a with i'm making a living with these donkeys to help my family. it must love animals to keep that take out and so that they will take care of each with . and that's all for now. be sure to check out our t v dot com for all of the latest breaking news and updates. we'll see you right back here at the top of the hour with the sabotage of the north stream pipeline. just back in the headlines in a big way. american and german media hint that some so called pro ukraine group

might have been behind the attack. little evidence was provided is the west starting to have 2nd thoughts about the kid regime ah lake by call, a magical place, fantastical ice clean water is a dramatic geography. and of course, a unique echo system which is developed over the past 25 to 35000000 years. and of course, a place like this just beckons you to come and experience it off for yourself. mm.

a with to discover what just amazing ice is all about. we're going on board this

hovercraft and we'll be joined by biologist maxime fe of he has been studying the wonders of by call and how can contribute to modern science and he'll be our guide today. ah, hey, maxine hi i thanks for meeting us out here. i'm incredible view. i can say tell me 1st about buy call. it's pretty old. in fact, we don't really know how old, but at least up to 35000000 years old. why is it so different from other lakes and it shows no sign of drawing out what's the key to it's longevity. but just in a way go or she said yes or by call is ancient. an estimated to be around 25 to 35000000 years old, or both. it's the most or 2nd most ancient lake on our planet. but

a key feature of bi cow farmer is that it doesn't really get older, like all the lakes jump up on it. it's constantly growing or any continental lake slowly fades from the moment it appears. they fill with silk in a process called sedimentation married. and little by little have sediment, fills the lake to the top and it's no more number in by cow. sediment also accumulates, but unlike other continental lakes for it constantly widens by col is of take tonic origin. you will, it's a rift blake. you give us the bottom of the rift in the us crust is constantly growing. so every year, bye call is getting deeper by a centimeter. people can hear them break. the sediment doesn't accumulate fast enough at you about to outpace the legs growth each year by can get steeper and wider by a centimeter or 2. further, it's believe by col will become part of the ocean in the future of tearing the continent of you raise your part just and joining the arctic ocean. if i just heard you correctly, ah,

does that mean you think that this eventually will become part of the ocean? the yes, well yes, this is a hypothesis which was the work of humanity probably won't be around to witness. it shut, it will take tens or hundreds of millions of years by girl, the geologically by cow is a future oceans are at some point in the future, but they won't be any late. my car will, but a buy col fuel instead. so here's my question about earthquakes, we know that they happen all the time around here because of this continental rift . we know that in 1959, one of these earthquakes deepened, the lake by 20 meters. are we know the recently there was just another earthquake. do we expect any more big earthquakes to happen here regularly or break a my call is constantly growing. so earthquakes occur. he had daily counseling every day. we have dozens of them, but we register only a few stronger earthquakes happen every few months. we had one just this week,

it was magnitude 5 and we all felt it was still it's all right, really was if you aren't afraid of a little shaking, we don't expect any massive earthquakes because my car relieves littlest, very pressure, go up on it doesn't accumulate here, no massive energy release is going to happen on the go. instead it's gradual. we've adjusted to this with it and live happily civilian government should. cool. let's so take a walk and see what else we can find her on this great big lake. in axiom, if you take a piece of by call, ice is astonishingly clear. what, why is that? i mean, in some places you can see up to 40 meters through the ice, what almost a break i live about which, and she's her, the water is pristine and by car mineralization here is under $100.00 milligrams police, her food which is extremely low. it's super fresh water we close to distilled here,

only very few organic components are dissolved in it on the it's not just clear it sound clear that you can drink it on your postage. so when it freezes, the ice is as transparent as glass or some go for a horrible mistake. well, so obviously not here, but there are some famous bubbles and cracks that we can see under the ice. what are those cracks? what are they made of? move for, for me, i'm to guess is frozen in by cow, have different origins. first of all, your, their simple snow methane and other gas sources at the bottom of the lake. in places where the concentration is high cavities emerge and the ice polar sometimes so big or you can fall into one already. but they usually say he does, apartment, the ice is very strong, it can hold people, it can hold trucks that can hold massive vehicles. but at the same time, we see fissures and cracks all over the lake is the safe for us to be out here. mcglenn yes, those new shore. in some places you must watch or stare amber. there are places

where the ice is constantly moving, like your mouth. some cranks always move when the ice sheet is forming. fish creating cavities, finish that i. in fact good for local foreigner, w. seals and by car use them to survive under the thick layer of ice. and i will look at that in general. but the lake is quite safe during certain periods, like in february and march, when you can walk and even drive across by car freely. a before and after that, you have to be very careful with it. as i understand it, because on to about $3500.00 endemic species unique to buy, call us, which is more than any other lake of the world wise. it's so special here. is it because of the size of the lake or your orchard? i'd say it's the age to baker by kyle is not simply big. oh it's ancient or fortunate. well, it's basin is over 25 to 35000000 years old, or is that a break over that time,

the foreigner has evolved greatly with boy at some point ancient warm biome animals lived here breaker than ancient cold biome animals. therefore, a lot has happened over its long history, which have fainted. the biodiversity of the lake i will abuse then there's it's sheer size by karl is simply so big that unique species conform in different parts of the lake. yet the south of some live closer to the surface or some live at the coastline rather, some in the extreme depths. 1.5 kilometers down are by col is 1642 meters deep herb. we're even at the deepest points because unique life forms exist my be to go. species in those biomes are not alike with and the more buried habitat you have, the more diverse the foreigner color. that's the reason. so many species exist in the lake system and we suspect the surface has barely been scratched. conservative estimates suggest only half of all life forms in the lake have been discovered.

watson, while optimistic estimates suggest only a 10th unknown to us up the missed your distance. so we hear about environmental crisis here, and my call from time to time you've had that the lake can actually clean itself. how does that work? oh, good. i'm a guardian, but when we talk about the environmental crisis around by cow, we have to understand that by carl is a gigantic lake. its surface area is comparable to that of many european countries are mug of you. so we cannot say that the whole of late by college in crisis where you can or that there is no crisis at all. some areas have real problems, especially those affected by human activities near towns, villages and tourist facilities. still afford 99 percent of bike owl is a self cleaning ecosystem for anything that lands there. naturally, any organic substance when blown dust and debris is quickly dissolved in the water due to the low level of mineralization bomb or to share the water in by carl is

almost distilled or correct. what remains is consumed by the local microorganisms. we saw that there is very little organic matter in lake by karl. so the competition between the many and demi species is fierce about everything gets eaten up. so michael has a system of biological cell purification stimulated us. this is why the lakes water has stayed uniquely pure from millions of years. in some areas, however, human influence has exceeded the system's ability to purify itself through them, leading to various crises, just through this mostly affect shallow arms or isolated parts of the lake on it. but thank god, so far by karl has managed to mitigate all the problems. humans have created around popular toyota climate change. it's a big trigger for a lot of people. how does climate change affects life here and by call

birth, or it's got for goldsboro, global warming is a funny thing to talk about. when you're at lake by calling in winter. you see bicycle is a territory with a strongly continental climate. so the negative a thanks of global climate change. i felt here more than anywhere else from our now we see more climate anomalies with auto summers and cold. a winter's more winds and storms than usual. villages it's, it's all because the relative balance of the climate is being upset from a my cow has its own story to tell about global climate change to through. we've been monitoring the lakes water temperature for more than 75 years. and we know that the average annual surface temperature has been rising in 70 years. it has risen by more than one degree. oh, which is a lot for lake as cold as by copper. changes in service, water temperature have a direct impact on so called primary production. that is the population of

microscopic al guy that live in the surface last year and produce organic matter when it, the peculiar coach loving alga decrease in number. he said, while warm loving species increase your price, if you are this leads to fundamental shift in by cause ecosystem, the series of you know, it's hard to say how this story will end up the other cool. on the one hand break late, michael has undergone numerous climatic changes for you. it used to be a tropical layer, move around with and it was covered in eyes completely 2nd. but each of these changes brought dramatic shifts in the composition of the ecosystem for that, and it's biological characteristics we're there throughout its existence. human kind has witnessed the lake in one state, the state it is in today. if the state changes, i'm afraid that neither society, nor the economy around by cow will be prepared for, especially if change happens quickly, but for discovery channel. so what research is need to do is find out what's

happening program and what to expect you to the curriculum or something that i wanted to ask you about, that you have a specific expertise in is a some of the species here and by call might be able to help scientists in medicine discover new antibiotics. tell me more about that. the gasket, michael has unique, deep water foreigner. the deep drilling species of lake by coll are an interesting phenomenon. you see there is not much food down there for you said the bottom organisms cor scavengers. don't have any other options, but to feed on decaying biomass, such as dead organisms, i that off on the source of various infections. as a result, there are thousands of scavenging organisms living at the lakes, bottom of the produce antibiotics to combat various infections, they get with food. exploring the antibiotic substances they use a concentrated effect. no one has ever looked into this before. no one has ever had

access to these thousands of species with their highly effective prior protection mechanisms against infections for so we picked this area for our studies up up of once we started, we immediately came upon a vast number of potential anti microbial compounds. and even described a new class of antibiotics you live by color me, since i believe many more groups of anti microbial compounds produced by, by carls organisms and having potential for pharmaceutical application that will be found in the decades to calmer. even it's a long way, of course, from the discovery on 1st characterization to the pharmaceutical market and medical use her mom, but still on notebook the bike, how foreigner is a valuable source of potential bio active compounds coming with an anti microbial effect. do. okay, so i have to ask, i'm almost as a novelty, but it's really cool. are by cold ice caves, they're not found anywhere else. so. so why do we find ice caves on this lake?

by by go what she bought, the is me. oh, by the waters of by car a very mobile is always something happening. either you to strong humid wins or to the movement of the waves running into the shoreline and destroying it. ah, beauty, beauty, erosion of the lake shore, it is continued destruction, results in the formation of deep caves. and so in the autumn, when by car stars to freeze over when ice is formed very, it's usually the season of storms on by car has a middle of a caves, a showered with water from storms forming the breath taking really beautiful ice gutters. you're famous on by cal or the get you to their unique aesthetic values in the caves are fascinating, tourist attractions. i'm one of my calls, iconic landmarks visit. you have to see by college, eyes, caves feeding. at least one the senior lifetime renew. it is an absolute must be, they are really beautiful at the rich grocer. with that sound you hear is lake

by call. actually breathing by call is enormous. it's as big as a european country, like belgium, and i bet you're wondering how deep it is. exactly. well, it's more than one and a half kilometers deep at some points. to put this into perspective, you could measure it with 2 burge, caliph us 3 and half at petronas towers, and about 12 great pyramids of gisele to discover what's under the ice of my call. we're going to be joined by ego to hon. i of, he is a professional diver and scientist, and he is actually down there right now when it comes back. he'll tell us the secrets of the depths of my call with

the nurse. thank you very much for taking the time. and i have to ask, it's cold, it's dangerous. it's, i see by the nature of it. um, why do you do it? no, the shelves, dosa. well, humans are made in such a way that they get used to anything is what, let's you, can you only feel the cold for the 1st 30 seconds a minute of most. the cold burns your face, but everything else feels pretty normal. you start feeling cold. if you don't move enough under water. good. so you really start freezing after spending 30 or 40 minutes down the adequate speaking of how dangerous it is, the cold itself isn't the main danger? there are other factors that shouldn't be overlooked. well, of course, that we should look e a jacket store and his famous team,

they even did their diving in by call in the wintertime. what can you find under the ice during the winter that you can't find in the summer? it was a festival. what you find there is clear ice, it's amazingly clear that which when the ice isn't covered with snow, this is a diver floating underneath a meter thick layer of ice. you can see the face of a person standing on the ice clearly every feature day. and if that person lies face down on the ice, only the diver will even be able to see the color of their eyes. any of the diameter of their pupils are you now imagined coming from smooth ice to an area full of pressure ridges and cracks with ice piling up to 10 meters thick, both on the surface and under the water imagined. moving among all those massive structures and shapes may device be and they're all transparent. the ice sparkling and playing and bright sunlight. the kicks launched the who checked your good

choosing where to dive is a big deal and it takes a lot of preparation. what goes into picking your spot and maintaining it, and how do you decide where you're going to die, which you wish us the window during our dive. this time, our goal was to pick sponge, laughing, which will appear in great quantities at this time of year seen a lot of with that in mind. we picked an area with adaptive went in to 70 meters and moved towards the shore, starting at the lower levels. what are you? and so it's all determined by the goal of the dive. for example, we can dive in an open lake when studying under water interests ation. now it's cold yet, so the layer of ice keeps going thicker by several centimeters each day. because once that process slows down, the bottom side of the ice immediately gets covered by a colossal amount of various diatoms, with its like walking among vegetable patches in a garden cluster. only in this case they are above, you know, on the bottom surface of the ice nuclear. what kind of equipment does it take to

keep you safe to keep your dry down there and warm wiggly grain. you, here's the kind of good we can use for diving in biker. it's very seldom that we were wet suits here. so a dry diving suit is a master. another master's a double regulator valve, is we're going to need 2 of those really good at them. and that's all because of the cold water in a wet suit. you won't last more than 15 to 20 minutes of this time. if you me, i'm going to use a dry suit with as much layering as possible underneath. we're going to keep my body warm for a long time and you, but they say why to regulate as well as to mux you in cold water like this. a valve can start free flowing at any moment. that is bleeding air out. for another thing, it can just cut off my air all of a sudden. so i have to be alert and always ready to close the faulty valve and switch to the other one. so we always use double valve scuba cylinders in bike. how

are you ever scared? do you ever get frightened from bring down there? i mean, if something goes wrong, you're trapped under some pretty sick ice pushing. and as you see, the thickness of the ice doesn't really matter here. whether the ice is this thick . well, this thick, i think you can't bought your dive and go up to the surface at any moment. any way we can get. the biggest challenge here is the closed space, of course, which scares many people the moment they lose sight of the hole in the ice and in the moment they can't see it. they start to panic like going. as you see here, we dive with a safety rope attached courtland you go. number one for the driver is not to get entangled in the rope, and you can come at the approach that you are the person manning, the safety rope, and the task is to keep it taught so that he can feel the person on the other end of the room with a has to be a constant connection. another factor is the lack of light or whatever the situation. you must be able to find your bearings on the water. or yet you must know where the hole in the ice is. even if you can't see it, that's it. you have

a dream to go into the deepest spot of my call. i mean, if you could, i mean as a diver, it's difficult, but what would you find if you went to the absolute deepest spot of the lake? you think i've never been there? mostly my level, right? my deepest dive to the bottom of my cow in a mand mirror, submersible was at 1580 meters. was there to see the deep water diving missions are incredibly interesting, especially for a biologist like me, or would me, i'm a biologist or an x, the ologist. and my main object of study is the coated dia and scalping, in particular. and it's fascinating to observe. absolutely, everything that we'd such as how various organisms adapt to complete darkness and extreme pressure. and yet there are cases when bentham fish, those which rest on the seafloor, anyone can adapt in open water. you may be studying the hydro, logical profile is also fascinating. he does gas emissions, for example,

and the overall landscape that may seem to be as barren as the surface of the moon, and yet is thriving with life you if you look closely at it. and that's under extreme pressure. that requires extreme adaptation capabilities from living organisms. so acutely asked ask you about the famous black circles that appear on by call. some people think that they are you afo's or from extraterrestrial origins? so what are the circles in reality, and how do they form a that's a most fascinating phenomenon here on lake by cal. if any more than you brought, that's not just hearsay, it can be observed from hold it. and satellite images have been taken of those enormous, fascinating rings in the explanation is actually quite simple. on one hand, you see it on the other. there's this unique ecosystem within lake bike that you know what methane is. yes, yes, respect, gas hydrates are released through fractures in the lake bed methane hydrate on

a solid compound. it is lighter than water and goes up to the surface of them solid methane, your turns into gas. so if you have a piece of methane sediment, this small equip, it will cause intense churning of water once it reaches the surface or enough, or yet, you're going up. the gas captures large quantities of water from the bottom along the way. now let's think logically, the gas carries a lot of deep water. what the water temperature under the ice is close to 0? well, may be one degrees celsius of most within the water. and the temperature at greater depth is constant at around $3.00 to $3.00 degrees celsius. so when the warmer water goes up, it's evenly distributed in circles and melt the ice race. quit the morning and we hear a lot about environmental concerns about by calling that a lot of pollution keeps coming into the lake. when you're down under the ice, are you seeing the effects of this pollution in immune?

mitchell researches have registered high concentrations of phosphates, phosphorus and nitrogen in the areas of human economic activity. in these places, the underwater picture of change is granny nasty. realizing that all this is happening right in front of you and you can't do anything to stop, it can be really hard. i'm not a utopian. i'm an optimist. i'm sure that in the long run will come to the realization at all levels. but it can't go on like this, and changes will follow. but once again, i don't think that lake by carl's entire ecosystem is affected, and that's not true. i'll give you a figure. 23000 cubic kilometers. lake by carls, vast quantities of water are capable of undoing the effects of incoming pollutants . this debate, your colleague told us that by called fundamentally cleans itself as an ecosystem musician with the will. it doesn't matter if the ecosystem can manage the negative effect on its own or not. if there's damage,

the balance is upset. we must help lake by cal cope. and let's not forget that the most endemic species inhabit a narrow stretch along the shore. if we see that the endemic forms of life are else did, we must help and do everything we can to reverse the process as humans, as a civilization that we don't duty. thank you very much. good. it's been very interesting to hear your thoughts. i want you to stay safe and stay warm. okay, you're welcome to with

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