of the gcc country, it doesn't have to be only for the benefit of the united states. india and china will provide half of the global economies growth in 2023, as according to the international monetary funds, chief. some momentum comes from emerging economies, asia, especially as a bright spot indian china expect to, to account for half of global growth in 2023, but other spaces cheaper climb. well, that says indian purchasers of russian oil are at all time highs and moscow became china's top supply of natural gas. in january, russian, chinese trade turnover has also grown by the has reached $190000000000.00. more of a trade between india and china reached a record level of about 136000000000 dollars last year. but aging and new delhi adhered to bilateral trade on the principle of economic when winds and continue to expand the exchange of products and services every year. contributing editor of the

new indian outlets, david dividers as a new delhi and beijing managed to show high economic indicators. despite all the global crises, chinese growth has been a big story for the last 40 years. certainly at least the last 30 years. so also to a somewhat lesser extent, the india growth, the story. so none of this is new is just that it's been overshadowed to some extent because of covey. they're not the factors in the recent. busy few years but there is no reason to think that the really. busy bounce back and are not already bouncing back. in fact, the indian growth rate has been most encouraging. i was surprised when i was in washington dc in september i at meetings with even government officials and they were talking with great res of how, at a time and the whole world, or many, many countries across the world. or see if they should be said,

india's growth story is quite impressive. and china has been to a bad time because of it offending of physics is wrong. and we can't rule out that when dealing with something else, something entirely different. a different kind of physics that we pretty much always have more questions than answers. whoever wants to see the results of his work immediately. you should become a shoemaker. vladimir, thank you very much for hosting us here today. oh, very simply. what is a neutrino? how far deep are we going into the mountain, and why do we have to go underground to see them? ah, some physicists goal neutrinos, the ashes of the universe getting that produced as a result of our low as they are extremely high energy release. that keep the ye go, our observatory is deep under ground to, to the huge amounts of energy that impact earth from space dim roy. but almost

a now cosmic rays, create interference, is horse, and that would prevent us from detecting the neutrinos. so we go down far enough rear to where neutrino interactions are still possible in will. despite some remaining background, cosmic radiation via we will now have to travel 3 and a half kilometers inside the mountain occurs. and there will be the equivalent of 4800 meters of water above us in the lab of the so our neutrinos made and do they last forever. nothing is eternal yet. however, we can't rule out that neutrinos are more precisely that eternal particles. so there are more neutrinos than anything else that we know of in the entire universe . ah, why do we know so little about them? we shall morgan using them were there are so many things we still don't know about an upcoming,

and we are happy to be learning more about this phenomenon of utility. we know now that neutrinos play in a central part in our universe is that you, are we ready to go inside? yes, go, ah ah ah, so this is actually a telescope, but in my eyes it looks nothing like a traditional telescope. from what i understand, you can actually catch

a glimpse of an a trina, how does that happen? these meetings will, per hour. you are absolutely right. since you had this telescope is very different from the traditional kind. this is one of the methods. it's to find a material that interacts with neutrinos just slightly better than others. it oddly interact with anything me at the what then they can use this telescope was specifically designed to study neutrinos emitted by the sun. jamie, what for you, there's a pattern to how old stars working there and the sun is no different neutrinos are born in the core of a star 0 with a massive release of energy inside the sun. for example, the temperature is 14000000 degrees celsius. mickey and when you tree nose reach the earth in there, you can detect them if you shield the lab from all other influences. and there we are now in an underground lab at a depth where the flow of cosmic rays is reduced by several digits. the sun is

a giant bowl of matter that gives birth to neutrinos at its very center. now they escape the sun again to space, to walk out and out of $600000000000.00 neutrinos per square centimeter reach the earth. every 2nd, where you trina has passed through us to we live in a sea of neutrinos that, that will store in order to detect neutrinos passing through something. or if you have to remove everything else. sure to clear the way. but because loads of cosmic radiation, bo cosmic rays reach our planet them know the atmospheres apple as protect us from cosmic radiation. and the energy which finally reaches the surface is harmless at mike urine, us at the same time. this is a major obstacle for studying neutrino interactions. typically we have to get away from everything else that reaches earth by going under water or underground. oh it

right now, we are deep underground these images. as a rule, the distance to the surface is measured in mito water equivalent. you right now we are shielded equivalently to the depths of 4800 meters below the surface of a body of water. that's how we could take a swim. ok. so once you see a neutrino, how you get it to talk to you, how to get information from it. how can we, captain neutrinos, want to be more precise? how can we established that a neutrino has passed through? here we have to find a substance that interacts with neutrinos more than any other type of matter. the 1st researcher to discover such a substance was bruno ponti corvil. he is known for a response he gave to wolfgang polly who introduced the term neutrino. and in order to maintain the fundamental law of the conservation of energy, when the, when, when poly said, i suggest that a particle,

the neutrino carries away some of the energy emitted in radioactive decay unit. but that was the wrong thing to do because we're such as will never be able to detect that particle. and ponti carver replied, that's not true if we can and will detect it if we need to take a large amount of substance when he actually named the substance. chlorine 37, we have one of the isotopes of chlorine, can you follow the neutrino, like some minuscule part of it? i will interact with chlorine and turn it into an organ. 37. 0, it's a noble gas, and it's radioactive. you have to collect it and then you can determine how many neutrinos were captured by the chlorine that was done very well by ray davis, because we worked together with him on creating this device. and he shares the credit for this project or it was before he won the nobel prize. he received a plato at that. so it turned out that chlorine can only interact with high energy

neutrinos. and based on our calculations for the sun, what we have now only a small part of neutrinos alike that work. yeah. but this triggered further research to find a way to detect neutrinos because one of our researches relate doctor cuz men discovered it, or he suggested using gallium or you and, and it proved to be effective in detecting low energy new trina. those that are generated by the sun in abundance e to be exact 99 percent of all sun generated neutrinos by him. if we use an analogy, the sun is more like a compost heap, where the organic waste undergoes a slow process that generates heat. gus with us now, if we look at how neutrinos are generated, it happens when protons and neutrons from hydrogen atoms, a merged into alpha particles or helium atoms are a very, it's a slow process and it doesn't occur often. but as the sun consists of hydrogen and

helium, than the process goes on, the one south that the sun continues to generate heat as long as the balance is maintained and welcome. it's interesting to note that the light for gamma quanta, what is born at the same time as neutrinos, nor it takes 14 minutes for a neutrino to reach a full but gamma canter can linger in the depths of the sun for thousands of years in the res reaching earth now we're actually generated a 1000 years ago. what, while the neutrinos have only just been produced for at the earth with their generation is a very steady process. if the sun can be turbulent, it can release solar flares and so on would be around. but that's all surface phenomena here for the coal, however, is very precise. it's in very stable, robert, and i believe the sun will sustain us for quite some time worse than the m, quite not over immune. so the gallium germanium telescope gives us information

coming from the sun. you've already touched on this a little bit. what kind of specific information can we get from this telescope? but please give civil o g festival. here we have a confirmed understanding of the sun, your van dolah process is in it, and you my am. not all of our questions have been answered yet, my professor that requires much higher precision. i said if you were planning to replace galleon with us, installation detector, a massive with telescopes like that are already being built in some the borrower, tracy, for example, in china and other nearby nations phone number that if he say when it comes to the sun with the sage experiment, we're seeing a constant processor and not much is changing was dia, my no problem. now we're more interested in the neutrinos it emits than in the sun itself. we did in past the young, we registered twice as few neutrinos as theoretically expected, considering the amount of energy released just enough. so the next step would be

useful. there are 3 types of neutrinos intensive, electron new on even tao. the son only emits electron neutrinos hewitt, although a wonderful theory has recently suggested that neutrinos change their, their flavor. when would, what are the physicists are lyricist as well? you see? so neutrinos can shift from electron to new on or tao, and vice versa. this phenomenon is called neutrino oscillation. don't our telescope can only detect electron neutrinos. and so this will change of flavor explains why we register only half of the suns neutrinos are much mcguigan paula rule. so this is the underground situation telescope. it is the size of a 4 story building and it is covered from top to bottom in particle detectors. and it is sending information to computers, which is allowing sanchez to, to monitor the movement of neutrinos in real time. marty,

thank you very much for having us here at least inflation telescope or if i understand things correctly here, we can witness what neutrinos are doing in real time. but yes, we monitor neutrino events. 2 types of neutrinos electron neutrinos articles produced during a cold collab supernova explosion and mule neutrinos from stars and other cosmic bodies. so tell me, what are we looking at here? what is this and what does it do that, sir? this, the tags and registers cosmic rays, foy for when operated shape is reminiscent of a large cube walker, but it has 8 planes and not 6 components of failure. they consist of sent elation. recorders simulations is a process where are charged particles for passes through a sensitive material which emits light upon interaction, which is the process. so here the charged particle passes through sent elation,

recorders, few and particles of light appear. rheumatoid, to which have shown there are special lamps under these black covers ribbon that intensify this scope of wiggle. and they are converted into electron signals or possibly signals or go to the machine room by analyzing the sequence, but at which the signal reaches the control room. we recreate with the trajectory of the particles. we thought that is why this dictator is called a center mation telescope to squabble. but almost almost because it can trace the trajectory of the particles through sent elation. would you do? what are the further back you've been able to trace a neutrino from? and how do you actually trace it back to its origin? ah, me, was a done them to think that a modem exist detector when you can register your 2 types of neutrinos. if any 3 another operate to choose sooner for blur me one you, trina would love traverses our whole planet fleming interact with the soil from

your under our detector. you and then look them on goes up mule, mc us miscue, little chill, little severe corneus. i since cause me gray, mu, honest, traveled down and this one goes up. mm hm. we can separate it as soon as we have your and know for sure, but that is from a new trina go, it is the way it is to be a room, new thriller. so 1st that we can say that we've registered an neutrino from the other side of our planet. cur abuto, selena more edges. we need to learn more with that. but these neutrinos not only cross the universe of coverage, they come from our earth's atmosphere to move it into the more modem. so me, so we can't be 100 percent. sure about the source you nearby. uh, no, it's your story. but we can compare on the coordinates that we get with the coordinates and you of a celestial body brewster, article lovesick authority. we just need to know as for electron neutrinos fridge

go, they are weaker just the particles that appear after into action that really don't go further than that detector when you read you, of course do so we can't trace silly the trajectory home cooked immune on the mobile single neutrinos would be impossible to register you like those me, ons course, but we can detect a big neutrino flow is wish me post christy. when you, like i said, the detector, as 8 planes of minute me, looks like a cube on the outside of newton, pretty quick. but there are 3 planes on the inside the boat, one on the bottom with and 2 additional floors opening on the schuman when you're standing up mule enough, pushed up, still. these internal planes are protected from, from the me, once by the outside walls. similarly, you move on this internal sanction, which has a low bank ground,

a which mitchum with we observe single reactions on these detectors cook with the funk or bus route cuz we call that a background. we're pulling you cover bruce widget, when a collapse happens, where the detector consensus for the fix, the number of reactions increases when portraits, you will use it as our benchmark bubble and calculate the flow based on this discrepancy in your before them when you really we can calculate the flow, but we can't see the trajectory in we need optical on radio, telescopes for that hubbard. you. erica were christmas to my supernova, is a very rare event for our galaxy. thank you for with your with the last one happened in 1987 in a neighboring galaxy is neglect kim. were you the magdalana cloud episode, which of the event was registered by for detectors, including one of our own. let's say a star in our galaxy goes super. no, it will supernova. it will be disastrous for us. presumably,

would we be the 1st to know about that here at this telescope? and if so, what is the process that goes into play once that detection happens? ah, so small, we're with her a supernova up is a stage in the stars evolution 30 rather to relieve monster swan so from the star must be 3 times heavier than the sun will guarantee you little you little so move them to put it in simple terms it's called burns out and turns into metal. all of this causes a massive collapse. if you little thumb, the reactions that follow make electrons and protons disappear, caputo garden float proper though and large amounts of neutrinos appear as a result that i took open this up by lift like normally finish the new 3 year. what

the massive impulse is sent in different directions, the regional fuel pretty middle up, not it lasts over about 15 minutes. thank you. most importantly we cook your williams causal. the detectors we have on our planet effect the record will begin to react to play nature. and we witness either single reactions. like in our case, i do motion for both or, or spikes, or if you have a different type of detector. you do, you know, muster roslyn before the marita input on such detectors can also register as much the direction it's coming from more would release through it more probably in your particular well, fascinating, thank you very much for taking the time to show me around. so i just sat this observatory, have been making headlines with the best experiment on sterile transitions. they may have discovered a brand new elementary particle,

the surround neutrino. so 1st of all, congratulations, this is a big deal. what does this mean for humanity? why should we be excited, new through them to check convent, hard to speculate on the implications of that discovery copied. but humanity strives for every drop of novelty and mystery law. this particle isn't new of them, but it is a new type of neutrino. so my understanding is that the best experiment could mean that our entire fundamental understanding of physics is wrong. are we in for a new era of physics. so at there, it's fascinating. sure that that's easy. we always enjoy discovering something new . you and i hope we've come across something exciting as maybe it's not a sterile neutrino that meet new physics. indeed. now, one of the big questions about physics is the evidence of dark matter. and we don't

really have any evidence, per se, can your experiments here with the best observatory, help us find out more information about dark matter can sterile neutrinos give us more insight into this children than my did it at that? yes, absolutely. that kind of dark matter. is a real mystery bend. any new information, including information about neutrinos, could help us solve that mystery or the, or see science happens on different scales. the best experiment here is relatively small compared to something like the large hadron collider. is there a benefit to working on a small scale and tell me about the pros and cons? look of reformers live the years. there are always pros and cons to any research, but we'll keep on working and moving forward. vegas is better than what they are. first of all,

i'd like to say that the best experiment was successful thanks to the continued cooperation with our fellow researchers from the united states. we did with him. we value that co operation, highly darker and we are very happy that they worked with us on the best experiment to produce some very interesting results. if you're from work while we searched for possible oscillations between active and sterile neutrinos abroad, we can't rule out that we're dealing with something else with something entirely different with a different kind of physics. if i had them will we have? we're now preparing a new experiment that will either help us find an answer, you know, perhaps leave us even more puzzles. we shall have got at their fig. deborah, we pretty much always have more questions than answers, but we're going to keep our work up an hour and we hope to finally get those answers to follow through. we're starting to see more and neutrino observatories starting to be develops. ever since your discovery about the possibility of sterile

you train us, do you think that interesting the sphere is that starting to increase at the which he has or that we expected to share because neutrinos are associated with many interesting problems and solving them could really advance our knowledge about the world, which is why it's among the hottest research arenas in fundamental science right now and in old. so we know that the buy call, deep water neutrino observatory has a witnessed or an explosion from blaze ours, which are from different galaxies. what can we find out from what's happening out there at that? if we can buy chair, would that change? yes, we were very lucky long and was particularly important. is that both the bike and the icu, you tree know telescopes detected these neutrinos coming from a blazer. so we can rule out any possible errors here. but it's a real gift for us or rick as research as we need all the incoming data we can get

here. they boy, i hope that will be more events like this. so we can continue this fascinating cutting edge research virginia given that neutrinos have mass and that there are so many of them. if we are able to understand them more, or they're practical, uses it for neutrinos. if we can learn to use them maybe as an energy source or even possibly high speed internet, because they don't have to go through any barriers. russian researches have developed to the best artificial sources of neutrinos. that's the fact that the fog and we plan to develop more zebra and it should be noted your. the research options in this area are quite limited needed since there are only 4 or 5 elements that can be used to create artificial neutrino sources. you can also own nuclear reactors generate n t neutrinos, or although they're not the same as neutrinos, they are just as valuable to physicists. very durable. other yes, mcgrew,

i can only say that neutrinos can carry information about various processes can use . so many of them haven't even been researched yet. you can bring in speaking about the practical applications of neutrinos as sources of energy focus. i would quote einstein. yes. because whoever wants to see the results of his work immediately, you should become a shoemaker. supportive. mm . ah ah,

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bo boyd at the tone. please. yeah, it's no worries, no worries you. but as little food you can lose this money still to what the queer use. i like that i can i those numbers of national she article it, can you book with you that slow out make them get the loading for picture them yet the issue especially by the same with ah, they're not even hiding the fact that if russia is conquered, the next target will be china and any country that dares to act independently to

put a lot of rob on the line be collected with true agenda of targeting moscow and beijing . as the russian diplomat meets with top officials in ankara with 2 way radio civilians are killed and one critically wounded. following a shooting in the west bank, which comes off the israeli as trying phone. garza in response to walk is attacked by militants from southern lebanon. also ahead if you want to sell to nisha kanisha, it's not for sale, foreign dictates that will lead to more poverty or unacceptable trinity of presidency. his country will not to gail to a foreign dick tut.