accumulate fast enough to outpace the legs growth each year by cal gets deeper and wider by a sent me to or to further it's believe by calm,

will become part of the ocean in the future of tearing the continent of you raise your part just and joining the arctic ocean. if i just heard you correctly, ah, does that mean you think that this eventually will become part of the ocean? but yes, yes, this is a hypothesis which was the rest of humanity probably won't be around to witness. it shut, it will take tens or hundreds of millions of years by girl. that geologically by cow is a future oceans or at some point in the future. but there won't be any late my call with but a by called fuel instead. so here's my question about earthquakes. we know that that happened all the time around here because of this continental rift. we know that in 1959, one of these earthquakes deepened the lake by 20 meters. ah, we know the recently there was just another earthquake. do we expect any more big earthquakes to happen here? regularly or break out? my call is constantly growing. so earthquakes occur,

he had daily counseling every day, we have dozens of them, but we register only a few stronger earthquakes happen every few months. we had one just this week, it was magnitude 5. you and we all felt it here. then with that it's all right, really was if you aren't afraid of a little shaking, we don't expect any massive earthquakes because my car relieves with us very pressure go up on it doesn't accumulate here. no massive energy release is going to happen for us to go. instead, it's gradual. we've adjusted to this with it and live happily through georgia. government should cool. let's take a walk and see what else we can find on this great big lake in selection. if you take a piece of bike call, ice is astonishingly clear. why is that? i mean, in some places you can see up to 40 meters through the ice, but almost a baker, which and the water is pristine and bye call me no realisation here is under 100

milligrams per lisa, which is extremely low. it's super fresh water, super close to distilled your own. very few organic components, a dissolved in it is not just clear. it's so clear that you can drink it. so when it freezes, the ice is as transparent as glass. so obviously not here, but there are some famous bubbles and cracks that we can see under the ice. what are those cracks? what are they made of? move for me and you guess is frozen and by cow have different origins. first of all, as simple snow me saying an other gas sources at the bottom of the lake in places where the concentration is high cavities emerge and the ice polar sometimes so big, you can fall into one, but they usually say the ice is very strong, it can hold people, it can hold trucks that can hold massive vehicles. but at the same time,

we see fissures and cracks all over the lake. is this safe for us to be out here? no gun. yes. love you. sure. in some places you must watch your step mother. there are places where the ice is constantly moving, like some cranks always move when the ice sheet is forming. fish creating cavities . finish that i. in fact, good for local foreigner, done by the seals and by call use them to survive under the thick layer of ice. and i will look at that in general. the lake is quite safe during certain periods, like in february and march, when you can walk and even drive across by car freely before and after that you have to be very careful will do it. as i understand it, because home to about 3500 endemic species, unique to buy, call us, which is more than any other lake of the world wise. it's so special here. is it because of the size of the lake just oh, of garages. i'd say is the age to baker by kyle is not simply big girl. it's

ancient or fortunate. well, it's basin is over 25 to 35000000 years old. or is that a break? over that time, the foreigner has evolved greatly with boy at some point ancient warm biome animals lived here, breaker than ancient cold biome. animals of their fall, a lot has happened over its long history, which have fainted. the biodiversity of the lake i will abuse. then there's it's sheer size by karl is simply so big that unique species conform in different parts of the lake. yet the south on some live close to the surface or some live at the coastline rather for some, in the extreme depths. 1.5 kilometers down are by col is 1642 meters deep herb. we're even at the deepest points because of unique life forms exist my be to go are you species in those biomes are not alike with and the more varied habitat you have, the more diverse the foreigner color. that's the reason. so many species exist in

the lake the summer and we suspect the surface has barely been scratched. good girl, conservative estimate, suggest only half of all life forms in the lake have been discovered was on cobra. while optimistic estimates suggest only a 10th unknown to us optimistically reduce the us. so we hear about environmental crisis. here's my call from time to time. you have to have that the lake can actually clean itself. how does that work? ah, good, i'm a go to improve. when we talk about the environmental crisis around by cow, we're gonna, we have to understand that by carl is a gigantic lake. its surface area is comparable to that of many european countries or will you be so we cannot say that the whole of lake by college in crisis break our law. there is no crisis at all. some areas have real problems, especially those affected by human activities near towns, villages, and tourist facilities. are you still the 499 percent of bike owl is a self cleaning ecosystem. anything that lands there naturally,

any organic substance when blown dust and debris is quickly dissolved in the water due to the low level of mineralization by more to share. the water in by karl is almost distilled, hook up to record what remains is consumed by the local micro organisms. we saw that there is very little organic matter in lake by karl. so the competition between the many and demi species is fierce, so everything gets eaten up. so michael has a system of biological cell purification used to be given to that. so this is why the lakes water has stayed uniquely pure from millions of years. in some areas, however, human influence has exceeded the system's ability to purify itself through their leading to various crises just through this mostly affects shallow arms or isolated parts of the lake on it. but thank god, so far by karl has managed to mitigate all the problems humans have created around peculiar climate change. it's a big trigger for

a lot of people. how does climate change affects life? hearing, bye call. but though it's gotta, for goldsboro global warming is a funny thing to talk about when you're at lake by carl in winter, you see bicycle is a territory with a strongly continental climate. so the negative a thanks have global climate change. i felt here more than anywhere else from our now we see more climate anomalies with auto summers and cold a winter's more winds and storms than usual. retrofits. it's all because the relative balance of the climate is being upset customer. michael has its own story to tell about global climate change to through. we've been monitoring the lakes water temperature for more than 75 years. and we know that the average annual surface temperature has been rising in 70 years. it has risen by more than one degree, which is a lot for a lake as cold as by copper. changes in service,

water temperature have a direct impact on so called primary production. that is the population of microscopic al guy that live in the surface last year and produce organic matter when it, the peculiar coach loving alga decrease in number. he said, while warm loving species increase your price d p. m. this leads to fundamental shift in by cause ecosystem. the series of, you know, it's hard to say how this story will end up ago on the one hand break late michael has undergone numerous climatic changes where it used to be a tropical layer that move around with and it was covered in ice completely 2nd. but each of these changes brought dramatic shifts in the composition of the ecosystem of it. and it's biological characteristics were there throughout its existence. humankind has witnessed the lake in one state, the state it is in today. if this state changes, i'm afraid that neither society,

nor the economy around by cow will be prepared for, especially if change happens quickly to discovery channel. so what research is need to do is find out what's happening and what to expect. you to look through a disk or something that i wanted to ask you about, that you have a specific expertise in is, are some of the species here and by call might be able to help scientists in medicine, discover new antibiotics. tell me more about that, that you guys could, michael has unique, deep water fauna. the deep during species of late by carl are an interesting phenomenon. you see there is not much food down there for you said the bottom organisms cor scavengers. don't have any other options, but to feed on decaying biomass, such as dead organisms that often the source of various infections as a result, but there are thousands of scavenging organisms living at the lakes bottom. the produce antibiotics to combat various infections. they get with food. the

antibiotic substances they use are concentrated, restrict you, mr. no one has ever looked into this before. no one has ever had access to these thousands of species with their highly effective bio protection mechanisms against infections. so we picked this area for our studies up up of once we started, we immediately came upon a vast number of potential anti microbial compounds and even described a new class of antibiotics you live by color me, since i believe many more groups of anti microbial compounds produced by, by karl's organisms and having potential for pharmaceutical application gap will be found in the decades to com. or even it's a long way, of course, from the discovery and 1st characterization to the pharmaceutical market and medical use her mom, but still on the bike. how foreigner is a valuable source of potential bio active compounds for me,

with an anti microbial affect food. ok, so i have to ask, i'm almost as a novelty, but it's really cool. are by cold ice case, they're not found anywhere else. so why do we find ice caves on this lake? by, by go was he bought the, is me oh, by the waters of, by col a very mobile and there's always something happening. either you to strong humid wins or to the movement of the waves running into the shoreline and destroying it. ah, beauty, beauty, erosion of the lake shore, it is continued destruction, results in the formation of deep caves. so in the autumn, when by col starts to freeze over when ice is formed is usually the season of storms on by col, as the middle of the caves is showered with water from storms. foaming the breath taking any beautiful ice grotesque, famous on by col, whether it be due to their unique aesthetic value in the caves are fascinating, tourist attractions. i'm one of my calls, iconic landmarks viewed that you have to see by calls, ice caves,

food at least once in your life time recently, it's an absolute must be. they are really beautiful at the rich grocer. mm hm. and that sound you hear is lake by call. actually breathing by call is enormous. it's as big as a european country, like belgium. and i bet you're wondering how deep it is. exactly. well, it's more than one and a half kilometers deep at some points. to put this into perspective, you could measure it with 2 burge, caliph us 3 and half at petronas towers and about 12 great pyramids of keesa. to discover what's under the ice of my call, we are going to be joined by eager hon i if he is a professional diver and scientist. and he is actually down there right now. when

he comes back, he'll tell the secrets of the depths of my call with us. thank you very much for taking the time i. i have to ask it's cold, it's dangerous. it's i see by the nature of it. um, why do you do it? no. the shelves dose that. well, humans are made in such a way that they get used to anything and is what she can you only feel the cold for the 1st 30 seconds a minute of most. the cold burns your face, but everything else feels pretty normal. when you start feeling cold, if you don't move enough under water, i got it. so you really start freezing off to spending 30 or 40 minutes down the

flick. what? speaking of how dangerous it is, the cold itself isn't the main danger. there are other factors that shouldn't be overlooked. well, of course, that the should wiki, a jacket store and his famous team, they even did their diving in by call in the wintertime. what can you find under the ice during the winter that you can't find in the summer? it was a festival. what you find there is clear ice. it's amazingly clear which when the ice isn't covered with snow, this is a diver floating underneath a meter thick layer of ice go up. we can see the face of a person standing on the ice clearly every feature day. and if that person lies face down on the ice, only the diver will even be able to see the color of their eyes in the diameter of their pupils. now imagined coming from smooth ice to an area full of pressure ridges and cracks with ice piling up to 10 meters thick. both on the surface and under the water imagined. moving among all those massive structures and shapes may

device be and they're all transparent. and the ice sparkling and playing in bright sunlight. b kicks, launch the who check your good choosing where to dive is a big deal and it takes a lot of preparation. what goes into picking your spot and maintaining it, and how do you decide where you're going to die? that wisdom wishes the winner. during our divest time, our goal was to pick sponge, laughing, which will appear in great quantities at this time of year. seen a lot of with that in mind, we picked an area with adaptive, went in to 70 meters and moved towards the shore, starting at the lower levels. what are you? and so it's all determined by the goal of the dive. the when, for example, we can dive in an open lake when studying underwater interests ation. now it's cold yet, so the layer of ice keeps going thicker by several centimeters each day. because once that process slows down, the bottom side of the ice immediately gets covered by

a colossal amount of various diatoms. it's like walking among vegetable patches and a garden, only in this case they are above you on the bottom surface of the ice and you please. what kind of equipment does it take to keep you safe and to keep you dry down there and warm wiggly green you? here's the kind of gear we can use for diving in biker. it's very seldom that we wear wet suits here. so a dry diving suit is a must have another master's, a double regulated valve. we're going to need 2 of those really good at them. and that's all because of the cold water in a wet suit. you won't last more than 15 to 20 minutes of this time. if you me, i'm going to use a dry suit with as much layering as possible underneath. we're going to keep my body warm for a long time. but they say, why to regulate a valve to mux you in cold water like this, a valve can start free flowing at any moment that is bleeding air out for that another thing, it can just cut off my air all of

a sudden tv. so i have to be alert and always ready to close the faulty valve and switch to the other one. so we always use double valve scuba cylinders in bike. how are you ever scared? do you ever get frightened or from being down there? i mean, if something goes wrong, you're trapped under some pretty sick ice pushing and as you see, the thickness of the ice doesn't really matter here. whether the ice is this thick, well, this thick. you can't bought your dive and go up to the surface at any moment. any way we can get. the biggest challenge here is the closed space of course, which scares many people the moment they lose sight of the hole in the ice. and in the moment they can't see it, they start to panic. we're going, as you see here, we dive with a safety rope attached. courtland go. number one for the deliver is not to get entangled in the rope, and you can come at the approach that you're the person manning, the safety rope, and the task is to keep it taught so that he can feel the person on the other end of the road that has to be a constant connection. another factor is the lack of light. whatever the situation,

you must be able to find your bearings on the water. but yet you must know where the hole in the ice is. even if you can't see it, that's it. you have a dream to going to the deepest spot of my call. i mean, if you could, i mean as a diver, it's difficult, but what would you find if you went to the absolute deepest spot of the lake? you think i've never been there? okay, my level, right? my deepest dive to the bottom of my cow in a mand mirror, submersible was at 1580 meters. what's there to see? the deep water diving missions are incredibly interesting, especially for a biologist like me go with me. i'm a biologist or an x, the ologist, and my main object of study is the coated dia and scalp ins in particular. and it's fascinating to observe absolutely everything that we need, such as how various organisms adapt to complete darkness and extreme pressure. and

yet there are cases when been thick fish, those which rest on the seafloor easily can adapt in open water. you may be studying the hydro. logical profile is also fascinating. he does gas emissions, for example. and the overall landscape that may seem to be as barren as the surface of the moon and yet is thriving with life you're, if you look closely at it. and that's under extreme pressure, that requires extreme adaptation capabilities from living organisms. so that you mostly asked, ask you about the famous black circles that appear on by call. some people think that they are you afo's or from extraterrestrial origins? so what are the circles in reality, and how do they form a, a data most fascinating phenomenon here on lake by cal, if any more than you brought, that's not just hearsay. it can be observed from hold it. and satellite images have been taken of those enormous, fascinating rings in the explanation is actually quite simple on one hand,

yet on the other, there's this unique ecosystem within like by car. do you know what methane is? gas. yeah. why is that gas hydrates or released through fractures in the lake bed methane hydrate on a solid compound? it is lighter than water and goes up to the surface of them, solid methane, your turns into gas. so if you have a piece of methane sediment, this small liquid, it will cause intense churning of water once it reaches the surface, one of our yet going up, the gas captures large quantities of water from the bottom along the way. now let's think logically, the gas carries a lot of deep water. what the water temperature under the ice is close to 0, or maybe one degrees celsius of most within the wood. and the temperature at greater depth is constant at around $3.00 to $3.00 degrees celsius. so when the warmer water goes up, it's evenly distributed in circles and melt the ice raceway. it's annoying and we

hear a lot about environmental concerns about by calling that a lot of pollution keeps coming into the lake. when you're down under the ice, are you seeing the effects of this pollution? is there? the can immune mitchell researches have registered high concentrations of phosphates, phosphorus and nitrogen in the areas of human economic activity. in these places, the under water picture of change is granny nasty speaking, realizing that all this is happening right in front of you and you can't do anything to stop, it can be really hard. i'm not a utopian. i'm an optimist. i'm sure that in the long run will come to the realization at all levels, but it can't go on like this, and changes will follow. but once again, i don't think that lake michaels entire ecosystem is affected. that's not true. i'll give you a figure. 23000 cubic kilometers lake by calls vast quantities of water are capable of undoing the effect of incoming pollutants. the way your colleague told us that by call fundamentally cleans itself as an ecosystem musician with the will. it

doesn't matter if the ecosystem can manage the negative effect on its own or not. if there's damage, the balance is upset. we must help lake by cal cope. and let's not forget that the most endemic species inhabit a narrow stretch along the shore. if we see that the endemic forms of life are else did, we must help and do everything we can to reverse the process as humans, as a civilization that it's all duty. thank you very much. you got has been very interesting to hear your thoughts. i want you to stay safe and stay warm. okay, you're welcome to use

i use, i was i use i use it for the business and you clean the 3 and a rugby shoes and you made it comes. graham. when you wrote,

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a big way. american and german media hint that some so called pro ukraine group might have been behind the attack. little evidence was provided is the west starting to have 2nd thoughts about the cube regime a history of the guy who's supposed to be real and a 3rd consecutive oh, the bottom of the republic of georgia said it has officially slapped a controversial bill that spot was violent mass protest to the country as a political opposition insist that current government resign coffee breaks out how these fences have emerged in particular.