really is extremely important and also just food safety is extremely important. it's not just the water that's consumed or people are exposed to these sorts of really just so traditionally bins but it's also the food. so it was hanging the food. let's make sure that their washing hands before touching the food and that the food is washed in clean water and is cooked properly before consumption. i went into the you in a children's fund. this is the was color outbreak takes up south africa in years, and is already unraveling in 10 of the african countries, including right here in south africa in the coming weeks, provision of saved thinking water and sanitation will be the priority for authorities. but this is the case with many other diseases. it is the poorest that

will be hardest hit that i will. it's out of a lot of he and alexander china's book. that's all for this. i would you be sure to check out our website, r t dot com for all the latest breaking news and updates, and in the meantime, i'll see you right back here at the top of the hour. thanks for watching. with donald trump is again at the nexus of american politics. he's also the 1st american president to face jail time. the entire legal apparatus of the state appears to be aligned against trump. can the rule of law survive this legal odyssey with

ah, what if i told you that the key to understanding the universe was a tiny particle, which is nearly impossible to detect so much so that they are even called gold particles. they don't make traditional laws of physics, they barely have mass and the out number, everything else in the cause, most hope. and there are trillions of them passing through your body right now. they do exist and they're called neutrinos. this brings us here to the caucasus mountains here in cub dino berkadia, where we are going to visit the unique box on neutrino observatory. and it might surprise you, we're not going to find it out here in the open, but instead, we have to go about 2 kilometers deep underneath this mountain range. very

simply. what is the neutrino that some physicists colon neutrinos, the ashes of the universe, we will now have to travel 3 and a half kilometers inside the mountain. we live in a sea of neutrinos, so we could take a swim. our entire fundamental understanding of physics is wrong. we can't rule out that we're dealing with something else, something entirely different, a different kind of physics that we pretty much always have more questions than answers with whoever wants to see the results of his work immediately. you should become a shoe maker. vladimir, thank you very much for hosting us here today. oh, very simply. what is the neutrino? how far deep are we going into the mountain? and why do we have to go underground to see them? ah, some physicists, cole neutrinos, the ashes of the universe getting that produced as a result of our low as they are extremely high energy release. that d, b, you go,

our observatory is deep under ground to, to the huge amounts of energy that impact earth from space employ. but almost a night cosmic rays, create interference is horse, and that would prevent us from detecting the neutrinos e. so we go down far enough rear to where neutrino interactions are still possible in will. despite some remaining background, cosmic radiation rear, we will now have to travel 3 and a half kilometers inside the mountain occurs. and there will be the equivalent of 4800 meters of water above us in the lab. the. so how are neutrinos made and do they last forever? nothing is eternal yet. however, we can't rule out that neutrinos are precisely that eternal particles. so there are more neutrinos than anything else that we know of in the entire universe. ah,

why do we know so little about them? we shall know, going use a name, were there are so many things we still don't know about what's not called me, and we're happy to be learning more about this phenomenon of utility. we know now that neutrinos play in a central part in our universe is that you, are we ready to go inside? yes, go with

. so this is actually a telescope, but in my eyes it looks nothing like a traditional telescope. from what i understand, you can actually catch a glimpse of a neutrino. how does that happen? these meetings will, per hour. you are absolutely right since he had this telescope is very different from the traditional kind. this is one of the methods. it's to find a material that interacts with neutrinos just slightly better than others. it oddly interact with anything near to the what then they can use this telescope was specifically designed to study neutrinos emitted by the sun. jane, we've got 4 as a pattern to how all stars working st and the sun is no different. neutrinos are born in the core of a star is new with a massive release of energy inside the sun. for example, the temperature is 14000000 degrees celsius. mickey and when you tree nose reach

the earth in there, you can detect them if you shield the lab from all other influences. and there we are now in an underground lab at a depth where the flow of cosmic rays is reduced by several digits. the sun is a giant bowl of matter that gives birth to neutrinos at its very center. now they escape the sun again to space. well, got and are $600000000000.00 neutrinos per square centimeter reach the earth. every 2nd. when you trina has passed through us to we live in a sea of neutrinos that, that will store in order to detect neutrinos passing through something. or if you have to remove everything else, i'd sure to clear the way. but because loads of cosmic radiation or cosmic rays reach our planet them know the atmospheres apple as protect us from cosmic radiation, him and the energy which finally reaches the surface is harmless at my fear on us. at the same time. this is a major obstacle for studying neutrino interactions are flipping,

so we have to get away from everything else that reaches earth by going under water or underground. oh it right now. we are deep on the ground, these images as a rule, the distance to the surface is measured in meter water equivalent. you right now we are shielded equivalently to the depths of 4800 meters below the surface of a body of water. that's how we could take a swim. okay, so once you see a neutrino, how do you get it to talk to you how to get information from it? how can we captain you trina's? want to be more precise as you, how can we established that a neutrino has passed through you? we have to find a substance that interacts with neutrinos more than any other type of matter. the 1st researcher to discover such a substance was bruno ponti corvil. he is known for a response he gave to wolfgang polly who introduced the term neutrino. and in order

to maintain the fundamental law of the conservation of energy. when the, when poly said, i suggest that a particle, the neutrino carries away some of the energy emitted in radioactive decay in the body. but that was the wrong thing to do because we're such as will never be able to detect that particle. and ponti carver replied, that's not true if we can and will detect it if we need to take a large amount of substance for when he actually named the substance. chlorine $37.00, we have one of the isotopes of chlorine kenya. wow, and the neutrino, like some minuscule part of it, i will interact with chlorine and turn it into an organ. 37. it's a noble gas, and it's radioactive. you have to collect it and then you can determine how many neutrinos were captured by the chlorine. that was done very well by ray davis because we worked together with him on creating this device and he shares the

credit for this project or it was before he won the nobel prize. he received a plato at that. so it turned out that chlorine can only interact with high energy neutrinos and based on our calculations for the sun, what we have now only a small part of neutrinos alike that then by this triggered further research to find a way to detect neutrinos good one of our researches relate doctor cuz men discovered it or he suggested using gallium or you and and it proved to be effective in detecting low energy new trina, those that are generated by the sun in abundance e to be exact 99 percent of all sun generated neutrinos by him, if we use an analogy, the sun is more like a compost heap, where the organic waste undergoes a slow process that generates heat gus with us. now if we look at how neutrinos are generated, it happens when protons and neutrons from hydrogen atoms. i'm merged into alpha

particles or helium atoms right there. it's a slow process and it doesn't occur often. but as the sun consists of hydrogen and helium, the process goes on a one south that the sun continues to generate heat as long as the balance is maintained and welcome. it's interesting to note that the light for gamma quanta, what is born at the same time as neutrinos more, it takes 14 minutes for a neutrino to reach a flu. but gamma canter can linger in the depths of the sun for thousands of years in the res, reaching earth. now we're actually generated a 1000 years ago. what, while the neutrinos have only just been produced for ever with their generation is a very steady process. if the sun can be turbulent, it can release solar flares and so on. we've been around, but that's all surface phenomena here for the call however, is very precise. it's in very stable and i bought and i believe the sun will

sustain us for quite some time. worse than in quite a no go over in so the gallium germanium telescope gives us information coming from the sun. you've already touched on this a little bit. what kind of specific information can we get from this telescope? but please give civil o t vegetable. here we have a confirmed understanding of the sun. your van dolah process is in it and you my am not all of our questions have been answered yet. my says that requires much higher precision. i said if you were planning to replace gallium with us installation detector, a massive with telescopes like that are already being built in some the bar tracy, for example, in china, and other nearby nations phone number that if he say when it comes to the sun with the sage experiment, we're seeing a constant process and not much is changing was dia, my no problem. now we're more interested in the neutrinos it emits than in the sun itself. even past the young. we registered twice as few neutrinos as theoretically

expected, considering the amount of energy released just enough. so the next step would be so there are 3 types of neutrinos intensive electron from you on even tao. the son only emits electron neutrinos hudy, although a wonderful theory has recently suggested that you, tree nos change their, their flavor. when would, what are the physicists are lyricist as well? you see? so neutrinos can shift from electron to new on or tao, and vice versa. this phenomenon is called neutrino oscillation, don't you? our telescope can only detect the electron neutrinos and so this will change of flavor. now explains why we register only half of the suns neutrinos aramark and we're going follow. so this is the underground situation telescope. it is the size of a 4 story building and it is covered from top to bottom in particle detectors. and

it is sending information to computers, which is allowing sanchez to, to monitor the movement of neutrinos in real time. marty, thanks very much for having us here. at these installation telescope, or if i understand things correctly here, we can witness what neutrinos are doing in real time. but yes ma'am, we monitor neutrino events. 2 types of neutrinos electron neutrinos articles produced during a cold collapse supernova explosion and mule neutrinos from stars and other cosmic bodies. so comey, what are we looking at here? what is this and what does it do, sir this, that the de tanks and registers cosmic rays for you for when operate shape is reminiscent of a large cube, woke up, but it has 8 planes and not 6 components of the year. they consist of center lation recorders. simulation is a process where are charged particles for passes through

a sensitive material which emits light upon interactions, which is a process. so here the charged particle passes through since elation recorders few and particles of light appear, rheumatoid, for, which are shown there are a special lamps under these blank covers. remember that intensify this scope of wiggle and they are converted into electron signals or possibly signals or go to the machine room by analyzing the sequence, but at which the signal reaches the control room. we recreate what the trajectory of the particles were thought. that is why this dictator is called a center lation telescope to the school bump up in which the motor was, because it can trace the trajectory of the particles through sent elation, which is what are the further back you've been able to trace a neutrino from. and how do you actually trace it back to its origin? oh, my goodness, a done them to think that

a modem exist detector when you can register your 2 types of neutrinos. if any 3 another operate to choose sooner for blur me one you, trina would love traverses our whole planet fleming interact with the soil and under our detector review, and then look them on goes up mule mc us, miscue. little children, just severe corneus i since cause me grey moons travel down and this one goes up. mm hm. we can separate it. it's new york and know for sure, but that is from a new trina go. it is the way to just to be room new thriller. so 1st that we can say that we've registered an neutrino from the other side of our planet. abuto, selena more edge if we need to learn more with that. these neutrinos not only cross the universe of coverage, they come from our earth's atmosphere to move in the moment modem. so me, so we can be 100 percent. sure about the source you nivia slow at your store,

but we can compare on the coordinates that we get with the coordinates and you of a celestial body. for is to article optical 3, we just need to know as for electron neutrinos fridge go, they are weaker just the particles that appear after into action, or you don't go further than that detector when you read you, of course do. so we can't trace silly the trajectory home cooked immune on the mobile single neutrinos would be impossible to register like those me, ons course, but we can detect a big neutrino flow is wish me post christy. when you, like i said, the detector, as 8 planes of man use nearby looks like a cube on the outside of new pretty quick. but there are 3 planes on the inside, the boat, one on the bottom with and 2 additional floors opening a new la schuman when you're finished up mules of pushed out. so these internal

planes are protected from the meal on the 6th, by the outside walls. similarly, you move on this internal section, which has a low bank ground, a which mitchum with we observe single reactions on these detectors. quit the funk or bus route cuz we call that a background. we're pulling you cover. bruce, when you, when a collapse happens, where the detector consensus for the pick, the number of reactions increases point votes, you will use it as our benchmark bubble and calculate the flow based on this discrepancy in your particular when you really we can calculate the flow. but we can't see the trajectory in we need optical or radio telescopes for that hubbard to erica were christmas to my supernova is a very rare event for our galaxy. thank you for which you were. the last one happened in 1987 in a neighboring galaxy is neglect. can when you the magdalana cloud episode,

which of of the event was registered by 4 detectors, which, including one of our own, let's say a star in our galaxy goes super. no. it will supernova, it will be disastrous for us. presumably, would we be the 1st to know about that here at this telescope? and if so, what is the process that goes into play once that detection happens? ah, sir small were the firm a supernova? if up is a stage in the stars evolution, 3 rolls to release, monster sponsor bomb. the star must be 3 times heavier than the sun. we've got our new little you little somebody to put it in simple terms. it's called burns out and turns into metal. all this causes a massive clamps. if you little bomb reactions that follow,

make electrons and protons disappear to go through. i don't think proper though in large amounts of neutrinos appear as a result of the i took open up this up a little wrong like then it's the new 3 year. what the massive impulse is sent in different directions. the literally fuel premier leaped not it lasts well for about 15 minutes. thank you. most importantly you cook your wellness cuz all the detectors we have on our planet and fix that. okay, to begin to react for plenty to and we witness either single reactions. like in our case i do motion for both or, or spikes or if you have a different type of detector. so you'd, you know, must sort of allows them before the meridian input on such detectors can also register as much the direction it's coming from mobile to release through it properly in your particular was fascinating. thank you very much for taking the time to show me around. scientist said this observatory have been making headlines

with the best experiment on sterile transitions. they may have discovered a brand new elementary particle, the sarah neutrino. so 1st of all, congratulations, this is a big deal. what does this mean for humanity? why should we be excited? no, probably just because it's hard to speculate on the implications of that discovery copier. but humanity strives that every drop of novelty and mystery nor this particle isn't new, but it is a new type of neutrino. so, my understanding is that the best experiment could mean that our entire fundamental understanding of physics is wrong. are we in for a new era of physics? so it's fascinating, shawn, that's easy. we always enjoy discovering something new. and i hope we've come across something exciting the maybe it's not

a sterile neutrino. new physics indeed. and now one of the big questions about physics is the evidence of dark matter. and we don't really have any evidence, per se, can your experiments here with the best observatory, help us find out more information about dark matter? can stare all neutrinos, give us more insight into this down here in the my did it at that? yes, absolutely. dark matter is a real mystery, and any new information, including information about neutrinos, could help us solve that mystery. france happens on different scales. the best experiment here is relatively small compared to something like the large hadron collider. is there a benefit to working on the small scale? tell me about the pros and cons. look up real warmly slithering. yes,

there are always pros and cons to any research, but we'll keep on working and moving forward. mobile biggest is better than what they are. first of all, i'd like to say that the best experiment was successful thanks to the continued cooperation with our fellow researchers from the united states. we did with him. we value that cooperation highly darker and we are very happy that they worked with us on the best experiment to produce some very interesting results. if you're still more while we searched for possible oscillations between active and sterile neutrinos of we, we can't rule out that we're dealing with something else. is something entirely different with a different kind of physics. if i had been, will we have, we're now preparing a new experiment that will either help us find an answer. you know, perhaps leave us even more puzzles. we shall have got at their fig. deborah, we pretty much always have more questions than answers, but we're going to keep our work up an hour and we hope to finally get those

answers to follow through. we're starting to see more and neutrino observatories starting to be develops. ever since your discovery about the possibility of sterile you train us, do you think that interest in a sphere is that starting to increase it their watching as or that we expected to share because neutrinos are associated with many interesting problems and solving them could really advance our knowledge about the world, which is why it's among the hottest research arenas in fundamental science right now and in old. so we know that the bi call, deep water neutrino observatory has a witness, or an explosion from blaze ours, which are from different galaxies. what can we find out from what's happening out there at the the you can by chair would that change? yes, we were very lucky long and was particularly important. is that both the bike and the icu, you tree know telescopes detected these neutrinos coming from

a blazer. so we can rule out any possible errors here. but it's a real gift for us or rick as research as we need all the incoming data we can get here. they boy, i hope that will be more events like this. so we can continue this fascinating cutting edge research in yet. given that neutrinos have mass and that there are so many of them, if we are able to understand them more, or they're practical uses for neutrinos, if we can learn to use them maybe as an energy source or even possibly high speed internet because they don't have to go through any barriers, russian researches have developed to the best artificial sources of neutrinos. that's the fact that the fog and we plan to develop more. deborah, and it should be noted your. the research options in this area are quite limited in the sense there are only 4 or 5 elements that can be used to create artificial neutrino sources. you can also all nuclear reactors generate and t neutrinos. or

although they're not the same as neutrinos, they are just as valuable to physicists. very durable under. yeah, mcgrew, i can only say that neutrinos can carry information about various processes. you do so many of them haven't even been researched yet. you can bring in speaking about the practical applications of neutrinos as sources of energy focus. i would quote einstein on used to because whoever wants to see the results of his work immediately, you should become a shoemaker supporting. mm hm.

ah ah. in 1834 france invaded algeria, and straight away the french started inhabiting it to strengthen their position. the colonists known as p a. no ours took the best land from day one. the local population was put into an unequal position and was brutally exploited. these gauze mazda is content, the people of algeria began their long term fight for independence. in 1954, the banner of freedom was raised by the national liberation front. a guerrilla war

against the occupants broke out. the french tried to suppress to rebellion using cruel measures. all villages were wiped out acts of georgia and executions of civil people, including pregnant women, children and old people took place, records were signed, voting, l, g o, a human being. so we have it all about about it evolves anybody phasing solar city p, draw you look at the book, they incentives and the cigarettes p color revolutions is one among several meanings to reach the goal of conquering foreign lands and bringing them onto the helm of usaa weston economic interest, people in sadie, i did that. he did not grow valley the democracy during returning correctly. so no,

we must say loaded soft power and recap. the final goal, these seem revolutions to ensure that there are no independent players in the world anymore. ah, they're not even hiding the fact that if russia is conquered, the next target will be china and any country that dares to act independently, the gala rav on the lines what he believes to be the collective wes true agenda of targets in moscow and beijing. as the russian diplomats meets with top officials in ankara also this our mm israel launch is attacks against lebanon and gaza, saying is targeting how much militant infrastructure they've accused of carrying outs of thursday's rockets attack also had a citizen france.